RIP Vs OIP

Omicron Workshop Diagnosemessungen an Leistungstransformatoren
Definitions
Dielectric Losses are caused by:
Conductive losses
2.50E-03
Polarization losses
2.00E-03
Serial
Parallel
Sum
1.50E-03
Partial discharges
1.00E-03
5.00E-04
0.00E+00
0
Assessment of the Condition of

High Voltage Bushings
50
Parallel circuit
|I |
1
DF : tan = RP =
| I CP | R P C P
PF : cos =
150
200
250
300
350
400
Serial circuit
CP
| I RP |
| I tot |
100
RP
DF : tan =
UR
= RS C S
UC
PF : cos =
UR
U tot
RS
CS
PAGE 4
Capacitance Values
Power (Dissipation) Factor
Bushings:
Bushings:
Partial breakdowns between layers
Aging and decomposition of insulation
Incoming oil into cracks of solid insulation (RBP)
Water content
Between transformer windings:
Bad contacted electrodes or capacitive layers
Change of the geometry between winding
Cracks in the insulation
Between windings and tank
(Partial) discharges
Displacement of the active part within the tank
Between windings and core
Transformers:
Displacement of the winding or the core (if the core
Aging
ground can be disconnected)
Water content in the oil and in the paper
Core to tank
Contamination by particles
Movement of the core (if the core ground can be

disconnected)
PAGE 5
PAGE 6
Limits
Condenser Type Bushings
Typ
Insulation
RIP
OIP
RBP
Gas
Resin
impregnated
paper
Oil
impregnated
paper
Resin bonded
paper
SF6 or other
gases
<
< 0,7%
0.7%*
<
< 0,7%
0.7%*
<<1.5%
1,5% *
DF tan (RT)
(IEC 60137)
PF cos (RT)
IEEE C57.19.01
RBP Resin Bonded Paper
RIP Resin Impregnated Paper
OIP
Oil Impregnated Paper
PAGE 7
OMICRON electronics GmbH
< 0,85% *
< 0,5% *
< 2% *
Typical new values
*
<0.3-0.4%
0.3-0.4%
0.2-0.4% *
<0.2-0.4%
0.5-0.6%
*
<0.5-0.6%
Partial discharges
(IEC 60137)
Um
1.5 Um/3
1.05 Um/ 3
< 10pC
< 5cC
< 5pC
< 10pC
< 5pC
< 5pC
< 300pC
< 10pC
< 5pC
< 5pC
* at 1.05 Um/3 and 20C
PAGE 8
1/42
Capacitive Bushings (1)
Bushing Measuring Tap
Emax= high
without
capacitive
layers
Emax=
smaller
A
with
capacitive
layers
Earthing Cap
PAGE 9
Measuring Taps
PAGE 11
Measuring Taps
ABB
MICAFIL
HSP
PAGE 12
Measuring Taps
PAGE 13
C-Tan Delta Progression of a Bushing

C Tan-Delta Progression of a 220 kV RBP (Hard Paper) Bushing
Year of Manufacturimg 1961, horizontal mounted, oil filled
Tan Delta
Change of Capacitance
30
25
20
-3
Tan Delta x 10
Change of Capacitance %
GE
15
10
0
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
-5
Date of Measurement
PAGE 14
Source: RWE
PAGE 15
2/42
Bushing Fault
RBP - Bushings
Not free of cavities Partial Discharges
possible also at rated voltage
Higher dielectric losses can feed to thermal
instability
RPB has cavities and cracks in the
paper which are normally filled
with the surrounding oil
Increase of capacitance
After a longer storage period this oil is running
out. The PD level is increasing and the
capacitance is getting smaller
Source: RWE
PAGE 16
PAGE 18
RBP Bushing 220kV (1971)
RBP 220kV Bushing (1971)
Guard
PAGE 19
RBP Bushing Oil-filled Cracks
PAGE 20
Micafil RBP Bushing 123kV
PAGE 21
PAGE 23
3/42
PF (f) A, B, C
PF (V) A, B, C
1.1%
2.5%
1.0%
2.0%
0.9%
1.5%
B
1.0%
PAGE 24
450.0Hz
400.0Hz
350.0Hz
300.0Hz
250.0Hz
200.0Hz
150.0Hz
0.0Hz
14000.0V
12000.0V
10000.0V
8000.0V
6000.0V
4000.0V
0.0%
2000.0V
0.5%
0.5%
0.0V
0.6%
100.0Hz
0.7%
50.0Hz
0.8%
PAGE 25
Measurement Tap O.K.
Bushing has to be
exchanged
defective contact on the

