Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Project Title
Version
Date of Issue
Prepared By
Contact
v3.1
5
6
v3.1
PROJECT DETAILS
1.1
1.2
1.3
Project Proponent
E.E.M as owner and operator of Foum El Oued Project is the project proponent. For detailed
contact information refer to:
Contact data project owner:
v3.1
Organization:
Street/P.O.Box:
Building:
City:
Casablanca
Country:
Morocco
Telephone:
+212 29 00 46 59
FAX:
+212 22 95 80 28
E-Mail:
r.znaidi@nareva.ma
1.5
1.6
1.7
Large project
v3.1
Years
01/03/2013 28/02/2014
141,991
01/03/2014 28/02/2015
141,991
01/03/2015 29/02/2016
141,991
01/03/2016 28/02/2017
141,991
01/03/2017 28/02/2018
141,991
01/03/2018 28/02/2019
141,991
01/03/2019 29/02/2020
141,991
01/0/2020 28/02/2021
141,991
1.8
01/03/2021 28/02/2022
141,991
01/03/2022 28/02/2023
141,991
1,419,913
10
141,991
v3.1
Achieves GHG emission reductions by avoiding CO2 emissions and reduces local air
pollution from the business-as-usual scenario (electricity generation of power plants
connected to the grid) ;
Is in line with the Moroccan governments objectives to increase the use of renewable energy
and reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels. The diversification of energy sources for
electricity production is one of the objectives of the new Moroccan energy strategy with an
Makes greater use of a renewable resource with significant potential in Morocco: wind energy
;
Strengthens the involvement of Moroccan private sector energy players in the power sector,
which is one of the main strategic orientations of the country, as both ONEE and the government
face difficulties in financing the necessary increase of electric production in the country ;
Increases employment opportunities in the area where the project is located, during the
construction phase and for the project operation (approximately 15 up to 20 people will be
permanently employed) ;
Technical Description
Wind energy technology
In wind energy generation, kinetic energy of wind is converted into mechanical energy and
subsequently into electrical energy. The kinetic energy passes through the blades of the wind
turbines is converted into mechanical energy and rotates the turbine. When the wind blades
rotate, the connected generator rotor also rotates, thereby producing electricity. The technology is
a clean technology since there are no GHG emissions associated to the electricity generation
during operation phase of the project.
Equipment installed
Foum El Oued Project involves an installed capacity of around 50.6 MW. Each of the wind
turbines has a nominal capacity of 2.3 MW.
The wind turbines to be used in the proposed project activity are supplied by the WTG
manufacturer SIEMENS as there are no local suppliers in Morocco. Therefore, the proposed
project activity will suppose a technology transfer from an Annex I country to Morocco.
The following tables show the wind power farm indicative characteristics:
Indicative Main technical parameters of the Project
Value
Number of wind turbines
22
50.6 MW
2.3 MW
3
12-13 m/s
101 m
Hub height
80 m
v3.1
690 V
Rated frequency
50 Hz
It was included in the purchase agreement that the manufacturer will provide relevant training
course for the staff on maintenance and use of equipment when the equipment will have been
installed.
Expected annual production
The following table gives a summary of the results of the energy yield assessment:
Indicative calculation results for the wind farm
Calculation
Expected net annual electricity generated
1.9
Value
~202.7 GWh
Project Location
Foum El Oued Project is located 9 km south east the wharf of Laayoune. The exact location of
the project is defined using geographic coordinates obtained with a Global Positioning System
(GPS) receiver: the project site is located on an extended area defined by four geographical
coordinates: P1 (27 01' 47.5348" N ; 13 25' 6.0962" W), P2 (27 01' 54.3148" N ; 13 21'
51.7595" W), P3 (27 00' 21.7649" N ; 13 22' 6.5281" W) & P4 (27 00' 25.3679" N ; 13 24'
18.6016" W).
v3.1
v3.1
1.10
1.11
v3.1
1.12.1
Right of Use
E..E.M holds all authorization, contracts or all kind of legal documentation related to Foum El
Oued Wind Project and owns all equipment and facilities used for the implementation of the
project.
1.12.2
No GHG emissions trading scheme/emission cap is implemented for the Moroccan power sector.
1.12.3
Foum El Oued Project does not participate in any GHG program other than the VCS version 3.
1.12.4
No GHG related environmental credits are applied to the Moroccan power sector.
