APPENDIX A

UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE STANDARD NO. 6-5

STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS

Based on the 1989 Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards published by the Thermal Insulation
Manufacturers Association, and the Guidelines for installing Flexible Ducts published by the Air Diffusion
Council. See Section 602.3 of the Uniform Mechanical Code.

A.6.501 Scope. (C) Joint and Seam Preparation. Longitudinal

These requirements are intended to supplement
information contained in the manufacturer’s
installation instruction sheets included in each carton
of material, which cover fabrication, closure
methods, reinforcement, and hanging of factory-
made rigid and flexible air ducts complying with UL
181, Standard for Factory-Made Air Ducts and Air
Connectors. The standard is divided into two parts:
Part A covering rigid ducts and Part B covering
flexible ducts.
Part A— Rigid Ducts.
A.6.502 General.
The use of these ducts is governed by UMC Section
602.1, together with the restrictions contained in
Section 604.2. For information regarding the
fabrication of rectangular ducts from flat sheets of
duct board, refer to the document upon which this
standard is based and the manufacturer’s instruction
sheet.
A.6.503 Closure Systems.
(A) General. Closure systems are a vital element in
the proper assembly of fibrous glass duct
systems. They provide both the structural
connection and sealing of seams and joints for
air tightness. Only listed closure systems
identified in the manufacturers’ installation
instructions are suitable for use with rigid
fibrous glass duct systems. Listed closures
include the following:
(1) Pressure-sensitive aluminum foil tapes.
(2) Heat-activated aluminum foil/scrim tapes.
(3) Mastic and glass fabric tape systems.
Listed closure systems may be used on listed
duct board materials.
(B) Surface Preparation. In order to obtain
satisfactory adhesion and bonding, the surface
on which closures will be applied must be free
from dust, dirt, oil, grease, moisture, and similar
substances.
seams are fabricated with a shiplap joint that is
closed with the use of outward-clinching staples
at two (2) inches (50 mm) on center through the
stapling flap of the jacketing material.
Transverse joints between two duct sections are
prepared by joining two duct sections, pulling
the staple flap over the adjoining section, and
stapling as shown in Figure 6-5-1. When staple
flaps are not present, crosstabs are used to hold
seams and joints in position for reinforcing the
closure system. Cross-tabs, made from eight (8)
inch (203 mm) minimum lengths of closure tape,
are to be equally spaced on each side of the joint.
Cross-tabs are spaced on twelve (12) inch (305 mm)
maximum centers, with at least one cross-tab per
duct side (Figure 6-5-2). Cross-tabs may be
placed either under or over the closure tape.
(D) Application of Pressure-Sensitive Aluminum
Foil Tapes. Use minimum 2 -1/2 inch wide (64 mm)
listed pressure-sensitive tape. Position the tape
along the edge of the flap in a manner that will
allow one (1) inch minimum (25 mm) overlap on
adjacent surfaces.
If tape has been stored at temperatures less
than 50°F (10°C), it should be conditioned prior
to use by placement in a warm environment in
order to improve the initial tack.
FIGURE 6-5-1 Tape Closure Joint with Staple
Flap.

301
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FIGURE 6-5-2 Tape Closure Joint Without Staple
Flap.
FIGURE 6-5-3 Pressure-Sensitive Tape.
FIGURE 6-5-4 Heat-Activated Tape.
302
UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE
FIGURE 6-5-6 Glass Fabric into Mastic.
FIGURE 6-5-7 Second Coat of Mastic.
If the duct board has been located in an
atmosphere of less than 50°F (10°C), the surfaces
to be taped must be preheated to ensure a
satisfactory bond of the tape. Using any suitable
heating iron with the plate temperature set at
400°F (+25°F) (204°C + 14°C), preheat the area to
be taped. Quickly position the tape on the
preheated area and press in place. Pass the iron
two or three times over the taped area using a
rapid ironing motion (see Figure 6-5-4).
Rub tape firmly with a plastic squeegee
(Figure 6-5-3) until the facing reinforcement
shows through the tape.
When operating pressure is less than one (1)
inch W.G. (249 Pa) (positive pressure), and sheet
metal surfaces are cleaned in accordance with
tape manufacturer’s instructions, pressure-
sensitive tape may be used to seal fibrous glass
duct to sheet metal.
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS
(E) Application of Heat-Activated Tapes. Position
the 2-1/2 inch (64 mm) minimum tape along the
edge of the flap in a manner that will allow a one
(1) inch minimum (25.4 mm) overlap on adjacent
surfaces. Using a suitable heating iron with a
plate temperature between 550°F and 600°F
(287°C and 316°C), pass the iron along the tape
seam with sufficient pressure and dwell time to
activate the adhesive (see Figure No. 6-5-4). A
satisfactory bond has been achieved when the
heat indicator dots have darkened.
Use a second pass of the iron to complete
the bond by applying pressure to the front edge
of the iron in a smearing action.
Allow all joints and seams to cool below
150°F (65°C) before any stress is applied. Avoid
(B) Tie Rod Reinforcement—Positive Pressure.
puncturing the tape at staple locations with
excessive pressure from the iron.
(F) Application of Glass Fabric and Mastic Tape
Systems. Apply a thin coat of mastic
approximately 3-1/2 inches (89 mm) wide over
the center of the joint seam. Firmly press the
three (3) inch (76 mm) wide glass fabric into the
mastic (see Figure 6-5-6).
Apply a second coat of mastic over the glass
fabric, filling the scrim pattern as indicated in
Figure 6-5-7.
Follow the manufacturer’s label instructions
on application rate, safety precautions,
ventilation requirements, shelf life limitations,
and minimum setup time required before stress
can be applied to the joint or seam.
When connecting fibrous glass duct systems
to sheet metal, as in connections to flanges or
central air equipment, fasteners such as sheet
metal screws and washers must be used to carry
the mechanical load. Glass fabric and mastic can
then be applied to seal the connections at these
points. Usually, two widths of glass fabric will
be required.
A.6.504 Reinforcement.
(A) General. Reinforcement is used to limit the
deflection of the duct surface caused by internal
static pressure loading. The maximum
dimension of unreinforced ducts, which is a
function of the system operating pressure, is
shown on the manufacturer’s label, affixed to
each piece of duct board.
Duct systems made from Types 475 and 800
fibrous glass duct board may use one or more of
the following reinforcement methods:
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
(1) Tie rod reinforcement.
(2) Channel reinforcement.
The reinforcement schedules contained in
Tables 6-5-1, 6-5-2, and 6-5-4 are suitable for zero
(0) inch to two (2) inch W.G. (0 Pa to 498 Pa)
duct systems.
While some duct dimensions may not
require any reinforcement in straight sections,
certain fittings of the same dimension may
require reinforcement. This requirement is noted
wherever applicable in this standard and in
Table 6-5-4. Fitting reinforcement is
accomplished by the use of tie rods wherever
possible and with channel reinforcement applied
where tie rods cannot be used.
(1) Tie Rods. Tie rods consist of straight lengths
of twelve (12) gauge (2 mm) galvanized steel
wire with flat steel volcano-type washers and
any of three approved termination devices (see
Figure 6-5-8). The 2-1/2 inch (64 mm) square
shall be installed so turned edges face away from
the duct board facing.
When butt joints are used instead of shiplap
joints, tie rods are placed in rows located at three
(3) inches (76 mm) on either side of the joint.
Alternate: A single tie rod reinforcement
may be used if the butt joint is glued with an
adhesive system documented by the duct board
manufacturer.
(2) Location. In relation to transverse joints, the
tie rods are spaced four (4) inches (102 mm) from
the end of the female joint, as shown in Figure 6-5-9.
(3) Spacing. Tie rods are placed in rows of two
(2) to five (5) rods, across the face of the duct,
with row spaces varying from sixteen (16) inches
to forty-eight (48) inches (406 mm to 1,219 mm);
depending on duct size and operating pressure.
The spacing of tie rods is shown in Table 6-5-1.
When the sides of the duct exceed the
dimensions that require reinforcement (see Table
6-5-1), horizontal tie rods are also installed per the
schedule.
(4) Typical Tie Rod Reinforcement Examples,
Positive Pressure Ducts. See Section 6.504(B)2 for
placement of tie rods and sag supports in relation
to joints. Sag support is required in ducts forty-
eight (48) inches (1,219 mm) and greater in width.
The number of tie rods across the duct
width shall be as required in the schedule
contained in Table No. 6-5-1.
303
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5 UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE

