Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contenidos Ingls B1
INGLS B1
ndice
UNIT 1. GENTLEMEN PREFER BLONDES .......................................................................... 4
SITUATION 1. AT THE UNIVERSITY .................................................................................................. 4
GRAMMAR 1. EXPRESSIONS OF PREFERENCE ................................................................................5
VOCABULARY 1. LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ......................................................................7
FILM 1. GENTLEMEN PREFER BLONDES ....................................................................................... 9
UNIT 2. A FEW GOOD MEN .............................................................................................. 10
SITUATION 2. ON THE PHONE ........................................................................................................ 10
GRAMMAR 2. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBIALS OF QUANTITY .................................................... 11
VOCABULARY 2. MONEY ................................................................................................................. 15
FILM 2. A FEW GOOD MEN ............................................................................................................. 17
UNIT 3. WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING ............................................................................ 18
SITUATION 3. AT BETTYS HOUSE ................................................................................................. 18
GRAMMAR 3. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ..................................................................................... 19
VOCABULARY 3. FESTIVALS AND SPECIAL OCCASIONS ............................................................ 23
FILM 3. WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING .......................................................................................... 25
UNIT 4. BECAUSE I SAID SO ........................................................................................... 27
SITUATION 4. AT THE GYM ............................................................................................................. 27
GRAMMAR 4. CONNECTING CLAUSES USING BECAUSE ............................................................. 28
VOCABULARY 4. HEALTH AND FITNESS ...................................................................................... 30
FILM 4. BECAUSE I SAID SO .......................................................................................................... 33
UNIT 5. WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS?.......................................................... 35
SITUATION 5. AT THE CONCERT ..................................................................................................... 35
GRAMMAR 5. PRESENT PERFECT ................................................................................................... 36
VOCABULARY 5. MUSIC. EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO THE PAST ............................................. 39
FILM 5. WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS? ...................................................................... 41
UNIT 6. EVER AFTER ...................................................................................................... 43
SITUATION 6. AT THE CLUB ............................................................................................................ 43
GRAMMAR 6. JUST, FOR, SINCE, EVER ....................................................................................... 44
VOCABULARY 6. ENTERTAINMENT ............................................................................................... 47
FILM 6. EVER AFTER ...................................................................................................................... 50
UNIT 7. YOU WILL MEET A TALL DARK STRANGER....................................................... 52
SITUATION 7. AT THE RESTAURANT ............................................................................................. 52
GRAMMAR 7. WILL REFERRING TO THE FUTURE. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE FOR
FUTURE USE ...................................................................................................................................... 53
VOCABULARY 7. TRAVEL AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT. EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO THE
FUTURE TIME .................................................................................................................................... 56
FILM 7. YOU WILL MEET A TALL DARK STRANGER ................................................................... 60
UNIT 8. ILL SLEEP WHEN IM DEAD ............................................................................... 62
SITUATION 8. AT THE WEDDING .................................................................................................... 62
GRAMMAR 8. ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS. INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE ............................. 63
VOCABULARY 8. FASHION .............................................................................................................. 67
FILM 8. ILL SLEEP WHEN IM DEAD ............................................................................................. 69
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David: Well, it depends. When people speak slowly and clearly, I can understand the general
meaning of a conversation. In my opinion, listening is easier than speaking but more
difficult than reading and writing. What do you think?
Alice: In my view, what is happening to you is very common. I believe that most foreign
language students prefer reading and writing to speaking.
David: So, what can I do to improve my Spanish?
Alice: From my point of view, the first thing to do is to revise grammar. At the same time, we
can have a look at basic vocabulary and try and learn some words every day. We can
look them up in a dictionary and write them down in a notebook. Its a good way to
learn, isnt it?
David: Yes, it is.
Alice: David, I have to go now. I am having lunch with a friend. We can meet this afternoon to
study Spanish. How do you feel about it?
David: I think it is a brilliant idea!
GRAMMAR 1. EXPRESSIONS OF PREFERENCE
Listen to this explanation in the virtual classroom
Expressing and requesting opinions and impressions.
ASKING SOMEONE FOR AN OPINION
Here you have some common expressions used to ask for or request someones opinion
about something:
What do you think of his new book?
How do you feel about working abroad?
What are your feelings about life imprisonment?
What is your view on the recent changes?
