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Lab Report 8

Ionic Reactions in Aqueous Solutions


Name: Fadhlin Sakinah Binti Mohd Amzan

Experiment Date: 25th March 2015

Partners Name: Hasif Azfar Bin Johari


Lab Section: 01

Results & Observation


NaBr

Na2SO4

NaOH

Na2CO3

NR

NR

NR

NR

NH4NO3

Solution turns

Ba(NO3)2

NR

White

cloudy and

White

precipitate

white

precipitate

formed

precipitate is

formed

formed
Solution turns
Yellowish white
AgNO3

light brown and

precipitate

NR

formed

brown
precipitate is
formed

1. Ba(NO3)2 and Na2SO4


Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4
Ba2+ + SO42-

BaSO4 + 2NaNO3

BaSO4

2. Ba(NO3)2 and NaOH


Ba(NO3)2 +2NaOH
Ba2+ + 2OH-

Ba(OH)2 + 2NaNO3

Ba(OH)2

Pale light
brown
precipitate is
formed

3. Ba(NO3)2 and Na2CO3


Ba(NO3)2 + Na2CO3
Ba2+ + CO32-

BaCO3 + 2NaNO3

BaCO3

4. AgNO3 and NaBr


AgNO3 + NaBr
Ag+ + Br -

AgBr + NaNO3
AgBr

5. AgNO3 and NaOH


AgNO3 + NaOH
Ag+ + OH -

AgOH + NaNO3

AgOH

6. AgNO3 and Na2CO3


2AgNO3 + Na2C Na2CO3O3
2Ag+ + CO32-

Ag2CO3 + 2NaNO3

Ag2CO3

Discussion
Precipitation reaction occurs when cations and anions in aqueous solution combine to
form an insoluble solid called a precipitate. Whether or not this reaction will occur can be
predicted by the solubility rules.
In the first four experiment where sodium bromide, sodium sulfate, sodium
hydroxide and sodium carbonate are reacted with ammonium nitrate, no precipitate is
formed. This is because, according to the solubility rules, salts containing Group 1
elements and salts containing ammonium ion are soluble, thus no precipitate is formed.
When barium nitrate is reacted with sodium bromide, no precipitate is formed
because according to the solubility rule, salts containing sodium ion (group 1 elements)

and salts containing nitrate ion are soluble.


No precipitate is also formed when silver nitrate is mixed with sodium sulfate
because salts containing sulfate or nitrate ions are mostly soluble.
1.

White precipitate is formed when sodium sulfate is mixed with barium

nitrate because although according to the solubility rules, salts containing sulfate ions
are soluble, there are exceptions for barium sulfate, lead sulfate, silver sulfate and
strontium sulfate. The white precipitate formed is barium sulfate.
2.

White precipitate is formed when barium nitrate is mixed with sodium

hydroxide. The precipitate formed is barium hydroxide. The solution turns chalky
because hydroxide salts of group 2 elements such as barium are slightly soluble.
3.

White precipitate which is barium carbonate is formed when barium nitrate

reacts with sodium carbonates. According to the solubility rules, carbonate salts are
generally insoluble thus a precipitate is formed.
4.

According to the solubility rules, halide salts are soluble but there are

exception such halide salts of silver ions which are insoluble. So when silver nitrate
is mixed with sodium bromide, a yellowish precipitate is formed which is silver
bromide.
5.

Brown precipitate is formed when silver nitrate is mixed with sodium

hydroxide. Although according to the solubility rules hydroxide salts are soluble,
silver hydroxide which is the brown precipitate is an exception as it is not soluble.
6.

Light brown precipitate which is silver carbonate is formed when silver

nitrate and sodium carbonate is mixed. According to the solubility rules, most salts
containing silver ions are insoluble.

The color of some of the precipitate might be a little inaccurate as there could be
some error during the mixing. This error might be caused by uncleaned test tubes that
probably contained other substance that could impact the ending results. Precautions
should be made to make sure that all test tubes are cleaned before mixing the solutions. A
vortex mixture should also be used to make sure the solution are mixed thoroughly.

Conclusion
Precipitation reaction occurs when ions in aqueous solution combine to form an
insoluble solid called a precipitate. Salts containing group 1 ions and ammonium ions are
always soluble. Nitrates salts are generally soluble. Halide salts are generally soluble
except halide salts containing silver, lead and mercury ions. Most silver salts are insoluble
except for silver nitrate. Most sulfate salts are soluble except sulfate salts containing
barium, lead, calcium, strontium, silver and mercury ions. Most hydroxide salts are
soluble except for hydroxide salts of transition elements and aluminium which are
insoluble. Sulfides of transition elements are also insoluble. Carbonates, phosphate,
chromates and fluorides salts are usually insoluble. The solubility rules can be used to
predict the formation of precipitate.

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