FIGURE 6-5-8 Terminations: Fasloop Pop Rivet Sleeve Locking Cap.

304
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS
FIGURE 6-5-8 continued.
FIGURE 6-5-9 Tie Rod Placement.
FIGURE 6-5-10 Tie Rod Reinforcement Rows on
Twenty-four (24) Inch (610 mm) Centers, Forty-
eight (48) Inch (1219 mm) Duct Section.
The longitudinal spacing of the rows of tie
rods is based upon the schedule in Table 6-5-10.
This spacing will vary from forty-eight (48)
inches (1,219 mm) on center to as close as sixteen
(16) inches (406 mm) on center.
(5) Sag Control—Tie Rod Reinforcement
Shiplapped Joints. Top panels of fibrous glass
duct sections or fittings, forty-eight (48) inches
(1,219 mm) wide or greater, may sag due to the
weight of the duct board when the system is not
pressurized. To control this condition, sag
supports must be provided. Figure No. 6-5-11A
shows a typical installation.
Sag supports do not replace tie rod assemblies
as called for in the reinforcement schedule, but
must be installed in addition to them. Hangers
must be located within twelve (12) inches (305
mm) of the sag supports.
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FIGURE 6-5-11A Sag Control-Tie Rod
Reinforcement.
FIGURE 6-5-11B Sag Control Detail.
For easier mating of fittings and duct
sections during installation, a 1/2 inch (12.7
mm) diameter steel conduit and washers may be
added to an existing tie rod assembly at the
female shiplap end.
When ducts are fabricated with butt joints,
sag supports must be installed on both sides of
the joint. A hanger must be installed within
twelve (12) inches (305 mm) of the sag support.
(C) Channel Reinforcement.
(1) General. Another reinforcement system, for
use in either positive-or negative-pressure duct
systems, consists of formed sheet metal channels
wrapped around the perimeter of the duct.
When channels must be attached to the
duct, for sag control or negative-pressure
reinforcement, No. 10 plated sheet metal screws
and 2-1/2 inch (64 mm) square, 0.020-inch (0.5
mm) (minimum) thick sheet metal washers are
305
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5 UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE

TABLE NO. 6-5-1

Tie-Rod System Reinforcement Schedule (Positive Pressure Only)

Maximum Type 475 Board Type 800 Board

Positive Inside Duct No. Rods Maximum No. Rods No. Rods Maximum No. Rods
Static Dimension Across Longitudinal per 4 Ft. Across Longitudinal Per 4 Ft.
Pressure Inches Dimension Spacing Section Dimension Spacing Section
(x 248.8 for Pa) (x 25.4 for mm) (x 25.4 for mm) (x 25.4 for mm)
0 through 0-36 * *
1/2" 37-42 2 24" 4 2 48" 2
W.G. 43-48
49-60 3 6 3 3
61-64 24" 6
65-80 4 8 4 8
81-96 5 10 5 10
Over 1/2" 0-24 * *
through 25-30 1 24" 2 1 48" 1
1" W.G. 31-32 24" 2
33-36 2 4 2 4
37-48
49-64 3 6 3 6
65-80 4 8 4 8
81-96 5 10 5 10
Over 1" 0-15 * *
through 16-18 1 24" 2 *
2" W.G. 19-24 1 24" 1
25-32 16" 3 24" 2
33-48 2 6 2 4
49-60 3 9 3 6
61-64 16" 9
65-80 4 12 4 12
81-96 5 15 5 15