Whats your honest opinion of abortion?
Are you for or against capital punishment?
GIVING OPINIONS
Here you have some common and useful expressions used to give your opinion about
something:
(Personally,) I think/ I believe yours is the best idea.
I dont think you should keep talking like that.
In my opinion, they should buy a new car.
From my point of view/ In my view, you havent made a great effort.
If you ask me, you ought to read more books. (Informal)
To my mind, his hair style is awful. (Informal)
As far as Im concerned, this has been the best party I have attended. (Formal)
If I may express my opinion, I think that we should concentrate on the project. (Formal)
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Expressions of preference
To express preference we use the verb to prefer. We can use the present form of the verb
followed by a to-infinitive or a gerund:
prefer + to-infinitive / -ing
I prefer to go alone = I prefer going alone.
We can also express our preference between two different things or actions. In that case, we
join them with the preposition to:
prefer + (a) + to + (b)
I prefer chicken to meat. (noun + to + noun)
I prefer drawing to writing. (V-ing + to + V-ing)
To say we would like somebody else to do something, we use the structure:
prefer + object pronoun + to-infinitive
I prefer her to tell them.
I prefer her not to tell them.
Usually, to state our preferences more politely, especially when they can have an influence
or an effect on other people, we add expressions like the following:
I prefer to go alone, if you dont mind.
I prefer chicken to meat, if possible.
The conditional form can also be used to soften our statement or to make it more polite. Note
that when the conditional is followed by a verb, we have to use the to-infinitive:
I would prefer to go alone / Id prefer to go alone.
We cannot use the gerund with would prefer:
I would prefer going alone / Id prefer going alone
But we can use the gerund in the cases where the verb is in fact working as a noun:
Id prefer drawing to writing.
INGLS B1
WOULD PREFER
WOULD RATHER
I prefer to go alone
I prefer going alone
Id prefer to go alone
Id rather go alone
I prefer drawing to
writing
Id prefer
writing
drawing
to
INGLS B1
APRENDER UN IDIOMA
Blackboard
Encerado, pizarra
Book
Libro
Clearly
Claro
Conversation
Conversacin
Dialogue
Dilogo
Dictionary
Diccionario
Electronic whiteboard
Pizarra digital
Foreign
Extranjero/a
Grammar
Gramtica
Handbook
Manual
Homework
Deberes
Cmo se deletrea?
I don't understand
No comprendo
Mother tongue
Lengua materna
Notebook
Cuaderno
Paragraph
Prrafo
Phonetics
Fontica
Pronunciation
Pronunciacin
Sentence
Frase, oracin
Slowly
Despacio
Teacher
Profesor/a
To improve
Mejorar
To learn
Aprender
To listen
Escuchar
Buscar, consultar
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APRENDER UN IDIOMA
To practise
Practicar
Juntar, unir
To read
Leer
To revise
Revisar, repasar
To speak
Hablar
To study
Estudiar
To teach
Ensear
To write
Escribir
Apuntar, anotar
Qu significa ---?
Whiteboard
Pizarra blanca
Word
Palabra
Writing exercise
Redaccin
I always say a kiss on the hand might feel very good, but a diamond tiara lasts
forever.
Diamond tiara?
Yes, Lady Beekman's. I'd just love to have it.
Good gracious.
What's the matter?
Oh, nothing, nothing, nothing, but wouldn't you rather have some furs or a
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David: Hello?
Alice: Hi, David. Its Alice.
David: Hi, Alice. How are you?
Alice: Fine, and you?
David: Fine. Im reading the book I borrowed from the library.
Alice: Do you like it?
David: Yes, I do. Its very good.
Alice: Maybe I can read it too before you give it back.
David: Sure!
Alice: Listen, Im planning to have dinner with some friends tonight. Would you like to come?
David: Well, Alice, I dont have much money.
Alice: The restaurant isnt too expensive.
David: You know I lost my credit card last week. Im almost broke now.
Alice: I have plenty of money in my bank account. I can lend you 50. That will be enough.
David: Are you sure? I dont want you to go over your budget.
Alice: Dont worry. Its only a few euros. We can stop by an ATM on our way to the restaurant.
David: Thank you! What restaurant are we going to?
Alice: Le Bistrot.
David: In West Street? Are there any ATMs near there?
Alice: Yes, there are several in Russell Street.