1.12.5
Foum El Oued Project does not participate in any GHG program other than the VCS version 3.
1.13
v3.1
Commercial agreements
Financing agreements
10
WTG contracts
Further Information
N/A
APPLICATION OF METHODOLOGY
2.1
2.2
Applicability of Methodology
The proposed project can meet the applicability criteria of the baseline and monitoring
methodology (ACM0002), therefore, the methodology is applicable to the proposed project.
Compliance
The proposed project activity is
the installation of a new wind
power plant and it will be
connected to the Moroccan
national grid.
v3.1
11
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
The Tool for the Demonstration and Assessment of Additionality (Version 07.0.0)
ACM0002 / Version 13 require the use of this tool. The tool mentioned that once it is included with
the methodology, the tool shall be used. No other criteria of application are mentioned in the tool.
Consequently, the tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality, Version 7.0.0 has
been used.
The Tool to Calculate the Emission Factor for an Electricity System (Version 03.0.0)
v3.1
12
2.3
Project Boundary
According to the methodology ACM0002 (Version 13), since the project is a grid connected wind
power project, only CO2 emission from fossil fuels fired power plants in baseline scenario need to
be considered as summarized in the following table :
Source
Baseline
Gas
Included?
Justification/Explanation
CO2
CH4
Yes
No
N2O
No
Spatial boundary:
According to the approved methodology ACM0002, version 13, the spatial extent of the project
boundary includes the project wind farm power plant and all power plants connected physically to
the electricity system that the VCS project power plant is connected to. Foum El Oued Wind
project is within the boundary of the national power grid of ONEE.
2.4
Baseline Scenario
According to the approved methodology ACM0002, if the project activity is the installation of a
new grid-connected renewable power plant/unit, the baseline scenario is the following:
Electricity delivered to the grid by the project activity would have otherwise been generated by the
operation of grid-connected power plants and by the addition of new generation sources, as
reflected in the combined margin (CM) calculations described in the Tool to calculate the
emission factor for an electricity system.
Thus the baseline scenario is the supply of equivalent annual power output by the national
electricity grid.
2.5
Additionality
The following steps are used to demonstrate the additionality of the Project according to the latest
version of the Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality (Version 07.0.0).
Step 1. Identification of alternatives to the project activity consistent with current laws and
regulations
Define realistic and credible alternatives to the project activity that can be (part of) the baseline
scenario through the following sub-steps:
Sub-step 1a. Define alternatives to the project activity
v3.1
13
First, the hydro power option is excluded because of the lack of sizable exploitable hydro
resources in the project area. Indeed, Foum El Oued Wind project is located in a Saharan climate
and water-deficient area. In addition, hydro generation in Morocco has almost reached its
maximum capacity.
Furthermore, the Law 13.09 limits the capacity of hydro generation projects to 12 MW.
Secondly, due to the technology development status and the high cost of power generation, solar
PV or solar CSP is not a feasible option even if the solar resource is not relatively limited in the
projects site. Indeed, cost of solar energy is currently at least 2 to 4 times higher than wind power
cost.3
Thirdly, there is no established biomass or geothermal power plant with an installed capacity
(respectively the same output) in Morocco as the same capacity (respectively the same output)
as the project. Furthermore, the biomass and geothermal resources in Morocco are scarce.
Therefore, the alternative c) cannot be considered as alternative scenario to the project activity.
In conclusion to Sub-step 1a, the only feasible alternative scenarios to the project activity
available to the project participant are the alternatives: a) Provision of equivalent annual power
generation by the grid which the proposed project is connected to; b) Carrying the project activity
without VCS and d) Construction of a fossil fuel power plant with equivalent amount of installed
capacity or annual electricity output.
See Annex 2
v3.1
14
v3.1
15
Unit
Value
MW
50.6
45.7%
GWh
202.700
Total CAPEX
MDh
763
Installed capacity
Net plant load factor
v3.1
16
MDh
445
Project lifetime
Years
20 to be extended
DH/
11.2
The electricity price used in the investment analysis is the weighted average of the different tariffs
agreed with each of the clients of the project participant. It is worth mentioning that the tariffs
used are not feed-in tariffs regulated by Moroccan authorities, they are contractual tariffs agreed
with each client.