*Straight ducts of these dimensions do not require reinforcement. However, some fittings of these dimensions may require
reinforcement.
Notes: 1. Tie rods and washers must be no more than 16" (406 mm) on centers across duct dimension.
2. Ducts of 48" (1,219 mm) width and over require use of anti-sag devices. See Fig. 6-5-11A.
3. For duct dimensions over 96" (2,438 mm), maintain tie rod spacing on 16" (406 mm) centers across the duct
dimension following longitudinal spacing for the design pressure.

used. These must have turned edges to prevent
cutting into the duct board. In positive-pressure
applications, wraparound channels need not be
attached to the duct board except when required
for sag control.
Table No. 6-5-2 gives longitudinal spacing,
sheet metal gauge, channel height dimensions of
reinforcement depending on the duct board
type, maximum inside dimensions, and static
pressure. This is a minimum reinforcement
schedule applying to straight sections. This
schedule will also apply to fittings, but a
simplified schedule may also be used (see
Table 6-5-3).
(2) Channels. Channels must be fabricated
from galvanized sheet metal of the gauge
shown in Table 6-5-2. Channels are three (3)
inches (76 mm) wide, with a height (H) as
shown in Table 6-5-2.
Each reinforcement may be fabricated from
a continuous length of channel having three 90
degree(1.57 rad) bends and a fourth 90 degree
(1.57 rad) corner that is fastened with bolts,
screws, rivets, spot welds, or staples. Reinforcements
may also be fabricated with two (2), three (3), or
four (4) securely fastened corners.

306
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS

TABLE NO. 6-5-2

Channel System Reinforcement Schedule

Maximum Type 475 Board Type 800 Board

Inside Duct Maximum Channel H Maximum Channel H
Static Dimension longitudinal gauge dimension longitudinal gauge dimension
Pressure (I.D.), in. spacing (see below) spacing (see below)
(x 248.8 for Pa) (x 25.4 for mm) (x 25.4 for mm) (x 25.4 for mm)
0- 0-30 * *
negative
1/2" 31-36 24" 22 1" 48" 22 1"
W.G. positive 0-36 * *
0 through 37-42 24" 22 1" 48" 22 1"
1/2" W.G. 43-48
positive or 49-60 1-1/2"
negative 61-72 24" 1"
73-84
85-96 1-1/4"
Over 1/2" 0-24 * *
through 1" 25-30 24" 22 1" 48" 22 1"
W.G. 31-36 24"
positive or 37-42
negative 43-48
49-60
61-72 18 18
73-84 1-1/4" 1-1/4"
85-96
Over 1" 0-15 * *
through 2" 16-18 24" 22 1" *
W.G. 19-24 24" 22 1"
positive or 25-36 16"
negative 37-48 1-1/4"
49-60
61-72 18 16" 18 1"
73-84 1-1/4" 1-1/4"
85-96 1-1/2" 1-1/2"
Gauge as
*Straight ducts of these dimensions do not H specified
require reinforcement. However, some fittings of
these dimensions may require reinforcement. 3"
Note: Ducts of 48" (1,219 mm) maximum width and over require use of anti-sag
devices.

(3) Location of Channels. Channels are
normally offset four (4) inches (102 mm) from the
end of the duct section to facilitate installation of
sag supports and the closure system.
Where wraparound channels without sag
support are used, the channel is slipped over the
closure tape after the tape is applied, centered over
the female shiplap end for maximum support.
(4) Sag Support and Typical Channel
Reinforcement. When the duct is forty-eight
(48) inches (1219 mm) wide or greater, channels
are secured to the top for sag support with No.
10 plated sheet metal screws and 2-1/2 inch (64
mm) square washers (see Detail A in Figure 6-5-
12). The number of channels along the duct shall
be in accordance with Table No. 6-5-2 .
(D) Negative-Pressure Channel Reinforcement.
(1) Locating Reinforcing Channels. In
negative-pressure applications such as return-air
ducts, the channel reinforcement is applied over
the male shiplap. Special clips are installed
inside the duct (see Figure 6-5-13) that will
support both the male and female sides of the
duct joint. The clips are fastened in place with
two sheet metal screws.
(2) Clips. Clips are formed from 20 gauge
(0.036 inch) (0.91 mm) galvanized steel, with
turned edges as shown in Detail B.

307
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5 UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE

FIGURE 6-5-12 16-Inch (406 mm) Centers, 48-Inch (1219 mm) Duct Sections.

FIGURE 6-5-13 Channel Reinforcement for Negative Pressure Systems.

308
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS
TABLE NO. 6-5-4
Partial Wraparound Reinforcement Schedule
Type 475 Board Type 800 Board
Positive Maximum Maximum
Static Inside Duct Longi- Dimen- No. of Inside Duct Longi- Dimen- No. of
Pressure Dimension, tudinal sion screws, Dimension, tudinal sion screws,
Inches spacing L each end Inches spacing L each end
(x 248.8 for Pa) (x 25.4 for mm) (x 25.4 for mm)
0" through 0-36 Not required 0-36 Not required
1/2" W.G. 37-96 24" 4" 1 37-60 48" 4" 1
61-96 24"
Over 1/2" 0-24 Not required 0-24 Not required
through 1" 25-48 24" 4" 1 25-30 48" 4" 1
W.G. 49-64 7" 2 31-48 24"
65-80 10" 3 49-64 7" 2
81-96 13" 4 65-80 10" 3
81-96 13" 4
Over 1" 0-15 Not required 0-18 Not required
through 2" 16-24 24" 4" 1 19-24 24" 4" 1
W.G. 25-32 16" 25-32 7" 2
33-48 7" 2 33-48 10" 3
49-64 10" 3 49-60 13" 4
65-80 13" 4 61-64 16" 10" 3
81-96 16" 5 65-80 14"
81-96 16" 5