measuring tap or
defective connection between

the innermost layer and the
HV conductor or
partial breakdown between

layers
PAGE 26
Innermost Layer Was Not Properly

Connected to the HV Conductor.
123kV RBP Bushing
PAGE 28
PAGE 27
Page: 29
4/42
Dissipation Factor Measurement
Measurement of the Removed Bushing
DF (f) A, B, C
8,0%
7,0%
A
6,0%
5,0%
4,0%
3,0%
2,0%
C
1,0%
450,0Hz
400,0Hz
350,0Hz
300,0Hz
250,0Hz
200,0Hz
150,0Hz
100,0Hz
0,0Hz
50,0Hz
0,0%
Page: 30
Measurement of the Removed Bushing
Page: 31
Active Part of the Bushing
DF (f)
16,0%
14,0%
12,0%
10,0%
8,0%
C1
6,0%
4,0%
2,0%
450,0Hz
400,0Hz
350,0Hz
300,0Hz
250,0Hz
200,0Hz
150,0Hz
100,0Hz
50,0Hz
0,0Hz
0,0%
Page: 32
420kV OIP Bushings
OIP Bushings
Paper of the OIP bushings ages particularly

at high temperatures
Through aging the dielectric losses will

increase
-> this increases the power factor
Temperature dependent aging decomposes

the Paper and produces additional water
-> this accellerates the aging
PAGE 34
Page: 33
PAGE 35
5/42
33kV OIP Bushings
Tan Delta (T) at 50Hz (OIP Bushings)

10.00
0.1-0.3% Water in paper
[%]
0.4-0.6% Water in paper

1% Water in paper
Removed
bushings
1.00
New bushings
0.10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
C-Tan-Delta Meas.
Source: ABB, Bushing diagnostics and conditioning
PAGE 38
Tan Delta (f) at 30C (33kV OIP Bushings)
PAGE 39
123kV OIP Bushings
Tan Delta (f) A, B, C

%
1.8
A
B
C
A Removed
B Removed
C Removed
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Hz
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0.0
0.2
PAGE 40
123kV OIP Bushings
PAGE 41
123kV OIP Bushings

PF (f) A, B, C
PF (V) A, B, C
1.3%
2.0%
1.2%
1.8%
1.1%
1.6%
1.4%
1.0%
0.9%
0.8%
0.7%
1.2%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.6%
0.4%
0.5%
0.2%
450.0Hz
400.0Hz
350.0Hz
300.0Hz
250.0Hz
200.0Hz
150.0Hz
100.0Hz
0.0Hz
PAGE 42
50.0Hz
0.0%
14000.0V
12000.0V
10000.0V
8000.0V
6000.0V
4000.0V
2000.0V
0.0V
0.4%
PAGE 43
6/42
123kV OIP Bushings
123kV OIP Bushings
Bushing has
to be
exchanged
PAGE 44
PAGE 45
220kV RIP Bushing Stored Outside
Aging of RIP Bushings
Partial breakdowns between capacitive layers are rather

seldom
Decrease of the power factor with increasing test voltage

can be an indicator for partial breakdowns
Also defective connections of the measurement layer to

the test tap or of the innermost layer to the high voltage
conductor may be the reason for a decrease of the power
factor with increasing test voltage
Increase of the capacitance after a partial breakdown

between two layers:
Cnew = Cold x n / (n-1)

n= number of layers approx. 4-7 kV per layer
PAGE 46
PAGE 47
Moisture in RBP and RIP Bushings
220kV RIP Bushing Stored Outside

0.85 %
0.75 %
Minimum
Tan Delta
0.65 %
The oil side of RBP and RIP bushings

doesn't need a housing
31.03.2004
15.07.2004
08.10.2004
Cellulose near to the surface can absorb

water, if bushings are not stored properly
0.55 %
0.45 %
Minimum
Incoming water, also from the ambient air
reduces the dielectric strength this causes
an increase of the dielectric dissipation factor
0.35 %
0.25 %
0.0 Hz
Minimum
100.0 Hz
200.0 Hz
300.0 Hz
400.0 Hz
500.0 Hz
PAGE 48
PAGE 55
7/42
Micafil UTXF 24 (Drysomic)

RBP Bushings
Water in RBP and RIP Bushings
A,B,N humid
after storage
C dryed
Drying of RBP and

RIP bushings is
limited
RIP wet
RIP dry
PAGE 56
New Micafil UTXF 24 RBP Bushings A,B,N

Stored Under Wet Conditions, C Dried
PAGE 57
Drying of a 145kV RBP Bushing

PF Measurement
Messung bei 20C
DF (f) A, B, C, N
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
humid
3.0%
C
N
2.0%
1.0%
450.0Hz
400.0Hz
350.0Hz
300.0Hz
250.0Hz
150.0Hz
100.0Hz
50.0Hz
0.0Hz
200.0Hz
dryed
0.0%
PAGE 58
Drying of a 145kV RBP Bushing
PAGE 60
PD
Measurement
TanDelta (V)
2.5%
2.0%
1. Measurement before drying
Drying:
1.5%
1200h at 90C / 200F
1.0%
2. Measurement after drying
0.5%
0.0%
0
10
12
14
kV
TanDelta (f)
3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
1. Measurement before drying
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
2. Measurement after drying
0.5%
0.0%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Hz
PAGE 61
PAGE 62
8/42
PD Measurement - Phase Resolved