2) Comparison of IRR for the proposed project and the financial benchmark
In accordance with the Benchmark analysis (Option III), the proposed project will not be
considered as financially attractive if its financial indicator considered (project IRR) is lower than
the benchmark rate.
The financial analysis based on the above parameters shows that the Projects IRR without VCS
is established at 10.1% and is much lower than the benchmark rate of 13%. This therefore
indicates that Foum El Oued Project without carbon revenues is not financially attractive to the
investors.
Sub-step 2d. Sensitivity analysis (only applicable to options II and III):
The objective of sensitivity analysis is to examine whether the conclusion regarding the financial
attractiveness of the project is robust to reasonable variations in the critical assumptions. The
investment analysis provides a valid argument in favor of additionality only if it consistently
supports (for a realistic range of assumptions) the conclusion that the project activity is unlikely to
be the most financially attractive or is unlikely to be financially attractive.
For the proposed project, four financial parameters were taken as uncertain factors for sensitive
analysis of financial attractiveness:
1) Total investments (Project Capex)
2) Annual output (supplied power)
3) Selling Tariff
4) Annual O&M cost
The impacts of total investments, annual output, selling tariff and the annual O&M are selected to
check out the impact of their reasonable variations on the projects IRR. Assuming these four
parameters to change within the range between (-10% +10%), then the outcomes of IRR
sensitivities will be presented.
The results of sensitive analysis are shown in Figure 3 below:
v3.1
17
11,50%
11,00%
Project IRR
10,50%
10,00%
9,50%
9,00%
8,50%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
Project Capex
11,39%
10,72%
10,11%
9,54%
9,00%
Annual Output
8,64%
9,39%
10,11%
10,81%
11,49%
Selling Tarif f
8,64%
9,39%
10,11%
10,81%
11,49%
10,33%
10,22%
10,11%
10,00%
9,88%
v3.1
18
2.6
Methodology Deviations
N/A
3.1
Baseline Emissions
This Section describes the procedure for quantifying baseline emissions, including the
explanation of all methodological choices and the presentation of all relevant equations.
v3.1
19
BEy
= Quantity of net electricity generation that is produced and fed into the
EGPJ,y
grid as a result of the implementation of the project activity in year y (MWh/yr).
Calculation of EGPJ,y
According to the methodology ACM0002, EGPJ,yis calculated using the case (a), of Greenfield
renewable energy power plants, because the project activity is the installation of a new gridconnected renewable power plant/unit at a site where no renewable power plant was operated
prior to the implementation of the project activity:
EGPJ , y = EGy
Where:
EGy= Quantity of net electricity generation supplied by the project plant/unit to the grid in year
y (MWh/yr)
Calculation of EFgrid,CM,y
The Tool to Calculate the Emission Factor for an Electricity System (version 03.0.0) is applied to
calculate the combined margin emission factor. This section describes how the emission factor of
Foum El Oued Wind Project has been determined based on the instructions for calculating the
emission factors of the operating margin (OM) and build margin (BM).
According to the tool the grid emission factor is calculated as per the following six steps:
STEP 1: Identify the relevant electricity systems.
STEP 2: Choose whether to include off-grid power plants in the project electricity system
(optional).
STEP 3: Select a method to determine the operating margin (OM).
STEP 4: Calculate the operating margin emission factor according to the selected method.
STEP 5: Identify the group of power units to be included in the build margin (BM).
STEP 6: Calculate the build margin emission factor.
STEP 7: Calculate the combined margin (CM) emissions factor.
Step 1 - Identify the relevant electricity systems
v3.1
20
EG .EF
=
EG
m, y
EFgrid ,OMsimple , y
EL , m , y
m, y
It is shown in annex 1 that the low cost must run sources for Morocco (hydro and wind) have accounted for less
than 10% of the total generated electricity
v3.1
21
EFgrid,OMsimple,y
EGm,y
EFEL,m,y
= All power units serving the grid in year y except low-cost / must-run
power units
y
option).
= The three most recent years for which data is available (ex ante
EFEL,m,y is determined using option A1 of the Tool to Calculate the Emission Factor for an
Electricity System :
EFEL ,m , y =
FC
i ,m, y
EG m , y
Where
FCi,m,y
NCVi,y
EFCO2,i,y
According to the provisions in the monitoring tables of the Tool to Calculate the Emission Factor
for an Electricity System, EGm,y is determined once for each crediting period using the most
recent three historical years for which data is available (ex-ante option).