Clips are spaced not more than sixteen (16) The spacing of the fasteners through each
inches (406 mm) apart and not more than sixteen reinforcement channel is the same as for joint clips (see
(16) inches (406 mm) from the sides of a duct. Table 6-5-3). A typical layout for negative pressure
The number of clips required is shown in Table ductwork is shown in Figure 6-5-14 and Detail C.
6-5-3. (E) Fitting Reinforcement—Positive-Pressure
Systems.
TABLE 6-5-3 (1) General. Fittings are reinforced with tie rods
Detail B—Clip, Negative-Pressure Systems or channels based upon the duct dimensions
using the criteria found in Tables 6-5-1 and 6-5-2.
Fastener Requirements, Negative Pressure
Transverse Minimum Number of Clips or Some fittings, branches, tees, or offsets may
require reinforcement even though schedules for
Dimension Washers per Reinforcing Member straight ducts of the same dimension may show
in. x 25.4 = mm reinforcement is not required.
16" - 32" 1 (2) Partial Wraparound Reinforcement.
33" - 48" 2 Where reinforcement is required but cannot be
49" - 64" 3 fastened to opposite sides of a duct section or
65" - 80" 4 fitting, it is necessary to install formed sheet
metal channels that partially wrap around a
81" - 96" 5
fibrous glass duct system fitting at the required
Note: The foregoing arrangements are important location. (See Table 6-5-2 for appropriate gauge
and, if not followed closely, may result in system and profile.) In such cases, No. 10 by 1-1/4 inch
failure. (32 mm) plated sheet metal screws and 2-1/2
(3) Additional Fasteners. When additional inch (64 mm) square washers, 0.020 inch (0.51
channels are required (as with twenty-four (24) inch mm) (minimum) thick are used to attach the
and sixteen (16) inch [610 mm and 406 mm] spacing), ends of the channels to the duct board. (See
they are attached to the duct with No. 10 plated Detail D and Table 6-5-4.)
sheet metal screws and 2-1/2 inch (64 mm) square (3) Fitting Reinforcement—90 Degree (1.57
washers (see Detail A of Figure No. 6-5-12). rad) Elbows. If neither dimension A nor B (see

309
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
C If either A or B is greater than the maximum
FIGURE 6-5-14 Channel Reinforcement on
Twenty-four (24) Inch (610 mm) Centers, Forty-
eight (48) Inch (1,219 mm) Duct Section.
FIGURE 6-5-15 Partial Wraparound
Reinforcement.
310
UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE
Figure No. 6-5-16) is greater than the maximum
unreinforced duct dimension (see Table 6-5-1),
but diagonal X-Y is greater than the maximum
unreinforced duct dimension in accordance
with Table 6-5-1, install tie-rod reinforcement at
the midspan of the diagonal at point No. 1 in
Figure 6-5-16.
unreinforced duct dimension:
Reinforce in accordance with Table 6-5-1.
Reinforce four (4) inches (102 mm) upstream
from female shiplap joints.
Reinforce at point No. 1 (Figure 6-5-16)
where center lines intersect.
Note: Turning vanes in Figure No. 6-5-16 are
omitted for clarity. Turning vanes do not replace
reinforcement.
Heel and Throat Panels. If duct dimension H
(see Figure 6-5-16) is less than the maximum
unreinforced duct dimension from Table 6-5-1,
but more than twenty-four (24) inches (610 mm),
install sheet metal angle in accordance with
Detail E below. (Angle may also be installed on
inside of throat.)
When duct dimension H normally requires
reinforcing, install sheet metal angle as shown at
No. 2, Figure 6-5-17. Install tie rods through the
angle on the upstream side, sixteen (16) inches
(406 mm) on centers, in accordance with Table 6-
5-1, with angle of length L from table below.
No. Tie Rods 1 2 3 4 5
Angle Length L, inches 4 20 36 52 68
Install three (3) inch (76 mm) channel
reinforcement on heel panels as shown in Figure
6-5-17, spaced in accordance with Table 6-5-4
and fastened in accordance with Figure 6-5-15.
Note: Attachment of angles is best done after
closure is completed. This requires sections to be
short enough to allow the installer to reach
inside to install the 2-1/2 inch (64 mm) square
washers.
Note: For reinforcement of mitered elbows, refer
to reinforcement standards for offsets.
(4) Branch Connections (Tees). Many
branches may require reinforcement even
though schedules for straight ducts of the same
dimensions may show reinforcement is not
required.
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS
FIGURE 6-5-16 Tie Rod Reinforcement at
Diagonal X-Y—Midspan.
FIGURE 6-5-17 Sheet Metal Angle at Throat,
Large 90-Degree (1.57 rad) Elbows.
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
Angled branches and positive takeoffs may
be reinforced using the same methods as for
tees. The amount and type of reinforcement
depend on the dimensions of the takeoff and the
system pressure (see Table 6-5-1).
If H is not greater than sixteen (16) inches (406
mm) and W (see Figure No. 6-5-18) is greater than
twelve (12) inches (305 mm), install reinforcement
in accordance with Detail E on the top of the
branch where it intersects the trunk duct.
If H is greater than sixteen (16) inches (406
mm) and W is less than the maximum
unreinforced duct dimension, reinforce the side
of the branch as shown at No. 2, Figure 6-5-18.
Note: The maximum unreinforced dimension is
thirty-six (36) inches (914 mm) at 1/2 inch W.G.
(124 Pa), twenty-four (24) inches (610 mm) at one
(1) inch W.G. (249 Pa), and sixteen (16) inches
(406 mm) at two (2) inches W.G (498 Pa).
If H (Figure 6-5-18) is greater than sixteen
(16) inches (406 mm) and W is greater than the
maximum unreinforced duct dimension (see
Table 6-5-1), install long angle clips in
accordance with tie rod reinforcement through
the branch and trunk ducts (similar to Figure 6-
5-17), as required by Table 6-5-1. A combination
of tie rods and partial wraparound reinforcement
(see Figure 6-5-15) may be used.
If A (see Figure 6-5-19) is less than the
maximum unreinforced duct dimension, but
diagonals X-Y or Y-Z exceed the maximum
allowable unreinforced duct dimension, install
tie rods as shown at No. 2, four (4) inches (102
mm) from female shiplaps.
FIGURE 6-5-18 Sheet Metal Angle Reinforcement
– Sides of Branch.
311
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5 UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE

