Jos Rizal University

80 Shaw Boulevard, Daang Bakal, Mandaluyong, 1552 Metro Manila

GLOBAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

(MGT.41)

Submitted by:
Dizon, Ivy V.
Student

Submitted to:
Eva Rose Marty
Professor

GLOBAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

1. Global means of or referring to a globe. Pertaining to the entire globe rather
than a specific region or country.
2. Humans are the only extant members of the hominin clade (or human clade),
a branch of the great apes; they are characterized by erect posture and bipedal
locomotion, manual dexterity and increased tool use, and a general trend toward
larger, more complex brains and societies.
3. Resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically
resources are materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that
are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or
made unavailable.
4. Human resources is the set of individuals who make up the workforce of an
organization, business sector, or economy. "Human capital" is sometimes used
synonymously with human resources, although human capital typically refers to
a more narrow view (i.e., the knowledge the individuals embody and can
contribute to an organization). Likewise, other terms sometimes used include
"manpower", "talent", "labour", or simply "people".
5. Human resource management (HRM, or simply HR) is a function in
organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of an
employer's strategic objectives.
6. Activity .General: Measurable amount of work performed to convert inputs
into outputs.
7. An organization or organisation (see spelling differences) is an entity
comprising multiple people, such as an institution or an association, that has a
collective goal and is linked to an external environment
8. Utilize means make practical and effective use of.
9. Strategy is a plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall
aim.
10. A performance, in the performing arts, generally comprises an event in
which a performer or group of performers present one or more works of art to an
audience. Usually the performers participate in rehearsals beforehand.
Afterwards audience members often applaud

11. Staffing is a term used in the sphere of employment. It has been applied to
more than one aspect of the working environment.
12. Evaluation the making of a judgment about the amount, number, or value of
something; assessment.
13. Management in businesses and organizations is the function that
coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives by using
available resources efficiently and effectively. Management includes planning,
organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization to
accomplish the goal.
14. Development is the process of developing or being developed.
15. Management development is the process by which managers learn and
improve their management skills.
16. Compensation something, typically money, awarded to someone as a
recompense for loss, injury, or suffering.
17. Labor relations is the study and practice of managing unionized
employment situations.
18. 'Firm' A business organization, such as a corporation, limited liability
company or partnership. Firms are typically associated with business
organizations that practice law, but the term can be used for a wide variety or
business operation units.
19. Practices the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method as
opposed to theories about such application or use.
20. International mostly means something involving more than a single country.
The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or
encompassing more than one nation, or generally beyond national boundaries.
21. Reduce make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size
22. Cost An amount that has to be paid or given up in order to get something
23. Value creation is the primary objective of any business entity. It is obvious
that most successful organisations understand that the purpose of any business
is to create value for its customers, employees, investors as well as its

shareholders.
24. 'Value Added' The enhancement a company gives its product or service
before offering the product to customers.
25. Customer a person or organization that buys goods or services from a store
or business.
26. Complex is a community of creators and curators, armed with the Internet,
committed to surfacing and sharing the voices and conversations that define our
new America.
27. International business comprises all commercial transactions (private and
governmental, sales, investments, logistics, and transportation) that take place
between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond their political
boundaries.
28. A Country is a region that is identified as a distinct entity in political
geography.
29. A Labour Market Is the place where workers and employees interact with
each other. Definition: A labour market is the place where workers and
employees interact with each other. In the labour market, employers compete
to hire the best, and the workers compete for the best satisfying job.
30. A Culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values,
and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that
are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the
next.
31. Legal System originating in Europe, intellectualized within the framework of
late Roman law, and whose most prevalent feature is that its core principles are
codified into a referable system which serves as the primary source of law.
32. An economic system is a system of production and exchange of goods
and services as well as allocation of resources in a society.
33. Expatriate (often shortened to expat) is a person temporarily or permanently
residing in a country other than that of their citizenship
34. A Citizen is a person with citizenship membership in a political community
such as a country or city