David: Ok. Meet me at 8, then. How many people are coming?
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We generally use a lot of (or lots of) and plenty of in positive statements:
We spent a lot of money.
He has lots of friends.
Weve got plenty of time.
But it is also possible in questions:
Does she drink a lot of tea?
Did they spend a lot of money?
A lot of can be replaced by much or many with the same meaning, but much and many are
more commonly used in negative sentences and questions:
He hasnt got many friends.
I dont know many people in the neighbourhood.
Do you know many people in Auckland?
Sorry but I havent got much time.
There is not much milk in the fridge.
Did they stay many days?
Much is unusual in positive sentences in spoken English. Instead, we use a lot of:
We spent a lot of money. (not: We spent much money)
However, when it is modified by too or so, it can be used in positive sentences:
They spent too much/so much money.
We can use quite and rather before a lot of for emphasis, but not before many or much.
There are quite a lot of tourists here.
She took rather a lot of photos.
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In negative sentences, we can add very to emphasize the meaning of large quantity:
Not very much + uncountable nouns
Not very many + countable plural nouns
Not very many customers came into the shop.
There is not very much milk in the fridge.
We can also use a lot, plenty and much without a noun. In these cases, we do not need the
preposition of:
He goes out a lot. I dont go out much.
It cost a lot to repair the car.
Ive had plenty to eat.
I dont use the phone very much at work.
3. Small quantity
(a) few + plural nouns
(a) little + uncountable nouns
Few and little are mainly used in positive statements. Few is used with plural countable
nouns while little goes with uncountable nouns. Without the article a they express a
negative idea (=not much, not many). A little and a few are more positive (=some):
Few customers have come into the shop (not many customers)
A few customers have come into the shop (some customers)
I need little money (not much money).
I need a little money (some money).
If we place only before a little/a few it emphasises that the number or amount is really
small in the speaker's opinion:
I need only a little money.
Only a few customers came into the shop.
On the contrary, we can use quite before a few when the speaker considers that, being a
small quantity, it is however larger than it was expected:
Quite a few customers came into the shop (more than we expected).
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VOCABULARY 2. MONEY
Listen to the pronunciation of these words in the virtual classroom
MONEY
DINERO
A.T.M.
Cajero automtico
Affordable
Asequible
Bank account
Cuenta bancaria
Bank transfer
Transferencia
Banknote
Billete
Bargain
Ganga
Bill
Factura/Billete
Budget
Presupuesto
Cash
Metlico
Cashier
Cajero/a
Change
Cambio
Cheap
Barato
Cheque
Cheque
Coin
Moneda
Credit card
Tarjeta de crdito
Currency
Divisa
Debt
Deuda
Discount
Descuento
Exchange rate
Tasa de cambio
Expenses
Gastos
Expensive
Caro
Fare
Tarifa
Fee
Tarifa
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MONEY
Free
Gratis
Funds
Fondos
Interest
Inters
Loan
Prstamo
Loss
Prdida
Mortgage
Hipoteca
Pawnbroker
Prestamista
Payment
Pago
Pocket money
Price
Precio
Profit
Beneficio
Receipt
Recibo
Refund
Devolucin
Savings
Ahorros
Tax
Impuesto
Tip
Propina
To afford
To be broke
Estar arruinado
To be in the black
To be in the red
To be within budget
To borrow
Tomar prestado
To charge
Cobrar
To cost
Costar
To earn
Ganar dinero
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DINERO
Devolver
To go over budget
To invest
Invertir
To lend
Prestar
To owe
Deber
To pay
Pagar
Devolver (dinero)
To purchase
Adquirir
To save
Ahorrar
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MONEY
DINERO
To spend
Gastar
Sacar dinero
To waste
Malgastar
To withdraw
Retirar
VAT
IVA
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Alice: Did you? I phoned you yesterday afternoon, David, but you didnt answer. What were
you doing?
David: I didnt answer because I lost my mobile phone.
Alice: Really? What happened?
David: We were at Bettys because it was her birthday and we were organizing a surprise
party for her.
Alice: But that sounds great.
Martin: The thing is that everything went wrong. It was a terrible party.
Alice: Was it? Why was it so terrible?
Martin: I had to cook dinner. I was going to cook a big Italian meal but everything was wrong.
Alice: Was it a theme party?
