03/06/2013

PLAN

Instrument flight Procedure

RNAV
GNSS Approaches:

Area Navigation - RNAV

Approach And Landing Procedures

LNAV (Lateral Guidance)

APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
APV SBAS
GBAS

David Szymanski - ENAC

May 2013

Instrument Flight Procedure?

REGULATION

Series of predetermined manuvres by

reference to flight instruments
These manoeuvres are based on facilities or
way-points for aircraft proceeding according to
Instrument Flight Rules ( IFR )

ICAO regulation
DOC 8168-OPS/611 (Volume I and II) : procedure design
Annex 11 : Radio Navigation aids
Annex 14 : Aerodrome Design and Operations
Annex 4 : Charting
Annex 15 : Aeronautical Information Services

National regulation
France
USA, Canada
Others

DOC 8168-OPS/611

Approach segments
TP

Design of instrument flight

procedures

En-route
Arrival
Approach
Departure

IAF
MAPT

RNAV
Conventional
navigation

FAF

IF
MISSED APPROACH
FINAL
INITIAL

INTERMEDIATE

HOLDING

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Fixes and Segments

AIRCRAFT CATEGORY
Five categories : From A to E (H) :
Max and Min Speed (IAS) known by pilots and designers
(regulation tables)
Possible speed limitation
Obstructions
ATC constraints
Environmental contraints
MUST be displayed on the chart

Straight Radioguided segment

Dead-reckoning segment

Curve radioguided segment

SPEEDS TABLE : IAS

PROTECTION AREA

unit kt
Vat

INITIAL

FINAL

APPROACH

Cat.

CIRCLING

APPROACH

MISSED APPROACH

Maximum speed

Min

Max

Min

Max

Max

Initial a nd
Intermediate

Final

< 91

90

150 (110*)

70

100

100

100

100

91 / 120

120

180 (140*)

85

130

135

130

150

121 / 140

160

240

115

160

180

160

240

141 / 165

185

250

130

185

205

185

265

166 / 210

185

250

155

230

240

230

275

Protection area data

Nominal trajectory
Flight technical tolerances (FTT)
Fix tolerance
Wind effect

Segment protected by a protection area

Consecutive segments

PLAN
Fix 2

Fix 1

FTT : Reaction delay

Instrument flight Procedure

RNAV
GNSS Approaches:
LNAV (Lateral Guidance)
APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
APV SBAS
GBAS

Bank delay

Fix 3

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RNAV approach trajectory

RNAV: AREA NAVIGATION

E


D

C

A



B

F

Shorter Routes .
More Routes Possible ...

RNAV POSITIONING METHOD

The RNAV system
identifies the next waypoint,
selects the most appropriate source of
navigation to determine its position
provides information to the auto-pilot to fly
to the next waypoint.
An RNAV route can be flown manually

WAYPOINT
Waypoints expressed in WGS84 coordinates
IAF, IF, FAF, MAPt, MAHF
Arrival or departure waypoint
Fly-over waypoint

Fly-by waypoint

WP1 : FLY-OVER WP2 : FLY-BY

On board database

Aerodrome data
Available navaids
Stabilization distances are necessary
ALL RNAV TRAJECTORIES ARE CODED
INTO THE DATABASE

Flight paths to follow

(charts)

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Departure chart

DF
TF

DF

TF
CF

CODING INFLUENCE
PATH

TF : TRACK BETWEEN FIXES

CONSTRAINTS

Usable by all systems

Preferential path terminator

How to navigate
PATH TERMINATOR

DF : DIRECT TO FIX

TF Protection

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DF Protection

Semi Area Width for RNAV

EnRoute

RNAV 5
RNAV 1 / RNAV 2

5.77 Nm

More than 30 Nm

5 Nm

Less than 30 Nm

2.5 Nm

Initial/ Intermediate

2.5Nm

Final

0.95Nm

Missed Approach

2 Nm

RNP APCH

PLAN

Type of waypoint

PATH Terminator

Nominal trajectory
Protection Area

Coding influence

Instrument flight Procedure

RNAV
GNSS Approaches:
LNAV (Lateral Guidance)
APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
APV SBAS
GBAS