35. Foreign of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than
one's own.
36. Staffing policy can be a tool for developing and promoting a corporate
culture. An ethnocentric approach to staffing policy fills all key management
positions in an international business with parent-country nationals. The policy
is congruent with an international strategy.
37. A Policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve
rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a
procedure or protocol.
38. Employee a person employed for wages or salary, especially at non
executive level.
39. Skill is the learned ability to carry out a task with pre-determined results
often within a given amount of time, energy, or both.
40. Promoting further the progress of (something, especially a cause, venture,
or aim); support or actively encourage.
41. A Tool is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal, especially if
the item is not consumed in the process.
42. Corporate culture refers to the shared values, attitudes, standards, and
beliefs that characterize members of an organization and define its nature.
Corporate culture is rooted in an organization's goals, strategies, structure,
and approaches to labor, customers, investors, and the greater community.
43. A Value System is a set of consistent ethic values (more specifically the
personal and cultural values) and measures [clarification needed] used for the
purpose of ethical or ideological integrity. A well defined value system is a moral
code.
44. Norms are cultural products (including values, customs, and traditions) [1]
which represent individuals' basic knowledge of what others do and what others
think that they should do.
45. A Corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single
entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated
entities were established by charter (i.e. by an ad hoc act granted by a monarch

or passed by a parliament or legislature).

46. A Parent-Country National is a person working in a country other than their
country of origin. Such a person is also referred to as an expatriate
47. A Polycentric Approach gives rise to the problems of coordination and
control.
48. Host Country. Also found in: Financial, Acronyms. A nation in which
representatives or organizations of another state are present because of
government invitation and/or international agreement. Dictionary of Military and
Associated Terms.
49. Headquarters (HQ) denotes the location where most, if not all, of the
important functions of an organization are coordinated.
50. Cultural Myopia an inability to see what is good in other cultures.
GLOBAL MARKETING AND R&D
1. Marketing is a form of communication between you and your customers with
the goal of selling your product or service to them.
2. The marketing mix is a business tool used in marketing and by marketers.
The marketing mix is often crucial when determining a product or brand's offer,
and is often associated with the four P's: price, product, promotion, and place.
3. Strategy is a plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall
aim.
4. A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single
entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated
entities were established by charter (i.e. by an ad hoc act granted by a monarch
or passed by a parliament or legislature).
5. Employee a person employed for wages or salary, especially at non
executive level.
6. Skill is the learned ability to carry out a task with pre-determined results often
within a given amount of time, energy, or both.

7. Promoting further the progress of (something, especially a cause, venture, or

aim); support or actively encourage.
8. A Tool is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal, especially if
the item is not consumed in the process.
9. Foreign of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than
one's own.
10. A Country is a region that is identified as a distinct entity in political
geography.
11. Resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically
resources are materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that
are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or
made unavailable.
12. Management in businesses and organizations is the function that
coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives by using
available resources efficiently and effectively. Management includes planning,
organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization to
accomplish the goal.
13. Development is the process of developing or being developed.
14. 'Firm' A business organization, such as a corporation, limited liability
company or partnership. Firms are typically associated with business
organizations that practice law, but the term can be used for a wide variety or
business operation units.
15. Practices the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method as
opposed to theories about such application or use.
16. International mostly means something involving more than a single country.
The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or
encompassing more than one nation, or generally beyond national boundaries.
17. Reduce make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size
18. Cost An amount that has to be paid or given up in order to get something
19. Customer a person or organization that buys goods or services from a store
or business.

20. Complex is a community of creators and curators, armed with the Internet,
committed To surfacing and sharing the voices and conversations that define our
new America.
21. International business comprises all commercial transactions (private and
governmental, sales, investments, logistics, and transportation) that take place
between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond their political
boundaries.
22. A target market is a group of customers a business has decided to aim its
marketing efforts and ultimately its merchandise towards. A well-defined target
market is the first element of a marketing strategy.
23. Comprised consist of; be made up of.
24. Product attributes are the descriptors we use to define kinds of products.
For example, we could describe a tshirt by the color and size. These attributes
mean that in the real physical world your store may only carry one red shirt,
25. Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for use
or consumption by a consumer or business user, using direct means, or using
indirect means with intermediaries. The other three parts of the marketing mix
are product, pricing, and promotion.
26. Communication strategies are plans for communi- cating information
related to a specific issue, event, situation, or audience. They serve as the
blueprints for communicating with the public, stakeholders, or even colleagues.
27. A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures,
social Relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.
28. A Lightning Rod (US, AUS) or lightning conductor (UK) is a metal rod or
metallic object mounted on top of an elevated structure, such as a building, a
ship, or even a tree, electrically bonded using a wire or electrical conductor to
interface with ground or "earth" through an electrode, engineered to protect
the ..
29. Globalization (or globalisation) is the process of international integration
arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects
of culture.