If A is greater than the maximum Where Table 6-5-1 requires more than one
unreinforced duct dimension and B is greater than row of reinforcement, the rows shall be parallel
one-half the maximum unreinforced duct to the edges of the duct, and the spacing
dimension, install tie rods four (4) inches (102 mm) between sets of tie rods shall be in accordance
from female shiplap joints as shown at No. 2 and with Table 6-5-1.
also along branch centerlines and, additionally,
The reinforcement for heel and toe joints is
spaced per Table 6-5-4 in the trunk duct.
in accordance with Figure No. 6-5-21. Additional
Where a splitter damper interferes with tie tie rods may be installed by using a longer plate
rod reinforcement, wraparound channels must at the heel, and also in the duct panel, spaced in
be used in their place. accordance with Table No. 6-5-1.
Note: Turning vanes do not replace
The penetrations at the toe plate are
reinforcement.
grouped as close to the break in the metal as
(5) Offsets. Offsets require different types of possible.
reinforcement for the cheek panels (sides, as
When dimension A requires more than one
shown in Figure 6-5-20) and the heel and throat
panels (top and bottom, per Figure 6-5-21). tie rod (see Table 6-5-1), sets of tie rods with
metal angles shall be installed in rows parallel to
If B is greater than the maximum
the side of the duct.
unreinforced duct dimension and cheek panels
have shiplap joints, reinforce in accordance with
No. 1, four (4) inches (102 mm) from female
shiplap (see Figure 6-5-20) with spacing in
accordance with Table 6-5-1.
If the fitting uses butt joints, install the
required spacing of tie rods three (3) inches (76
mm) on each side of the butt joint.

FIGURE 6-5-20 Offset Reinforcement Cheek

Panels with Shiplap Joints.

FIGURE 6-5-19 Tee Reinforcement––Normal Tie FIGURE 6-5-21 Offset Reinforcement with Sheet
Rod Locations. Metal Plates and Tie Rods.

312
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS
Transitions are reinforced in the same A.6.505 Fire Dampers.
manner with a tie rod extending from the flat When fire dampers are required at penetrations of
side of the duct, through a plate or plates fire-rated walls, fibrous glass ducts must terminate at
positioned on twelve (12), the heel joint of the either side of such walls. Fire dampers shall be
fitting.
installed in accordance with the damper
(6) Access Doors—Positive Pressure. If the manufacturer’s instructions and must be installed in
access door width is not greater than the a steel sleeve. The opening in the wall shall be large
maximum longitudinal reinforcement spacing enough to allow for thermal expansion of the sleeve
from Table 6-5-1, but interferes with and to permit installation of 5/8 inch (16 mm)
reinforcement locations required by the table, gypsum board between the sleeve and framing.
install tie rods four (4) inches (102 mm) from
both sides of the door opening in accordance The sleeve must extend not less than three (3)
with No. 1, Figure 6-5-22. Maximum inches (76 mm) beyond the face of the wall so that
reinforcement spacing must be in accordance the duct can be slipped onto the sleeve. The duct is
with Table 6-5-1. secured to the sleeve with screws and washers, as
If access door height is greater than sixteen shown in Figure 6-5-24.
(16) inches (406 mm) and its width is greater Sealing of fibrous glass duct board to the sheet
than the maximum longitudinal reinforcement metal sleeve must be made with glass fabric and
spacing shown in Table 6-5-1, install the frame mastic, except where operating pressure is less than
for the access door inside the duct, securing it to one (1) inch W.G. (249 Pa) and the sheet metal
the duct wall with screws and washers (see surfaces are carefully cleaned, in that case pressure-
Figure 6-5-23). sensitive aluminum foil tape may be used. See
Install tie rods near the vertical sides of the Section 6.503 for methods.
door frame (Figure 6-5-22) and also near the top
and bottom sides of the frame, spaced as
specified in Table 6-5-1 with a minimum of one
tie rod on each side of the frame.
Note: Use channel reinforcement in place of tie
rods between access door and fire damper
where tie rods would interfere with damper
access or operation.
The duct door is fabricated from one (1) inch
(25 mm) duct board installed with one (1) x one
(1) x one (1) inch (25 x 25 x 25 mm) twenty-two
(22) gauge (0.76 mm) Z-channel framing around
the access door. Doors are gasketed and secured
in place with sheet metal screws, or they may be
hinged with sash lock fasteners as shown in
Detail G.

DETAIL G Window-Type Sash Lock, Flanged

Door

FIGURE 6-5-22 Access Door Location Interfering FIGURE 6-5-24 Attachment to Fire Damper
with Reinforcement. Sleeves.

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APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5 UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE

FIGURE 6-5-23 Duct Opening Frame.