ICAO GNSS CONCEPT

GNSS integrity monitoring

GNSS integrity monitoring techniques aim at monitoring GNSS
positioning
Large variety of techniques:
In an autonomous manner (ABAS) :
Using only redundancy of GNSS measurements (RAIM)
Using additional information from other sensors (AAIM)
Using a ground station (GBAS)
Using a network of ground stations (SBAS)

GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM

EGNOS
SATELLITE
BASED
(SBAS)

GEOSTATIONARY

WAAS
MTSAS

AUGMENTATION

GROUND
BASED
(GBAS)

GAGAN

R.A.I.M
ON BOARD
ABAS)
A.A.I.M

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Approche GNSS : RNP APPROACH

RNP APCH = Sensor used GNSS with Augmentation
RNP 1 (1 NM of Accuracy) for initial, intermediate and missed
approach segments
RNP 0.3 for final
No vertical guidance :
LNAV
vertical guidance :
Baro VNAV, SBAS, GBAS

WHICH AUGMENTATION FOR WHICH KIND

OF APPROACH ?
ABAS

Non Precision Approach NPA

+ VNAV: APproach with Vertical Guidance
APV baroVNAV

SBAS

APproach with Vertical Guidance

APV I and II

GBAS

Precision Approach

PLAN

Instrument flight Procedure

RNAV
GNSS Approaches:

Non Precision Approach : LNAV

LNAV (Lateral Guidance)

APV BaroVNAV (Lateral + Vertical)
APV SBAS
GBAS

LNAV Protection Areas

LNAV : OCH Computation

Assessment of Obstacles in Protection

Area : Hobst
Add MOC (Minimum obstacle Clearance)
Same whatever the Aircraft Category

OCH = Hobst + MOC

Minima Box Line : LNAV

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RNAV NPA :
LNAV Approaches

HOW TO FLY VERTICALLY NPA ?

Two different ways to FLY vertically :

2D RNAV = LNAV
RNAV system provides
lateral guidance in final
segment
ABAS as minimum

Dive and Drive

Stabilized approach

NO CONSEQUENCE on PROCEDURE
DESIGN

STABILIZED APPROACH
(CDFA)

DIVE AND DRIVE

Descend immediately to not below minimum stepdown fix altitude or MDA/H as appropriate.
Descent gradient < 15%
Missed approach initiated at, or before MAPt.

Continuous descent gradient to

a point 50 ft above the threshold
taking regard of minimum crossing altitude at FAF
and step-down fixes.
Missed approach initiated :
Visual reference not achieved approaching MDA/H
Not permitted below MDA/H at any time
Not permitted after MAPt

CDFA : Continuous Descent Final

Approach
FAF

DIVE and DRIVE

CDFA

MAPt

Dive and
Drive mode

Stabilized
approach

MDA
MOC
50 FT

CDFA : A specific METHOD OF FLYING the FINAL approach segment of NPA on

pre-determined approach slope with continous descent to DA (H)

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APPROACH PROCEDURE WITH VERTICAL

GUIDANCE
APV Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance:
An instrument procedure which utilizes lateral and vertical
guidance but DOES NOT MEET the requirements established
for PRECISION APPROACH and landing operations
LATERAL and VERTICAL GUIDANCE in the FINAL segment

APV : Approach with Vertical Guidance

2 Types
APV SBAS
SBAS receiver on-board

APV BaroVnav

ABAS + VNAV capability

APV SBAS Protection Area (1)

RNAV APV : SBAS

APV SBAS Protection Area (2)

APV SBAS (LPV) : OCH Computation

Based on ILS methodology
Obstacle Assessment Surfaces (W, W*, X, Y, Z)
Height Loss (HL) instead of MOC (Vertical Guidance)
Different Value for each Aircraft Category
When penetration of obstacle
OCH = Hobst + HL
Minima Box Line : LPV
Different value per Aircraft Category

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APV SBAS integrity

Final Approach segment
integrity through a FAS
Data Block (including CRC)
FAS Data Block in the SBAS
System
Publication of FAS Data
block in AIP