30. Theodore Levitt (1925-2006) has made a key contribution to management

theory in the marketing field, stimulating debate with a landmark article on the
importance of a pervasive marketing mindset within an organisation.
31. Debate is contention in argument; strife, dissension, quarrelling,
controversy; especially a formal discussion of subjects before a public assembly
or legislature, in Parliament or in any deliberative assembly
32. Consensus refers to the primary way decisions are made on Wikipedia, and
it is accepted as the best method to achieve our goals. Consensus on
Wikipedia does not mean unanimity (which, although an ideal result, is not
always achievable); nor is it the result of a vote.
33. Global Standardization The process of designing things according to a set
of agreed international standards
34. A Barrier to trade is a government-imposed restraint on the flow of
international goods or services. The most common barrier to trade is a tariffa
tax on imports. Tariffs raise the price of imported goods relative to domestic
goods (goods produced at home).
Product an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale.
35. Market segmentation is a marketing strategy which involves dividing a
broad target market into subsets of consumers, businesses, or countries who
have, or are perceived to have, common needs, interests, and priorities, and
then designing and implementing strategies to target them.
36. Distinct recognizably different in nature from something else of a similar
type.
37. Purchasing refers to a business or organization attempting to acquire
goods or services to accomplish the goals of its enterprise. Though there are
several organizations that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process,
processes can vary greatly between organizations.
38. Behavior the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially toward
others.

39. Geography (from Greek , geographia, lit. "earth description") is a

field of science dedicated to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants,
and the phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be "to describe or picture
or write about the earth".
40. Demography is the statistical study of populations, including of human
beings. As a very general science, it can analyze any kind of dynamic living
population, i.e., one that changes over time or space (see population dynamics).
41. Sociocultural factors are the larger scale forces within cultures and
societies that affect the thoughts, feelings and behaviorsls. Such factors
include: Attitudes. Child rearing practices.
42. Psychological factors refer to thoughts, feelings and other cognitive
characteristics that affect the attitude, behavior and functions of the human
mind.
43. Existence is commonly held to be that which objectively persists
independent of one's presence. Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature
of being, existence or reality in general, as well as of the basic categories of
being and their relations.
44. Bundle or Bundling may refer to: In marketing: Product bundling, a
marketing strategy that involves offering several products for sale as one
combined product .
45. Attribute may refer to: In philosophy, a property, or a conclusion of a
characteristic of an entity or substance;
46. A Tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society
with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.
47. Social Structure is the system of socioeconomic stratification (e.g., the
class structure), social institutions, or, other patterned relations between large
social groups. On the meso scale, it is the structure of social network ties
between individuals or organizations.

48. A Religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world

views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have
narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that aim to explain the meaning of life,
the origin of life, or the Universe.
49. Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of
communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any
specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called
linguistics
50. Economic development is the sustained, concerted actions of policy
makers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic
health of a specific area. Economic development can also be referred to as
the quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy.
GLOBAL PRODUCTION, OUTSOURCING, AND
LOGISTICS
1. Production the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw
materials, or the process of being so manufactured.
2. Logistics is the management of the flow of things between the point of origin
and the point of consumption in order to meet requirements of customers or
corporations.
3. Outsourcing is an allocation of specific business processes to a specialist
external service provider. Most of the times an organization cannot handle all
aspects of a business process internally.
4. Long Term occurring over or relating to a long period of time.
5. Strategy is a plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall
aim.
6. A Corporation Is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single
entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated
entities were established by charter (i.e. by an ad hoc act granted by a monarch
or passed by a parliament or legislature).

7. Employee a person employed for wages or salary, especially at non

executive level.
8. Skill is the learned ability to carry out a task with pre-determined results often
within a given amount of time, energy, or both.
9. Promoting further the progress of (something, especially a cause, venture, or
aim); support or actively encourage.
10. A Tool is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal, especially if
the item is not consumed in the process.
11. Foreign of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than
one's own.
12. A Country is a region that is identified as a distinct entity in political
geography.
13. Resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically
resources are materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that
are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or
made unavailable.
14. Management in businesses and organizations is the function that
coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives by using
available resources efficiently and effectively. Management includes planning,
organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization to
accomplish the goal.
15. Development is the process of developing or being developed.
16. 'Firm' A business organization, such as a corporation, limited liability
company or partnership. Firms are typically associated with business
organizations that practice law, but the term can be used for a wide variety or
business operation units.
17. Practices the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method as
opposed to theories about such application or use.
18. International mostly means something involving more than a single country.
The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or
encompassing more than one nation, or generally beyond national boundaries.