A.6.506 Hangers and Supports. TABLE 6-5-5

(A) General. Fibrous glass ducts are light in weight, so
that they can be supported with a minimum of Maximum Hanger
hangers if care is taken as to placement of the Duct Size, Inches Spacing, Feet
supports.
(x 25.4 for mm) (x 304.8 for mm)
The charts and examples illustrated in this
section show that the hanger treatment and 48" wide or greater 4
spacing required is dependent on duct Less than 48" wide and less than
dimensions. Trapeze-style channels, suspended 12" deep 6
by twelve (12) gauge (2.8 mm) (minimum)
Width between 24" and 48" and
hanger wire (see Figure 6-5-25), are the preferred
greater than 24" deep 6
method of support. Channel gauge and profile
vary with duct size, but in no case should the Less than 48" wide and depth
supporting channel be less than two (2) inches between 12" and 24" 8
(51 mm) wide. Channels may also be suspended
Width 24" or less and depth greater
by means of metal rods of one (1) inch wide
(25 mm) (minimum) galvanized steel straps. than 12" 8
When channel reinforcement members
occur within maximum hanger spacing as
shown in Table No. 6-5-5, sheet metal straps
TABLE 6-5-6 Channel Selection
may be bolted to the channel reinforcement as
shown in Figure No. 6-5-26. Support may also be
made with twelve (12) gauge (2.8 mm) If Total Extension is Min. Channel Min. Channel
(minimum) wire. Not Greater Than: Gauge Profile
(B) Hanger Design. Occasionally, hanger channels 6" 24 3" x 1.5"
must be extended considerably beyond the duct
sides so that the supports will clear other 18" 22 3" x 2"
obstructions. The total extension (E + E’) of the 30" 18 3" x 2"
supports beyond the duct sides (see Figure 6-5-27)
governs the minimum dimensions (see Table 6-
5-6) of the channel.

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STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS

FIGURE 6-5-27 Hanger Spacing and Extension

Using 3-Inch (76 mm) Wide Channels.

(C) Spacing. Hanger spacing per Table 6-5-5 or

Figure 6-5-28 is based upon three (3) inch (76
mm) wide (minimum) channels.
FIGURE 6-5-25 Attachment to Fire Damper For ducts not over forty-eight (48) inches
Sleeves. wide by twenty-four (24) inches high (1,219 mm
by 610 mm), two (2) inch wide by 1-1/2 inch
channels (51 mm by 38 mm), spaced not more
than four (4) feet (1,219 mm) apart may be
installed. The total extension of the hanger
supports shall not exceed six (6) inches (152 mm).
Hanger design and spacing for fibrous glass
ducts is based upon extensive testing with loads
exceeding twice the duct weight located between
supports to ensure the integrity of the duct
system. Recommended hanger spacing is shown
in Figure 6-5-28. Caution should be taken with
other types of hanger systems to ensure that
excessive stress is not placed on the hanger or the
fibrous glass duct system.
(D) Fittings. Proper support of duct fittings may
require that additional hangers be installed.
For an elbow, hangers should be on each
leg, within twelve (12) inches (305 mm) of the
throat. If the width of the duct is greater than
eighteen (18) inches (457 mm), an additional
hanger must be installed (see Figure 6-5-29) so
that it is approximately two-thirds of the
diagonal distance from throat to heel.
Tees require support on the trunk as shown
in Figure 6-5-30. If a tee runout hanger falls
where the trunk duct is located, add hangers on
either side of trunk. Do not exceed maximum
hanger spacing.
Branch ducts are treated in a similar manner
FIGURE 6-5-26 Hanging from Channel with hanger spacing on the trunk duct in
Reinforcement. accordance with Figure 6-5-28.

315
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
For diffuser drops, hangers are installed
within three (3) inches (76 mm) of each side of
the drop. The connection of the drop to the duct
is reinforced in accordance with Figure 6-5-31.
If the drop assembly, including the diffuser,
weighs more than twenty-five (25) pounds (11.3
kg), the diffuser must be separately supported.
(E) Hanging Rigid Round Duct. Preformed round
fibrous glass duct should be hung so the hanger
will not damage the duct facing.
Straps or saddles in contact with the duct
must be not less than 5/8 inch (15.9 mm) wide.
Avoid sharp edges and burrs.
Space hangers at a maximum of six (6) feet
(1,829 mm) on center. Where practical, hangers
should be located at circumferential joints.
Provide hanger support at all fittings.
Part B — Flexible Ducts.
A.6.507 Suitable Installations.
(A) General.
(1) The routing and length of flexible duct, the
number of bends, the number of degrees of each
bend, and the amount of sag allowed between
support joints will have serious effects on system
performance due to the increased resistance each
introduces. Use the minimum length of flexible
duct to make connections. It is not re-
commended that excess lengths of ducts be
installed, to allow for possible future relocations
of air terminal devices.
(2) Avoid installations where exposure to direct
sunlight can occur, e.g., turbine vents, skylights,
canopy windows, etc. Prolonged exposure to
sunlight will cause degradation of the vapor
barrier. Direct exposure to UV light from a source
lamp installed within the HVAC system will
cause degradation of some inner core/liner
materials.
(3) Terminal devices shall be supported
independently of the flexible duct.
(4) Repair torn or damaged vapor barrier
jackets with approved duct tape listed and
labeled to Standard UL 181B. If the internal core
is penetrated, replace the flexible duct or treat it
as a connection.
(B) Installation.
(1) Install duct fully extended. Do not install in
the compressed state or use excess lengths. This
will noticeably increase friction losses.
(2) Avoid bending ducts across sharp corners or
placing in incidental contact with metal fixtures,
316
UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE
pipes, or conduits. The radius at the centerline
shall not be less than one (1) duct diameter.
(3) Do not install near hot equipment (e.g.,
furnaces, boilers, steam pipes, etc.) that is above
the recommended flexible duct use temperature.
A.6.508 Connecting, Joining, and Splicing
Flexible Duct.
(1) All connections, joints, and splices shall be
made in accordance with the manufacturers’
installation instructions.
(2) Tapes, mastics, and nonmetallic clamps used
with flexible air ducts shall be listed and labeled
to Standard UL 181B.
(3) Sheet metal fittings to which the flexible
ducts with plain ends are attached shall be
beaded and have a minimum of two (2) inches
(51 mm) collar length. Beads are optional for
fittings when attaching metallic flexible ducts.
(4) Sheet metal sleeves used for joining two
sections of flexible duct shall be a minimum of
four (4) inches (102 mm) in length and beaded
on each end. Beads are optional for sleeves
when joining metallic flexible ducts.
(5) Flexible ducts secured with nonmetallic
clamps shall be limited to six (6) inches w.g.
(1,500 Pa) positive pressure.
Installation Instructions for Air Ducts with
Plain Ends.
A.6.509 Supporting Flexible Duct.
(A) Flexible duct shall be supported at manufacturer’s
recommended intervals, but at no greater
distance than five (5) feet (1,524mm).
Maximum permissible sag is 1/2 inch per foot
(42 mm/m) of spacing between supports.
A connection to rigid ducting or equipment
shall be considered a support joint.
Long horizontal duct runs with sharp bends
shall have additional supports before and after
the bend, approximately one (1) duct diameter
distance from the centerline of the bend.
(B) Hanger or saddle material in contact with the
flexible duct shall be of sufficient width to
prevent any restriction of the internal diameter
of the duct when the weight of the supported
section rests on the hanger or saddle material. In
no case will the material contacting the flexible
duct be less than 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) wide.
(C) Factory-installed suspension systems integral to
the flexible duct are an acceptable alternative
hanging method when manufacturers’
recommended procedures are followed.
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS
in. x 25.4 = mm
ft.. x 304.8 = mm