APV SBAS :
LPV Approaches
APV SBAS = LPV
RNAV system
provides lateral and
vertical guidance in
final segment
SBAS

APV Baro VNAV : Protection Area

RNAV APV : Baro VNAV

APV Baro VNAV OCH Computation

Temperature dependant
Obstacle Assessment Surfaces (FAS, Horizontal
Plane, Z)
When penetration of obstacle
OCH = Hobst + MOC
Minima Box Line : LNAV / VNAV

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APV Baro VNAV :

LNAV / VNAV
APV Baro VNAV = LNAV /
VNAV
RNAV system provides
lateral and guidance in final
segment
Vertical guidance through
Barometric altimeter
RNAV System:
ABAS + VNAV system

APV Baro VNAV : On going criteria

On going criteria for Baro VNAV :

Consistency with all vertical guidance (ILS,
MLS, SBAS, GBAS)
Use of HL instead of MOC
Different Position of surfaces regarding
existing criteria

APV GBAS (LPV) : OCH Computation

RNAV Precision Approach : GBAS

RNAV GBAS : PRECISION

APPROACH
LATERAL and VERTICAL
GUIDANCE in the FINAL
segment
Only with GBAS
augmentation

FAS Data Block send by

ground station to Aircraft

Same principle as SBAS

Obstacle Assessment Surfaces (W, X, Y, Z)
Height Loss (HL) instead of MOC (Vertical
Guidance)
When penetration of obstacle
OCH = Hobst + HL

Horizontal guidance
Vertical guidance

PRECISION
APPROACH

FAP

APPROACH with
vertical guidance

DH

HL
OCH

Horizontal guidance

NON PRECISION
APPROACH
MAPt

FAF

MDH
MOC
OCH

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Publication

SUMMING UP

Type of approach

Type of
guidance

NPA
APV baroVNAV
APV SBAS
PA

lateral
Lateral
Vertical
Lateral
Vertical
Lateral
Vertical

MDA or DA

Minima line

MDA

LNAV

DA

LNAV/VNAV

DA

LPV

DA

Title of procedure :
GLS

Approaches are based on GNSS

In PBN vocabulary : RNP APCH
In AIS document : RNAV (GNSS)
All different vertical guidance in one chart
(same Final + missed approach)

Y BAR DESIGN CONCEPT

Capture
region

IAF
IAF

INITIAL

IAF

SEGMENT

70
Capture
region

Capture Rgion

IF
FAF

INTERMEDIATE
SEGMENT

FINAL
SEGMENT

MAPt

TF coding

Y BAR Concept
Flight time reduction
Aligned on runway centerline
Improve visualization of
markings and lightings
Easy use ( piloting ,no
misunderstanding )

KEY POINT

Standardization
Easy design
All GNSS receivers NPA certified could
proceed T or Y procedure

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CONCLUSIONS

KEY POINT

Different GNSS Approaches

Only RNP APPROACH (NO RNAV)
GNSS approaches : NPA, APV and PA

For CFIT PREVENTIVE MEASURE

Provide a vertical guidance

Using augmentation:

ILS , APV BARO-VNAV, APV SBAS

NPA : LNAV (ABAS)

APV : - SBAS = LPV
- BaroVNAV = LNAV / VNAV
PA : GBAS

Provide a constant descent in final

approach

Obstacle assessment based on surfaces when

vertical guidance is provided (AV and PA)

BARO VNAV

APV SBAS

GNSS
+
VNAV
+
ABAS receiver

WASS / EGNOS
+
SBAS Receiver

Computed vertical
guidance and
barodependant

Geometric vertical
guidance based on
satellite information

Navigation Sensors associated with MDA

and DA
HAL : Horizontal Alarm Limit
VAL : Vertical Alarm Limit

HAL : 556m
MDH higher than 300ft

HAL : 40m

NPA : GPS
300ft< DH < 250ft

VAL : 50m

APV1 : SBAS

HAL : 40m
300ft< DH < 200ft
LPV200 : SBAS
EGNOS, Galileo

VAL : 35m
HAL : 40m

200ft = DH

VAL : 15 to 10m

GBAS catI

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