The 3-year vintage OM was calculated using the data of all operational power fossil fuel fired
plants providing electricity to the grid for the years 2006, 2007 and 2008. The data of the plants
used in the Operating Margin calculation were provided by ONEE. They are presented in Annex
1.
Step 5 - Identify the group of power units to be included in the build margin (BM)
According to the tool, the sample group of power units used to calculate the build margin consists
of either:
(a) Calculate the build margin emission factor based the set of five power units that have been
built most recently, or
(b) Consider the set of power capacity additions in the electricity system that comprises 20% of
the system generation (in MWh) and that have been built most recently.
v3.1
22
EG .EF
=
EG
m, y
EFgrid , BM , y
EL , m , y
i ,m
m, y
Where
EFgrid,BM,y
EGm,y
EFEL,m,y
= Most recent historical year for which power generation data is available
The build margin has been calculated using the electricity data of the most recent year for which
the data is available namely 2008.
Step 7 - Calculate the combined margin (CM) emissions factor
v3.1
23
EFgrid,BM,y
EFgrid,OM,y
wOM
wBM
The official ONEE data for the fuels NCV and the latest default values recommended in the 2006
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for the fuels emissions factors were
used to derive the OM and the BM emission factors of the grid.
The results of the EF calculation are presented in annex 3 and summarized below:
Designation
EF in tCO2/MWh
0.7980
2007
0.7313
2008
0.6899
Average OM on 2006-2008
0.7371
3.2
0.5906
0.7005
Project Emissions
According to the methodology ACM002, for most renewable power generation project activities,
PEy= 0. However, some project activities may involve project emissions that can be significant.
These emissions shall be accounted for as project emissions by using the following equation:
PEy = PEFF,y+ PEGP,y+ PEHP,y
Where:
v3.1
PEy
24
PEGP,y = Project emissions from the operation of geothermal power plants due to the
release of non-condensable gases in year y (tCO2e/yr)
PEHP,y = Project emissions from water reservoirs of hydro power plants in year y
(tCO2e/yr)
Foum El Oued Project is a wind farm project that generates electricity using wind energy as a
renewable energy source. The project activity doesnt involve any use of fossil fuels, neither
geothermal nor hydro energy sources. Thus PEFF,y, PEGP,y and PEHP,y are null and so is the
project emissions:
PEy = 0
3.3
Leakage
According to the consolidated baseline methodology ACM0002, the main indirect emissions
potentially giving rise to leakage in the context of electric sector projects result from activities
such as power plant construction and upstream emissions from fossil fuel use. The project
developer does not need to consider such indirect emissions when applying the methodology.
Therefore the project can take no account of such leakages, Ly= 0 tCO2e.
3.4
Given the fact that the project emissions are null, the emission reductions are to be derived as:
ERy = BEy = EGPJ,yx EFgrid,CM,y
Where:
EGPJ,y
= Quantity of net electricity generation that is produced and fed into the
grid as a result of the implementation of the VCS project activity in year y (MWh/yr)
EFgrid,CM,y
= Combined margin CO2 emission factor for grid connected power
generation in year y calculated using the latest version of the Tool to calculate the
emission factor for an electricity system (tCO2/MWh).
v3.1
25
Estimated
project
emissions or
removals
(tCO2e)
Estimate
d leakage
emission
s (tCO2e)
Estimated net
GHG emission
reductions or
removals (tCO2e)
01/03/2013 28/02/2014
141,991
141,991
01/03/2014 28/02/2015
141,991
141,991
01/03/2015 29/02/2016
141,991
141,991
01/03/2016 28/02/2017
141,991
141,991
01/03/2017 28/02/2018
141,991
141,991
01/03/2018 28/02/2019
141,991
141,991
01/03/2019 29/02/2020
141,991
141,991
01/03/2020 28/02/2021
141,991
141,991
01/03/2021 28/02/2022
141,991
141,991
01/03/2022 28/02/2023
141,991
141,991
1,419,910
1,419,910
Years
Total
v3.1
26
MONITORING
4.1
FCi,m,y
Data unit:
Tons
Description:
Source of data:
ONEE official data for all plants except for the JLEC (units 3&4)
and Tahaddart plants for which data was not available. Specific
requests have been made to the management of these plants to
get the data on the amount of fossil fuel they consumed.