48

44

40

36 6 ft. Max.

32
Duct Width, Inside (Inches)

28

24 4 ft. Max.

20
8 ft. Max.
16

12

8
6 ft. Max.
4

0
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96
Duct Width, Inside (Inches)

Figure 6-5-28 Minimum Hanger Spacing, Straight Duct, 3-Inch-Wide (76 mm) Channel.

FIGURE 6-5-29 Elbow Support .

317
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5 UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE

(D) Flexible ducts may rest on ceiling joists or truss

supports. Maximum spacing between supports
shall not exceed the maximum spacing per
manufacturers’ installation instructions.
(E) Support the duct between a metal connection
and a bend by allowing the duct to extend
straight for a few inches before making the bend.
This will avoid possible damage of the flexible
duct by the edge of the sheet metal collar.
(F) Vertically installed duct shall be stabilized by
support straps at a maximum of six (6) feet
(1,829 mm) on center.
Note: Factory-made air ducts may not be used for
vertical risers in air duct systems serving more than
two stories. See Section 604.2 of this code.

FIGURE 6-5-30 Tee Support.

FIGURE 6-5-31 Diffuser Connection.

318
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS

FIGURE 6-5-32 Hanging Round Duct with Saddle and 12 Gauge Wires.

FIGURE 6-5-33 Extend Duct Fully.

FIGURE 6-5-34 Wrong Method of Support.

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APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5 UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE

The following figures contain the information in the previous edition Figures 6-5-35 and 6-5-36.

Connections Splices
1. After desired length is determined, cut
completely around and through duct with knife or 1. Fold back jacket and insulation from core. Butt
scissors. Cut wire with wire cutters. Fold back two cores together on a 4'' (100mm) length metal
jacket and insulation. sleeve.

2. Slide at least 1” (25 mm) of core over fitting and 2. Tape cores together with at least 2 wraps of duct
past the bead. Seal core to collar with at least 2 tape. Secure connection with 2 clamps placed over
wraps of duct tape. Secure connection with clamp the taped core ends and past the beads.
placed over the core and tape and past the bead.

3. Pull jacket and insulation back over core. Tape

jacket with at least 2 wraps of duct tape. A clamp 3. Pull jacket and insulation back over cores. Tape
may be used in place of or in combination with the jackets together with at least 2 wraps of duct tape.
duct tape.

Note:
1. For uninsulated air ducts and air connectors, disregard references to insulation and jacket.
2. Use beaded sheet metal fittings and sleeves.
3. Use tapes listed and labeled in accordance with Standard UL 181B and marked “181B-FX”.
4. Nonmetallic clamps shall be listed and labeled in accordance with Standard UL 181B and marked “181B-C”. Use of
nonmetallic clamps shall be limited to 6 in. w.g. (1500 Pa) positive pressure.

320
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS

Alternate Installation Instructions for Air Ducts and Air Connectors – Nonmetallic with Plain Ends.

Connections and Splices

Step 1: After desired length is determined, cut
completely around and through duct with knife or
scissors. Cut wire with wire cutters. Pull back jacket
and insulation from core.

Step 2: Apply mastic approximately 2'' (50 mm)

wide uniformly around the collar of the metal fitting
or over the ends of a 4'' (100 mm) metal sleeve.
Reference data on mastic container for application
rate, application thickness, cure times, and handling
information.

Step 3: Slide at least 2'' (50 mm) of core over the

fitting or sleeve ends and past the bead.

Step 4: Secure core to collar with a clamp applied

past the bead. Secure cores to sleeve ends with 2
clamps applied past the beads.

Step 5: Pull jacket and insulation back over core

ends. Tape jacket(s) with at least 2 wraps of duct
tape. A clamp may be used in place of or in
combination with the duct tape.

Notes:
1. For uninsulated air ducts and air connectors, disregard references to insulation and jacket.
2. Use beaded sheet metal fittings and sleeves.
3. Use mastics listed and labeled in accordance with Standard UL 181B and marked “181B-M” on container.
4. Use tapes listed and labeled in accordance with Standard UL 181B and marked “181B-FX”.
5. Nonmetallic clamps shall be listed and labeled in accordance with standard UL 181B and marked “181BC”. Use of nonmetallic
clamps shall be limited to 6 in. w.g. (1,500 Pa) positive pressure.

321
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5 UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE

Installation Instruction for Air Ducts and Air Connectors – Metallic with Plain Ends.

Connections and Splices 4. Secure to collar/sleeve using #8 sheet metal

1. After cutting duct to desired length, fold back
jacket and insulation exposing core. Trim core ends
squarely using suitable metal shears. Determine
optional sealing method (step 2 or 5) before
proceeding.
screws spaced equally around circumference. Use 3
screws for diameters under 12'' (300 mm) and 5
screws for diameters 12'' (300 mm) and over.