Martin: No, not really, but I had bought all the ingredients to cook a delicious lasagna and
some Italian friends were coming to the party.
Alice: What was wrong about that?
Martin: Wait! That was the beginning. While I was cooking, Mary and David were preparing
the decorations and the presents for Betty.
David: Yes, we were working really hard.
Martin: Suddenly, the bell rang. It was Bettys brother and his Italian friends. We were talking
about their journey back to Italy when we saw smoke coming out of the kitchen.
Alice: Oh dear! Your lasagna!
David: Yes, it was totally burnt, but thats not all.
Alice: No?
David: When Bettys brother was helping me to put the fire out, he dumped the birthday cake
on the floor.
Alice: Thats terrible.
Martin: The worst thing is that we couldnt put the fire out and we had to call the fire
brigade.
Alice: And what about Betty?
David: When she got home, she had a big surprise! No presents, no birthday cake and no
birthday party.
GRAMMAR 3. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Listen to this explanation in the virtual classroom
Form
The Past Continuous is formed by the Past simple of the verb TO BE (was/were) + the present
participle of the main verb:
Last night, I was cooking when Susan phoned.
Yesterday we were sleeping while they were playing basketball.
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POSITIVE
I WAS PLAYING
YOU WERE PLAYING
HE WAS PLAYING
SHE WAS PLAYING
IT WAS PLAYING
WE WERE PLAYING
YOU WERE PLAYING
THEY WERE PLAYING
NEGATIVE
SHORT FORM
I WASN'T WALKING
HE WASN'T WALKING
IT WASN'T WALKING
WE WEREN'T WALKING
INTERROGATIVE
POSITIVE ANSWER
NEGATIVE ANSWER
WAS I WORKING?
YES, I WAS
NO, I WASN'T
WAS HE WORKING?
YES, HE WAS
NO, HE WASN'T
WAS IT WORKING?
YES, IT WAS
NO, IT WASN'T
WERE WE WORKING?
YES, WE WERE
NO, WE WEREN'T
WERE THEY
WORKING?
Use
In general, the Past Continuous is used to talk about continuing unfinished actions in the
past. Normally, we use the Past continuous to express that an action was in progress or going
on around a particular moment in the past.
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Here
have
most
you
the
We use the Past Continuous when we want to emphasize or stress the duration of a past
action during a period of time:
Yesterday we were playing tennis for three hours.
They were watching TV all the afternoon.
We use the Past Continuous to talk about two actions that were happening at the same
time in the past:
She was reading while he was sleeping.
We use the Past Continuous to talk about two actions in the past, one of them
interrupted by the other. The action that interrupts is in Past simple and the interrupted
action in Past Continuous:
We were cooking when someone knocked at the door.
When Peter phoned me, I was having dinner with Tom.
As I was walking down the street I bumped into Mary.
We use the Past Continuous with expressions such as always or continually to talk about
actions that happened repeatedly or unexpectedly in the past.
My father was always buying me presents when I was a little girl.
Peter was continually asking me for money.
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Notice that we usually use a progressive tense for the action or situation in progress and a
simple tense for the action that interrupts.
WHEN- and WHILE-clauses can go at the beginning or end of sentences.
I was having a bath when the telephone rang.
While they were having a nap, somebody broke into the house.
Simultaneous actions in progress
Both WHEN and WHILE can be used to talk about actions or situations that take place at the
same time.
Somebody phoned when they were playing football.
While they were having dinner, I went for a walk.
Notice that WHEN- and WHILE-clauses can go at the beginning or end of sentences.
WHILE is used to say that two actions or situations went on at the same time. We normally
use progressive tenses after WHILE.
While he was watching TV, I was working.
He was sleeping while I was cooking supper.
If we are talking about ages and periods of life, we use WHEN:
When I was a child we lived in London (NOT While I was a child )
His parents died when he was ten (NOT while he was ten)
Simultaneous short actions
WHEN is used to refer to short and finished past actions:
When I finished the report, I went home.
We use WHEN to say that two short actions or events happened at the same time:
I thought about you when I heard the news.
