-ELEMENTS cant be separated by physical or chemical means.

-MATTER- anything that has mass or takes space

-ENERGY- the ability to do WORK.
-CHEMISTRY- the STUDY of the COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, and PROPERTIES of
MATTER, the CHANGES that matter undergoes, and the ENERGY accompanying these
changes.
-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES- characteristics that can be determined w/o changing the IDENTITY
of a substance!
-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES-characteristics that describe the manner/conditions where a
substance CHANGES to a NEW substance!
-EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES- depend on how MUCH of a sample is there!
-INTENSIVE PROPERTIES- do NOT depend on amount of sample there!
-MIXTURES- COMBINATIONS of two or MORE PURE substances that KEEP their separate
identities and properties. [PHYSICAL combination!!!!]
***HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES- HAVE UNIFORM COMPOSITION THROUGHOUT. ex:
saltwater, air, etc.
*****HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES- COMPOSITION is NOT uniform!!!!!! ex: alphabet soup,
salad dressing, anything you need to SHake
-PURE SUBSTANCES- ANY variety of matter in which all samples have IDENTICAL properties!
***ELEMENTS- pure substances that CANNOT be broken down by an ORDINARY
CHEMICAL CHANGE. [these are teh basic building blocks of MATTER.]
***COMPOUNDS: TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS chemically COMBINED in DEFINITE
PROPORTIONS. [can be deComposed!!] [Chemically Combined!!!!!!!! C!]
SOLUTE: thing that DISSOLVES into other substance
SOLVENT: Thing that does not dissolve,mixes
- CONCENTRATED substance- HIGH ratio of SOLUTE to SOLVENT.
- DILUTE substance- LOW ratio of SOLUTE to SOLVENT.
**LACK OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES [reactions to other substances] IS A CHEMICAL
PROPERTY!!!!
-silly putty is an AMORPHOUS SOLID. k.

THERES A TEST TOMORROW??!!? OUT.

GET. OUT.
TEMPERATURE [DIFFERENT THAN HEAT!] :
-the measure of the AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY of the particles in a substance!
*TECHNIQUES FOR SEPARATING MIXTURES:
**FILTRATION: separates according to PARTICLE SIZE! [A physical property!] [ex: recover
sand from water,
**DISTILLATION: SEPARATES LIQUIDS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENCES IN BOILING
POINT! [VAPORIZES then RECONDENSES!]
*CRYSTALLIZATION: Evaporates WATER to recover a DISSOLVED MATERIAL!
-ENERGY=THE ABILITY TO DO WORK.
**KINETIC ENERGY: energy in motion!
***POTENTIAL ENERGY:STORED energy!
-CHEMICAL ENERGY: energy STORED in matter!! <- stored in the BONDS in substances!!
-HEAT ENERGY: energy that is TRANSFERRED due to the DIFFERENCES IN
TEMPERATURE!
-Conservation law of energy: ENERGY is NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED: it simply
CHANGES FORM.
***heat flow: heat always flows from the HIGHER TEMPERATURED OBJECT to the LOWER
TEMPERATURED OBJECT.
*ACCURACY= how close to an ACCEPTED VALUE a given measurement is.
*PRECISION: how EXACT a measurement is! [are the measurements compatible?]

ahhahaha bitch if yuo dun get 90 on dis test u gon diiiie

THE PERIODIC TABLE- arranges the elements in INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBERS.

PERIOD AN ELEMENT IS IN- tells us the HIGHEST SHELL that is OCCUPIED. [or the highest
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER.]
As you go across a PERIOD:
-Atomic Radius DECREASES
-first Ionization Energy INCREASES
-Electronegativity INCREASES
-ELECTRON AFFINITY INCREASES
-INCREASE in NONMETALLIC PROPERTIES
-DECREASE in METALLIC PROPERTIES
-DECREASE in SHIELDING EFFECT
-DECREASE in number of OCCUPIED ENERGY LEVELS [PELs]
As you go DOWN a GROUP:
-INCREASE in ATOMIC RADIUS
-INCREASE in METALLIC PROPERTIES
-INCREASE in SHIELDING EFFECT
-INCREASE in number of OCCUPIED ENERGY LEVELS
-DECREASE in ELECTRONEGATIVITY
-DECREASE in FIRST IONIZATION ENERGY
-DECREASE in ELECTRON AFFINITY
-ELECTRON AFFINITY- ....the STRONGER the ATTRACTIVE PULL of the nucleus for
electrons, the greater the ELECTRON AFFINITY will be. a POSITIVE electron affinity represents
the energy release when an electron is added to an atom.
-ELECTRONEGATIVITY- the measure of the attraction an atom has for electrons in a
CHEMICAL BOND. [the greater the electronegativity of an atom, the greater its attraction for
bonding elements!][directly related to first ionization energy and electron affinity!]
TYPES OF ELEMENTS: METALS, NONMETALS, METALLOIDS.

***Elements in the same GROUP [up and down] have the same number of valence electronsthus, have SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
-ATOMIC RADIUS-> half the distance between 2 adjacent NUCLEI of an element IN THE
SOLID PHASE.
THE GROUPS:
*Alkali Metals: Group 1
-have most physical properties of metals but lower densities!
-HAVE ONE LOOSELY BOUND VALENCE ELECTRON
-HAVE LARGEST ATOMIC RADII [b/c of that!]
-high metallic properties and reactivity!!
-have LOW IONIZATION ENERGIES [BC OF THEIR ONE VALENCE ELECTRON THEY
REACT EASILY TO MAKE A CATION]
-low electronegativities!
*Alkaline Earth Metals: Group 2
-like alkali metals, their PROPERTIES ARE DEPENDENT UPON HOW EASILY THEY LOSE
ELECTRONS!!
-2 valence electrons, not held very tightly by nucleus--> they can be removed to form TWO
BONDS->cATIONS,,
-LOW electronegativity, LOW electron affinity
-LESS reactive than group 1 metals.
***GROUP 1 AND 2 METALS ARE NEVER FOUND AS FREE OR UNCOMBINED ELEMENTS
IN NATURE BC OF THEIR REACTIVITY! REACT W/ WATER AND TARNISH QUICKLY
WHEN EXPOSED TO AIR. MUST BE STORED IN OIL.
*Transition Elements: Groups 3-11ish
-form COLORED IONS when in solutions [ex COPPER IS A BLUE SALT!]
-have MULTIPLE OXIDATION STATES. why? bc THESE ELEMENTS CAN LOSE ELECTRONS
FROM TWO DIFF PELS!!!!!! [ex iron: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^6 4S^2
fourth and third could be filled ]
-[the lathinide and actinide series belong to the transition elements]
*The Nitrogen Family: Group 15
-Nitrogen and Phosphorus--> NONmetals
-Arsenic+Antimony-->Metalloids[semi-metals]
-Bismuth--> metal
-Nitrogen--> a diatomic molecule , involving a triple covalent bond, makes up 78% of air we
breathe.
* The Oxygen Family: Group 16
-Oxygen, Sulfur, and Selenium--> NONmetals
-Tellurium--> Metalloid[semi metal]
-Polonium-->Metal
-Oxygen--> a diatomic molecule, involves double covalent bond, MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT
ON EARTH
*Group 17: The Halogens
-TYPICAL NONMETALS

***- EXIST AS DIATOMIC MOLECULES IN THEIR ELEMENTAL FORM!!!

-made of F, Cl, Br,I,At
*Group 18: The Noble Gases
-ALL HAVE STABLE OCTETS
-LEAST reactive
- DO NOT react chemically in nature
-exist as monatomic molecules in nature