19. Reduce make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size

20. Cost An amount that has to be paid or given up in order to get something
21. Customer a person or organization that buys goods or services from a store
or business.
22. Complex is a community of creators and curators, armed with the Internet,
committed to surfacing and sharing the voices and conversations that define our
new America.
23. A Market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures,
social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.
24. Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and
telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data,
often in the context of a business or other enterprise.
25. Internet-based Self-services (ISS) are a subtype of services driven by selfservice technologies which provide technological interfaces allowing customers
to use services independently of the involvement of direct service employee.
26. supply chain is actually a complex and dynamic supply and demand
network. A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities,
information, and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier
to customer.
27. Materials management can deal with campus planning and building design
for the movement of materials, or with logistics that deal with the tangible
components of a supply chain.
28. Packaging is the technology of enclosing or protecting products for
distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of
design, evaluation, and production of packages.
29. Six Sigma is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement. It was
introduced by engineer Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1986.Jack Welch
made it central to his business strategy at General Electric in 1995. Today, it is
used in many industrial sectors
30. Inventory or stock refers to the goods and materials include that a business

holds for the ultimate purpose of resale (or repair)

31. Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods
from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water,
cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles
and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between
persons, which is essential for the development of civilizations.
32. A Warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses
are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport
businesses, customs, etc.
33. Security is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. It applies
to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community,
nation, or organization.
34. A Lineal Descendant, in legal usage, is a blood relative in the direct line of
descent - the children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc. of a person.
35. A core definition of Total Quality Management (TQM) describes a
management approach to longterm success through customer satisfaction. In
a TQM effort, all members of an organization participate in improving processes,
products, services, and the culture in which they work.
36. Defects a shortcoming, imperfection, or lack
37. The ISO 9000 family addresses various aspects of quality management and
contains some of ISO's best known standards
38. Customer Demand Planning (CDP) is a business-planning process that
enables sales teams to develop demand forecasts as input to service-planning
processes, production, inventory planning and revenue planning.
39. A barrier to trade is a government-imposed restraint on the flow of
international goods or services. The most common barrier to trade is a tariffa
tax on imports. Tariffs raise the price of imported goods relative to domestic
goods (goods produced at home).
40. Transportation Cost The expenses involved in moving products or assets
to a different place, which are often passed on to consumers
41. Technological relating to, or using technology.

42. Fixed costs are expenses that have to be paid by a company, independent
of any business activity. It is one of the two components of the total cost of a
good or service, along with variable cost.
43. In Classical Economics, the minimum efficient scale is defined as the
lowest production point at which long-run total average costs (LRATC) are
minimized.
44. Scale or scales may refer to: Scale (map), the ratio of a distance on a map
to the corresponding actual distance; Scale (ratio)
45. Currency risk is the potential risk of loss from fluctuating foreign exchange
rates when an investor has exposure to foreign currency or in foreign-currencytraded investments.
46. Flexibility is needed to perform everyday activities with relative ease.
47. Lean production is an assembly-line methodology developed originally for
Toyota and the manufacturing of automobiles. It is also known as the Toyota
Production System or just-in-time production. Lean production principles are
also referred to as lean management or lean thinking.
48. Utilization is the primary method by which asset performance is measured
and business success determined. In basic terms it is a measure of the actual
revenue earned by assets against the potential revenue they could have earned.
49. Production the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw
materials, or the process of being so manufactured.
50. Mass customization is a marketing and manufacturing technique that
combines the flexibility and personalization of "custom-made" with the low unit
costs associated with mass production.
EXPORTING, IMPORTING, AND COUNTERTRADE
1. In international trade, "Exports" refers to selling goods and services produced
in the home country to other markets. Export of commercial quantities of goods

normally requires involvement of the customs authorities in both the country of

export and the country of import.
2. An Import in the receiving country is an export from the sending country.
Importation and exportation are the defining financial transactions of
international trade. In international trade, the importation and exportation of
goods are limited by import quotas and mandates from the customs authority.
3. Countertrade means exchanging goods or services which are paid for, in
whole or part, with other goods or services, rather than with money. A monetary
valuation can however be used in counter trade for accounting purposes. In
dealings between sovereign states, the term bilateral trade is used.
4. Market Opportunity: Newly identified need, want, or demand trend that a
firm can exploit because it is not being addressed by the competitors.
5. Production the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw
materials, or the process of being so manufactured.
6. A Corporation Is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single
entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated
entities were established by charter (i.e. by an ad hoc act granted by a monarch
or passed by a parliament or legislature).
7. Employee a person employed for wages or salary, especially at non
executive level.
8. Skill is the learned ability to carry out a task with pre-determined results often
within a given amount of time, energy, or both.
9. Promoting further the progress of (something, especially a cause, venture, or
aim); support or actively encourage.
10. A Tool is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal, especially if
the item is not consumed in the process.
11. Foreign of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than
one's own.