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FESTIVALS
FIESTAS
(US) Viernes negro (da siguiente a Accin de
gracias, entre el 23 y el 29 de noviembre. Las
Black Friday
Boxing day
Christmas
Navidad
Christmas carol
Villancico
Christmas Day
Da de Navidad
Christmas dinner
Cena de navidad
Christmas Eve
Nochebuena
Christmas Tree
rbol de navidad
Da de ao nuevo
Noche de fin de ao
Thanksgiving Day
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FESTIVALS
FIESTAS
Bonfire Night
Easter
Pascua
Halloween
Harvest festival
La fiesta de la cosecha
Edinburgh Music
Festival
Notting Hill
Carnival
El festival de Edimburgo
El carnaval de Notting Hill
SPECIAL OCCASIONS
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OCASIONES ESPECIALES
Anniversary
Aniversario
Birthday
Cumpleaos
Celebration
Celebracin
Christening
Bautizo
Engagement
Compromiso
Event
Acontecimiento
Funeral
Entierro
Bodas de oro
Graduation day
Graduacin
Holiday
Festivo
Holidays
Vacaciones
Party
Fiesta
Retirement
Jubilacin
Bodas de plata
Vacation
Vacaciones
Wake
Velatorio
Wedding anniversary
Aniversario de boda
Wedding day
Boda
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SPECIAL OCCASIONS
OCASIONES ESPECIALES
PARTY
FIESTA
Balloons
Globos
Bouquet
Ramo
Cake
Tarta
Candle
Vela
Candy
Caramelos
Chocolates
Bombones
Decorations
Adornos
Flowers
Flores
Wedding cake
Tarta nupcial
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
EXPRESIONES TILES
Year / Easter
Semana Santa...
birthday...!
aniversario / cumpleaos
Congratulations!
Felicidades!
Good luck!
Buena suerte!
Ramadan
Buen viaje!
Le acompao en el sentimiento
Merry Christmas!
Feliz Navidad
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Alice: Well, I guess so. What is for sure is that he is much healthier. I cant remember the last
time he was ill; he hasnt caught a cold or had a headache for years.
David: I want to be fit too, so I am going to stop talking and concentrate on the exercises.
Alice: Its ok, lets put our muscles to work!
GRAMMAR 4. CONNECTING CLAUSES USING BECAUSE
Listen to this explanation in the virtual classroom
When we want to join or connect two clauses, we use a subordinating conjunction or
connector. One of the clauses is independent the main clause , while the clause introduced
by the subordinating conjunction is a dependent or subordinating clause. Dependent clauses
usually contain additional information to the main clause but they do not express a complete
thought.
Because is the most common connector of reason and cause and it introduces dependent
clauses expressing the reason, cause or motivation for the main clause.
Because is used at the beginning of a clause before a subject and a verb:
because + subject+ verb
We were late because we overslept this morning. (The reason why we were late is that we
overslept this morning)
He didnt attend to class because he missed the bus. (The reason why he didnt attend to
class is that he missed the bus)
My sister is seriously ill because she has had a terrible accident. (The cause why my sister is
seriously ill is that she has had a terrible accident)
Peter is exhausted because he has been working hard lately. (The cause why Peter is
exhausted is that he has been working hard lately)
I dont want to go to the concert because I dont like the band. (The reason why I dont want
to go to the concert is that I dont like the band)
Clauses introduced by because can go after or before the main clause. If the clause
introduced by because goes after the main clause we do not use any punctuation.
However, if the because- clause goes before the main clause, we usually introduce a
comma (,) after the subordinate clause introduced by because:
Because he had run out of milk, he went shopping.
He went shopping because he had run out of milk.
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As and Since can also be used to connect clauses expressing reason or cause with almost the
same meaning as because. As and Since are more formal than because and they are usually
used when the reason is already known by the listener. As and Since clauses often go before
the main clause.
As the weather is terrible, I will stay in. (I will stay in because the weather is terrible)
As it is quite late, we will take a taxi to go home. (We will take a taxi to go home because it is
quite late)
Since you are a good boy, I will buy you a beautiful present. (I will buy you a beautiful present
because you are a good boy)
Since he is quite bossy and bad-tempered, nobody likes him. (Nobody likes him because he is
quite bossy and bad-tempered)
Because of is a two word preposition also used to connect or join clauses expressing reason
or cause. Because of is used before a noun phrase, that is, a noun or a pronoun, in some
cases modified by an adjective:
because of + (adjective) + noun/pronoun
Because of the (nice) weather, the party was outside.