Pattern @ 157kV
PD Measurement
Quadrupole
Measuring
Tap
OMICRON
mtronix
MPD 600
PAGE 63
PAGE 64
Separation of PD Sources in 3CFRD

3CFRD
PD Measurement Cluster 1
A(fL)>A(fC)>A(fR)
fL
fL
500 kHz
fC
8 MHz
500 kHz
fC
8 MHz
2.8 MHz
timeframe
1 s
8 MHz
2 MHz
500 kHz
fR
2.8 MHz
fR
3CFRD = 3 Center Frequency Relation Diagram

PAGE 66
PAGE 67
500 kHz
8 MHz
2.8 MHz
PAGE 68
8 MHz
500 kHz
2.8 MHz
8 MHz
500 kHz
2.8 MHz
500 kHz
8 MHz
2.8 MHz
PAGE 69
9/42
50 Hz Tan dependent on the Temp.
Assessment and Interpretation
PAGE 75
Indication
RBP
OIP
RIP
increase of
capacitance
oil in cracks
or partial breakdowns
partial breakdowns
partial breakdowns
high dissipation
factor
partial breakdowns;
insulator surface wet or
dirty (clean the insulator);
ageing of the inner
insulation;
water in the inner
insulation;
partial breakdowns;
ageing of the inner
insulation;
water in the inner
insulation;
partial breakdowns;
ageing of the inner
insulation;
water in the inner
insulation;
dissipation factor is
decreasing with
increasing voltage
bad potential connections;

partial breakdowns

partial breakdowns

partial breakdowns
dissipation factor is
strongly increasing
with
increasing
temperature
high moisture in the

insulation;
high degree of ageing

insulation;

insulation;
partial discharges
normal, if constant
Discharges produce
gasses;
Errosion of the cellulose;
production of x-wax
partial breakdowns;
cracks or voids after
electrical or mechanical
PAGE 76
stress;
Conclusions
Periodical on-site measurements are essential to get a

picture of the aging status.
With beginning of on-site measurements the fault rate

could be continously reduced.
A lot of information is necessary to assess the

reliability of bushings.
The tan delta measurement is an important tool.

Particularly the tan delta sweep over a wide frequency
range give a better indication of many kinds of faults.
RIP- bushings have become very common due to the

long life time expectation and a minimum of
maintenance.
Thank you for your interest !
PAGE 77
PAGE 78
10/42

RIP Vs OIP

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RIP Vs OIP

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Omicron Workshop Diagnosemessungen an Leistungstransformatoren

Assessment of the Condition of

Power (Dissipation) Factor

Partial breakdowns between layers

Aging and decomposition of insulation

Incoming oil into cracks of solid insulation (RBP)

Between transformer windings:

Bad contacted electrodes or capacitive layers

Change of the geometry between winding

Cracks in the insulation

Between windings and tank

Displacement of the active part within the tank

Between windings and core

Displacement of the winding or the core (if the core

ground can be disconnected)

Water content in the oil and in the paper

Movement of the core (if the core ground can be

Condenser Type Bushings

RBP Resin Bonded Paper

RIP Resin Impregnated Paper

OMICRON electronics GmbH

Typical new values

* at 1.05 Um/3 and 20C

Omicron Workshop Diagnosemessungen an Leistungstransformatoren

Capacitive Bushings (1)

Bushing Measuring Tap

C-Tan Delta Progression of a Bushing

OMICRON electronics GmbH

Omicron Workshop Diagnosemessungen an Leistungstransformatoren

RBP Bushing 220kV (1971)

RBP 220kV Bushing (1971)

RBP Bushing Oil-filled Cracks

Micafil RBP Bushing 123kV

OMICRON electronics GmbH

Omicron Workshop Diagnosemessungen an Leistungstransformatoren

Micafil RBP Bushing 123kV

Micafil RBP Bushing 123kV

Micafil RBP Bushing 123kV

Measurement Tap O.K.

defective contact on the

defective connection between

partial breakdown between

Innermost Layer Was Not Properly

123kV RBP Bushing

OMICRON electronics GmbH

Omicron Workshop Diagnosemessungen an Leistungstransformatoren

Dissipation Factor Measurement

Measurement of the Removed Bushing

Measurement of the Removed Bushing

Active Part of the Bushing

420kV OIP Bushings

Paper of the OIP bushings ages particularly

Through aging the dielectric losses will

Temperature dependent aging decomposes

OMICRON electronics GmbH

Omicron Workshop Diagnosemessungen an Leistungstransformatoren

33kV OIP Bushings

Tan Delta (T) at 50Hz (OIP Bushings)

0.4-0.6% Water in paper

Tan Delta (f) at 30C (33kV OIP Bushings)

123kV OIP Bushings

Tan Delta (f) A, B, C

123kV OIP Bushings