5. For pressure under 4'' w.g. (1,000 Pa), seal joint

2. When mastics are required and for pressure 4''
w.g. (1,000 Pa) and over, seal joint with mastic
applied uniformly to the outside surface of
collar/sleeve. (Disregard this step when not using
mastics and proceed to step 3).
using 2 wraps of duct tape applied over screw heads
and spirally lapping tape to collar/sleeve.
(Disregard this step when using mastics per Step 2.)

6. Pull jacket and insulation back over core. Tape

jacket with 2 wraps of duct tape. A clamp may be
3. Slide at least 1'' (25mm) of core over metal collar used in place of or in combination with the duct
for attaching duct to take off or over ends of a 4'' (100 tape.
mm) metal sleeve for splicing 2 lengths of duct.

Notes:
1. For uninsulated air ducts and air connectors, disregard references to insulation and jacket.
2. Use mastics listed and labeled to Standard UL 181B and marked “181B-M” on container.
3. Use tapes listed and labeled to Standard UL 181B and marked “181B-FX”.
4. Nonmetallic clamps shall be listed and labeled in accordance with Standard UL 181B and marked “181B-C”.

322
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS
A.6.510 Checklist.
The following checklist is provided for the benefit of
the inspector, as well as the installer. It is designed so
that the correct answer to all questions is yes.

General Yes No

___ Have all tears or punctures to

facing material been repaired using
the proper technique? () ()

___ Are all sheet metal accessory

items galvanized? () ()

Product

___ Is the UL label present?

(Although each board is labeled,
each section may not be, since
there is only one label per sheet.) () ()
FIGURE 6-5-37.

Fabrication and Installation

___ When metal parts are attached,

are 2-1/2 inch (64 mm) minimum
square steel washers used on 16-inch
(406 mm) maximum centers? () ()

___ When staples cannot be used, are

8 inch (203 mm) cross-tabs of
approved closure being used in
place of staples? () ()

___ Are tab spacing requirements

12 inches, (305 mm) on center
minimum one per side. () ()

___ Are all system joints tight, free from

bulges, with taped joints showing
good workmanship? () ()

___ Have offsets been installed so duct

sections are not forced to bend
around obstructions? () ()
FIGURE 6-5-38 Proper Support.

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APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5 UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE

Fire Dampers—See Section A. 6.505 Yes No Yes No

___ Is sheet metal sleeve present?
Is duct properly attached to
sleeve with screws and washers
16 inches (406 mm) on center?
(Fibrous glass ducts must not
penetrate assemblies required to
have a fire damper.)
___ Are closure materials for flexible
duct systems of a listed type, as
evidenced by presence of UL
instruction sheet in the duct
carton and imprinted UL 181B
on the tape, mastic, and
() () nonmetallic clamps? () ()

Access Doors ___ Are there staples or cross-tabs, properly

spaced, on circumferential joints? ( ) ()
___ Is installation in accordance with
Section A. 6.504(E)6? () () ___ Are all pressure-sensitive tape closures
rubbed down adequately, with staples
Grills, Diffusers, Registers—See Section A. 6.506
or scrim infacing clearly visible
through the tape? () ()
___ Is the extra weight of the item being
separately supported and not
___ If heat-sealable tape closure was used,
dependent on the duct alone for
was it applied correctly, as evidenced
support? (Exception: Registers not
by dot color change? () ()
greater than 150 square inches
(96.7 x 103 mm2) in area may be
___ If glass fabric and mastic are used, is the
attached to the duct with metal
mesh of the glass fabric completely
channel, without other support.) ( ) ()
filled with mastic? () ()

Connection to Units
Reinforcement—See Section A. 6.504

___ Are sheet metal screws and

___ Is the reinforcement system in
washers used to secure the
duct system to flange extensions? accordance with Section A. 6.504? ( ) ()
(Securing the duct to the unit
flange without mechanical ___ Is the tie rod spacing correct according
fasteners is sufficient.) () () to duct span, board type, and static
pressure? () ()
Closures—See Section A. 6.503
___ Are tie rod washers 2-1/2 inches
___ Are all joints in the system (64 mm) square? () ()
properly sealed? () ()
___ Do tie rod washers have turned edges
___ Are closure materials for rigid facing away from duct board so they
duct systems of a listed type, will not cut into it? () ()
as evidenced by presence of
UL instruction sheet in duct ___ If tie rods reinforce a butt joint,
board carton or imprinted are rods used on both sides of
UL 181A on the tape? () () the butt joint? () ()

324
STANDARD FOR INSTALLATION OF APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5
FACTORY-MADE AIR DUCTS
Yes No

___ Is wire termination one of those

documented in Section 6.504(B)? () ()

___ Are anti-sag devices used on ducts

48 inch (1,219 mm) span or greater to
support top panel of ducts? () ()

___ Are heels of tees, elbows, and

end caps reinforced (formed
sheet metal channel, tie rod, or
combination)? () ()

___ When formed sheet metal channel

reinforcement is used, are sheet
metal gauges, dimensions, and
spacing correct? () ()

___ For return ducts, are sheet metal

channel reinforcements attached to
ducts with screws and 2-1/2 inch
(64 mm) square washers or 2 inch by
6 inch (51 x 152 mm) clips? () ()

Hangers and Supports—See Sections A. 6.506 and

A. 6.509

___ Are hangers installed in accordance

with Section 6.506? () ()

___ Are hanger designs in accordance with

Table 6-5-6? () ()

___ Are accessories that add weight to the

duct system separately supported so as
not to stress the system?
(See Section A. 6.506(4).) () ()

___ If formed sheet metal

reinforcements are used as
hangers, are attachments
within 6 inches (152 mm) of
duct sides? () ()

___ Are all fittings supported by

hangers? () ()

325
APPENDIX A, UMC STANDARD 6-5 UNIFORM MECHANICAL CODE

326