Notice the difference with the use of because:
We were late because of the rain. We were late because the rain.
Noun
We were late because it was raining. We were late because of it was raining.
Subject+verb
I can barely understand him because of you. I cant barely understand him because you.
Pronoun
I can barely understand him because you are making noise. I cant barely understand him
because of you are making noise.
Subject+verb
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SALUD Y MDICOS
Ambulance
Ambulancia
Antibiotics
Antibitico
Appointment
Cita
Checkup
Chequeo
Doctor
Mdico, doctor/a
Hospital
Hospital
Medical insurance
Seguro mdico
Medicine
Medicina
Nurse
Enfermero/a
Operating theatre
Sala de operaciones
Pill
Pldora
Pregnancy
Embarazo
Prescription
Receta
Pulse
Pulso
Surgeon
Cirujano/a
Surgery
Ciruga
Tablet
Pastilla
Temperature
Temperatura
To catch a cold
Coger un resfriado
Vaccine
Vacuna
Waiting room
Sala de espera
Ward
Sala (hospital)
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X-ray
Rayos X
ENFERMEDADES Y
PROBLEMAS DE SALUD
Aids
Sida
Allergy
Alergia
Arthritis
Artritis
Asthma
Asma
Backache
Dolor de espalda
Blister
Ampolla
Broken bone
Hueso roto
Bruise
Moratn
Cancer
Cncer
Chicken pox
Varicela
Cholesterol
Colesterol
Cold
Catarro
Cough
Tos
Cramp
Calambre
Cut
Corte
Earache
Dolor de odos
Eating disorder
Desorden alimenticio
Fever
Fiebre
Fit (noun)
Ataque (nombre)
Flu
Gripe
Food poisoning
Intoxicacin alimenticia
Fracture
Fractura
Hay fever
Headache
Dolor de cabeza
Heart attack
Infarto
Tensin alta
Infection
Infeccin
Inflammation
Inflamacin
Migraine
Migraa
Overweight
Sobrepeso
Pneumonia
Neumona
Rash
Sarpullido
Sore throat
Garganta irritada
Sprain
Esguince
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Stroke
Derrame
Swelling
Hinchazn
Virus
Virus
Aerobics
Aerbic
Balanced diet
Dieta equilibrada
Cardio endurance
Resistencia cardio
Dumbbell
Mancuerna
Exercise
Hacer ejercicio
Fit (adjective)
En forma (adjetivo)
Flexibility
Flexibilidad
Gym
Gimnasio
Healthy
Sano
Low-fat diet
Nutrition
Nutricin
Pilates
Pilates
Regular routine
Rutina regular
Skin care
Cuidado de la piel
Strength
Fuerza
Stretching
Estiramiento
To lift weights
Levantar pesas
To lose weight
Perder peso
To quit smoking
Dejar de fumar
To stretch
Estirar
Vegetarian diet
Dieta vegetariana
Warm-up
Calentamiento
Well-being
Bienestar
Workout
Sesin de ejercicios
Yoga
Yoga
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All right.
INGLS B1
Milly:
No, no, no. You're not getting me this dress. I don't even like it and it's absurd for
work. No!
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Ive worked
He has worked
Hes worked
Whats he done?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Negative
Interrogative
1st p. sg.
I have walked
2 p. sg.
It has walked
Has it walked?
We have walked
Have we walked?
nd
3 p. sg.
rd
1st p. pl.
Have I walked?
Has he walked?
2 p. pl.
3rd p. pl.
nd
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Interrogative
Negative
1st p. sg.
Ive walked
I havent walked
Have I walked?
Havent I walked?
2 p. sg.
Youve walked
Hes walked
He hasnt walked
Has he walked?
Hasnt he walked?
Shes walked
nd
3rd p. sg.
Its walked
It hasnt walked
Has it walked?
Hasnt it walked?
1st p. pl.
Weve walked
We havent walked
Have we walked?
Havent we walked?
2 p. pl.
Youve walked
Theyve walked
They havent
walked
Have they
walked?
nd
3rd p. pl.
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INGLS B1
Use
This tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past. It is used to describe
actions or states that started in the past but maintain a strong connection with the present.