Value applied:
See Annex 1
Justification of choice of
data or description of
measurement methods and
procedures applied:
Any comment:
NCVi,y
Data unit:
GJ/T
Description:
Source of data:
Value applied:
See Annex 1
Justification of choice of
data or description of
measurement methods and
procedures applied:
Any comment:
v3.1
27
4.2
v3.1
EFCO2,i, y
Data unit:
tCO2/TJ
Description:
Source of data:
Value applied:
See Annex 3
Justification of choice of
data or description of
measurement methods and
procedures applied:
Any comment:
EGm,y
Data unit:
MWh
Description:
Source of data:
ONEE official data for all plants except for the JLEC (units 3&4)
and Tahaddart plants for which data was not available. Specific
requests have been made to the management of these plants to
get the data on the net electricity they generated.
Value applied:
See Annex 3
Justification of choice of
data or description of
measurement methods and
procedures applied:
Any comment:
EGy
Data unit:
MWh
Description:
Source of data:
Description of
measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
28
4.3
Frequency of
monitoring/recording:
Value applied:
202,700 MWh/year
Monitoring equipment:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Calculation method:
Any comment:
The baseline emission factor: fixed on ex-ante calculation and doesnt need to be monitored
every year as per the latest version of the Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity
system (Version 03.0.0).
According to the baseline study, the key parameter of the emissions reductions evaluation is the
net electricity generated by the wind farm. The recommended monitoring methodology is based
on a specific and continuous measure of both the electricity generated by the wind farm and the
electricity imported by the wind farm. The net electricity generated by the wind farm, which
constituted the key parameter of the emissions reductions evaluations, will be derived from the
difference of these two key monitored parameters as shown in the following equation:
EG = EGy
Where:
v3.1
EG
29
EGy
Monitoring manager
Audit manager
The responsibilities of the VCS Monitoring team members are the following:
Wind plant manager : manage the work of VCS Monitoring team and take charge of all
relevant matters with the monitoring activity
Monitoring manager : monitor, collect and archive the data according to the monitoring plan
Audit manager: audit the work of Monitoring manager and execute the QC/QA (Quality
Control/Quality Assurance) procedures according to the monitoring plan
v3.1
30
v3.1
31
v3.1
32
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Despite the fact that the wind farm projects were not subject to an environmental impact
assessment (EIA), at the time of the project concept, according to the Morocco EIA law N12-03,
the project participant has carried an EIA for the Foum El Oued Wind Project, including an
ornithological study.
However, according to the new law 13-09 on renewable energies, released on March 2010, the
project is subject to an EIA.
The project participant introduced the projects EIA to the national committee of EIAs (CNEI). The
letter of approval of the EIA was provided by CNEI in the 28th of September 2010.
The project participant presented to CNEI specifications, to be signed between the CNEI and the
project participant, which includes all the commitments taken into account the environmental
constraints identified for the Project.
The site initially chosen by the project developer was in conflict with the Urban Development
Plan. As a corrective measure, a new project site had to be planed, taking into account the
development zones. This was done so during a stakeholder meeting at the Urban Agency of
Layoune on the 30th of November 2007, and following a site visit on the 31st of January 2008.
The availability of the new site was confirmed by mail on the 5th of March 2008.
The complete EIA was then carried out on the new site and the initial state of the environment
was detailed, allowing for a precise definition of project impacts.
The main impacts identified were:
-
Physical environment: during the construction phase, the main impacts will be associated
with truck traffic. The following actions will be taken into consideration during
construction: to avoid any unnecessary destruction of vegetation, use of existing roads,
extending site paths on one side preferentially and maximum reuse of excavated soil.
Collision danger for birds with aero generators: it has been assessed that as low since
the layout of the project is not close to the birds migration corridor
The project participant has planned the project activity accordingly to the principal conclusions to
the EIA:
-
The wind park will be open to the surrounding natural environment (non-enclosed),
integrated into the surrounding landscape, and will allow all environmental dynamics to
take place.
The overall land used has been optimized during the planning phase, in order to
decrease the impacts on the biological environmental on the overall landscape.
The project will be placed within all already industrialised landscape. However, the planning
phase will endeavour to integrate the wind park in the surrounding landscape.