12. A Country Is a region that is identified as a distinct entity in political

geography.
13. Resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically
resources are materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that
are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or
made unavailable.
14. Management in businesses and organizations is the function that
coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives by using
available resources efficiently and effectively. Management includes planning,
organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization to
accomplish the goal.
15. Development is the process of developing or being developed.
16. 'Firm' A business organization, such as a corporation, limited liability
company or partnership. Firms are typically associated with business
organizations that practice law, but the term can be used for a wide variety or
business operation units.
17. Practices the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method as
opposed to theories about such application or use.
18. International mostly means something involving more than a single country.
The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or
encompassing more than one nation, or generally beyond national boundaries.
19. Reduce make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size
20. Cost An amount that has to be paid or given up in order to get something
21. Customer a person or organization that buys goods or services from a store
or business.
22. Complex is a community of creators and curators, armed with the Internet,
committed to surfacing and sharing the voices and conversations that define our
new America.
23. A Market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures,
social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.

24. Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and

telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data,
often in the context of a business or other enterprise.
25. Internet-based Self-services (ISS) are a subtype of services driven by selfservice technologies which provide technological interfaces allowing customers
to use services independently of the involvement of direct service employee.
26. Supply Chain is actually a complex and dynamic supply and demand
network. A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities,
information, and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier
to customer.
27. Materials management can deal with campus planning and building design
for the movement of materials, or with logistics that deal with the tangible
components of a supply chain.
28. Packaging is the technology of enclosing or protecting products for
distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of
design, evaluation, and production of packages.
29. Six Sigma is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement. It was
introduced by engineer Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1986.
30. Inventory or stock refers to the goods and materials include that a business
holds for the ultimate purpose of resale (or repair)
31. Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods
from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water,
cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles
and operations.
32. A Warehouse Is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses
are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport
businesses, customs, etc.
33. Security is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. It applies
to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community,
nation, or organization.
32. Foreign exchange risk (also known as FX risk, exchange rate risk or

currency risk) is a financial risk that exists when a financial transaction is

denominated in a currency other than that of the base currency of the company.
33. Outsourcing is an allocation of specific business processes to a specialist
external service provider. Most of the times an organization cannot handle all
aspects of a business process internally.
34. Strategy is a plan of action or policy designed to achieve a major or overall
aim.
35. A Business, also known as an enterprise or a firm, is an organization
involved in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers.
36. Fit-falls a hidden or unsuspected danger or difficulty.
37. The Market Analysis is one of the most important parts of any startup
strategy. Do it right, and you will have a clear idea of the path down which you
are headed. A good market analysis will enable you to lure investors, sidestep
pitfalls, and most importantly, attract customers.
38. Competitive of, relating to, or characterized by competition.
39. Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for use
or consumption by a consumer or business user, using direct means, or using
indirect means with intermediaries. The other three parts of the marketing mix
are product, pricing, and promotion.
40. An Advertising Campaign is a series of advertisement messages that
share a single idea and theme which make up an integrated marketing
communication (IMC). Advertising campaigns appear in different media
channels across a specific time frame that often need to be clearly defined
41. Penetration the action or process of making a way through or into
something.
42. Trade involves the transfer of the ownership of goods or services from one
person or entity to another in exchange for other goods or services or for money.
Possible synonyms of "trade" include "commerce" and "financial transaction".
43. Administration the process or activity of running a business, organization,

etc.
44. Export management companies (EMCs) are export specialists that act as
the export marketing department or international department for client firms.
45. Commodity is a marketable item produced to satisfy wants or needs.
46. A Goal is a desired result that a person or a system envisions, plans and
commits to achieve:
47. Financial Aid There are two basic types of financial aid; financial aid that is
free and financial aid that will have to be repaid at some point.
48. Guarantee a formal promise or assurance (typically in writing) that certain
conditions will be fulfilled, especially that a product will be repaired or replaced if
not of a specified quality and durability.
48. A Program is written in an object-oriented style. A computer program, or
just a program, is a sequence of instructions, written to perform a specified task
on a computer. A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the
program's instructions in a central processor.
50. Political risk is a type of risk faced by investors, corporations, and
governments. It is a risk that can be understood and managed with reasoned
foresight and investment.