The present perfect is used to talk about:
1. Actions which started in the past and continue up to now.
2. Past actions that have a result in the present.
3. Recently completed actions.
4. Experiences we have had or we havent had.
INGLS B1
MUSIC
MSICA
Anthem
Himno nacional
Chorus
Estribillo
Hymn
Himno
Lyrics
Letras
Song
Cancin
Tune
Meloda
STYLES
ESTILOS
Classical
Clsica
Folk
Folclrica
Hip hop
Hip-hop
Pop
Popular
Rap
Rap
Reggae
Reggae
Rock
Rock
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTOS
MUSICALES
Accordion
Acorden
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INGLS B1
MUSIC
40
MSICA
Bagpipe
Gaita
Bass
Bajo
Bassoon
Fagot
Cello
Violonchelo
Clarinet
Clarinete
Drums
Batera
Drumsticks
Baquetas
Electric guitar
Guitarra elctrica
Fiddle
Violn
Flute
Flauta
French horn
Trompa
Guitar
Guitarra
Harmonica
Armnica
Harp
Arpa
Keyboard
Teclado
Oboe
Oboe
Organ
rgano
Piano
Piano
Saxophone
Saxofn
String
Cuerda
Synthesizer
Sintetizador
To play
Tocar
Trumpet
Trompeta
Violin
Violn
MUSICIANS
MSICOS
Band
Grupo
Bass player
Bajista
Composer
Compositor/a
Drummer
Batera
Guitarist
Guitarrista
Orchestra
Orquesta
Orchestra conductor
Director/a de orquesta
Pianist
Pianista
Solo artist
Solista
Song writer
Letrista
Vocalist
Vocalista
INGLS B1
EXPRESSIONS RELATED
TO THE PAST
EXPRESIONES
RELACIONADAS CON EL
PASADO
Yesterday
Ayer
Anteayer
Yesterday morning
Yesterday afternoon
Yesterday evening
Last night
Last week
La semana pasada
Last month
El mes pasado
Last year
El ao pasado
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INGLS B1
have
have
just
just
had
seen
She
has
just
arrived.
dinner.
Mary.
The combination of present perfect and JUST is chiefly used in the affirmative, although the
interrogative form is possible:
Has he just gone out?
Have they just told you the truth?
Present perfect used with FOR and SINCE to describe the duration of an action or
state
As we have seen, in English we use the Present Perfect to describe an action which started in
the past and extends into the present. The duration of that action is described by using either
FOR or SINCE followed by a temporal reference:
We have lived in this house for twenty years.
My parents have been married for thirty years.
Mary has taught at this school since 2003.
FOR refers to a period of time extending to the present:
I have studied English for six years.
SINCE is used with a point in time and means from that point to the time of speaking:
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INGLS B1
SINCE
With points in time:
two years
two days
a week
my whole life
1999
3 oclock
last week
February
the day I met you
Present perfect used with EVER and NEVER to talk about experiences
EVER and NEVER frequently accompany the present perfect when this tense is used to talk
about experiences we have had or experiences we havent had, respectively. The adverbs
EVER and NEVER express the idea of an unidentified time before now.
EVER and NEVER are always placed before the past participle:
Susan has never been to Rome.
Have you ever seen a UFO?
Position of EVER and NEVER
Susan has
Have you
never
ever
been
to Rome
seen
a UFO?
Past Participle
INGLS B1
have
Position of ALREADY
already
finished
have
finished
my homework.
my homework already.
We use STILL with the present perfect in negative sentences to indicate that something is
not finished, that an action or a situation is continuing, often for a longer time than expected.
STILL usually goes in the middle of the sentence, before the verb:
I still havent found what Im looking for.
The baby still crawls.
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INGLS B1
We use YET mostly in questions and negative sentences. We use YET in interrogative
sentences to ask whether something has happened up to the present time. YET is normally
placed at the end of the sentence.
In interrogative sentences YET means already:
Have they finished yet?
In negative sentences YET means still:
We havent finished yet.
We can use NOT YET to say that something we expect to happen is still pending.
Have you visited the British Museum? Not yet.