-
v3.1
As the project is semi-permanent since the life expectancy of wind farms is limited, the
environmental remediation of the site will considerably decrease the overall project
impacts.
33
STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS
Organisation of consultation workshop
A consultation workshop on the Project activity was held on February 4th, 2010, in Layoune, with
local stakeholders including national and local public authorities, members of the Parliament,
local elected officials, private partners, local people of the project area, local associations, media
and regional and national televisions.
The objective of the workshop was to inform the local stakeholders on the Project activity and to
gather and discuss their comments and recommendations.
During the workshop, presentations were held on:
The context of the project (energy context in Morocco, Moroccan governments strategy
regarding sustainable development and renewable energy, achievements and prospects
of clean mechanisms in Morocco),
The general technical characteristics and scope of the project, both in terms of the works
and potential impacts and associated clean mechanisms development process.
This workshop aroused the interest of an important audience: approximately 60 people attended
the meeting.
Photo of the local stakeholder consultation meeting of Foum El Oued wind farm project
held on February the 4th, 2010
v3.1
34
The project aroused interest from the public, particularly regarding renewable energies,
activities of the project, its impacts on the stability and electrification of the region and its
associated green development process.
Stakeholders congratulated themselves for the communication on the Project and the
clean mechanism process.
Public authorities, local elected officials, board of trade, counsellors and members of the
Parliament, administration and civil society representatives totally approved the Project.
The ONEE (National Office for Electricity) and CDER (Renewable Energy Development
Center) answered mainly general questions concerning the national energy policy and
the renewable energy policy inside the country.
Most of the questions were asked about the social impacts of the project and were not restricted
to the clean mechanism process and development itself.
The following topics and questions were raised:
-
Some questions were asked about solar panel projects, wind power projects in general, the
resale of electricity produced by renewable energies to the grid, the costs of renewable
energies and the role of the new Moroccan solar energy Agency.
A regional counsellor questioned about renewable energies in Morocco, more specifically
about the wind power potential of the region.
Most of the stakeholders wanted to learn more about the type of jobs and training that would
be offered by the project developer to local people and more generally about the global
benefits for the region (in particular for local companies).
The technology transfer and the profitability of a wind power project were also at stake in the
debate.
A member of an association for the environment wished to know if the electricity generated
by the project would cover the needs of the region.
Creation of a road infrastructure around the site which will be of great use to local
population and nomads.
100 direct jobs will be created during the construction phase. 20 direct jobs will be
created for the wind farm operation, which will induce 30 to 50 indirect jobs. The priority
will be given to the population living in the region, according to the skills and
competencies required by the available positions.
Furthermore, the project developer, as a citizenship company, will also contribute to the
development of the region through two other measures:
v3.1
35
Despite the professional tax exemption in the region (implemented by the government to
encourage investments), the project developer is keen to support financially the region
through annual subventions
The project developer is willing to participate to the support of social and educational
infrastructure, compliant with the objectives and the constraints of the region
development. The project developer has recalled that the parent company and
subsidiaries have already implemented such measures.
Concerning the technology transfer, renewable energy contribution, wind power projects
profitability, job opportunities in the region and local human resources, the project developer
brought the following answers:
-
For the technology transfer, the integration rate for national projects would reach 30 to
35% (mainly civil engineering, electric engineering and tower construction). Some firms
are interested in renewable energies and the government is eager to develop this field.
Thus, this integration rate could significantly increase in the following years.
In 2020, 17% of the electricity of the country is planned to be produced by renewable
energies.
The project developer stressed that a wind power project is only profitable with clean
mechanism revenues.
The project developer insisted that the project will be completely integrated in the region:
priority will be given to local inhabitants and local firms.
At the end of the meeting, the project developer representatives thanked all the participants for their
interest in the project and their contribution to the workshop.
v3.1
36
v3.1
37
v3.1
38
v3.1
39
v3.1
40
v3.1
41
v3.1
42
v3.1
43
v3.1
44
v3.1
45
Unit
Per year
tCO2/MWh
0.7980
tCO2/MWh
0.7313
tCO2/MWh
0.6899
tCO2/MWh
0.7371
tCO2/MWh
0.5906
tCO2/MWh
0.7005
v3.1
46
v3.1
47
Source: E.on; IEA; BTM; California Institute of Technology; World Energy Council, World Energy Assessment;
NEF; RBSC; Roland Berger
v3.1
48