VOCABULARY 6. ENTERTAINMENT
Listen to the pronunciation of these words in the virtual classroom
ENTERTAINMENT
ENTRETENIMIENTO
AFICIONES Y PASATIEMPOS
Amusement park
Parque de atracciones
Billiards
Billar
Board games
Juegos de mesa
Brainteasers
Adivinanzas, acertijos
Canoeing
Piragismo
Card games
Juegos de cartas
Checkers
Juego de damas
Chess
Ajedrez
Cricket
Crquet
Crosswords
Crucigramas
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INGLS B1
ENTERTAINMENT
48
ENTRETENIMIENTO
Dancing
Baile
Darts
Dardos
DIY (do-it-yourself)
Bricolaje
Dog racing
Carreras de perros
Fishing
Pesca
Funfair
Feria
Gambling
Juegos de apuestas
Gardening
Jardinera
Go camping
Ir de acampada
Go clubbing
Salir de fiesta
Go to a concert
Ir a un concierto
Go to a parade
Ir a un desfile
Go to the cinema
Ir al cine
Go to the circus
Ir al circo
Go to the theatre
Ir al teatro
Hiking
Senderismo
Hunting
Caza
Jigsaw puzzle
Rompecabezas
Jogging
Correr
Knitting
Hacer punto
Matinee
Sesin de tarde
Music festival
Festival de msica
Painting
Pintura
Parachuting
Paracaidismo
Performance
Actuacin
Photography
Fotografa
Pool
Billar americano
Pot-holing
Espeleologa
Pottery
Cermica, alfarera
Reading
Lectura
Rock climbing
Escalada
Rugby
Rugby
Sewing
Costura
Skating
Patinaje
Skiing
Esqu
Snooker
Billar ruso
Squash
Squash
INGLS B1
ENTERTAINMENT
ENTRETENIMIENTO
Surfing
Surf
Video games
Videojuegos
Yoga
Yoga
SPORTS
DEPORTES
Aerobics
Aerbic
Athletics
Atletismo
Badminton
Bdminton
Baseball
Bisbol
Basketball
Baloncesto
Bicycling
Ciclismo
Bowling
Bolos
Bowling alley
Bolera
Boxing
Boxeo
Car racing
Automovilismo
Diving
Buceo
Football
Ftbol
Golf
Golf
Gymnastics
Gimnasia
Hang gliding
Ala delta
Hockey
Hockey
Horse racing
Carrera de caballos
Horse riding
Equitacin
Ice hockey
Ice skating
Karate
Karate
Martial arts
Artes marciales
Motorboat racing
Carrera de lanchas
Mountaineering
Montaismo
Polo
Polo
Rowing
Remo
Rollerskating
Sailing
Navegacin a vela
Skydiving
Paracaidismo acrobtico
Swimming
Natacin
Table tennis
Tenis de mesa
Target shooting
Tiro al blanco
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ENTERTAINMENT
ENTRETENIMIENTO
Tennis
Tenis
Volleyball
Voleibol
Water skiing
Esqu acutico
Weight lifting
Pesas
Wrestling
Lucha libre
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Alice: Mary and John are visiting London and they have invited us to join them. What do you
think?
David: It sounds great! I think well have a really good time there. Ill phone John to tell him we
are going with them.
Alice: Ok, Ill send an e-mail to Mary. Shell be delighted.
(...) David and John talk on the phone.
David: Ive talked to John and we are having dinner with him and Mary at Vittos.
Alice: Thats in the city centre. Ill call a taxi.
David: That wont be necessary. Well pick John and Mary up in my brothers van.
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Form
In the affirmative, we use will and the bare infinitive of the verb:
I will be on holiday in August.
You will be late if you don't hurry.
Will can be shortened to ll and placed in the same position after the subject:
Hell be here in half an hour.
Youll be late if you dont hurry.
In the negative, we add the negative particle not after will:
The cost will not be more than 50.
I will not have time for a meal.
In these cases, the shortened form is made joining will and not =wont:
I wont have time for a meal.
In the interrogative, to make questions, we use will as the auxiliary, before the subject:
Will you be at home this evening?
Will they come next week?
We can also use will in short answers:
Will you be at home this evening? Yes, I will.
Will they come next week? No, they wont.
All subjects take the same form:
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
SHORT
FORM
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT FORM
ILL
YOU
YOULL
YOU
YOU
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
HELL
SHELL
ITLL
HE
SHE
IT
HE
SHE
IT
HE
SHE
IT
WELL
WE
WE
WILL
WILL NOT
WE
WONT
WILL
WE
YOU
YOULL
YOU
YOU
YOU
THEY
THEYLL
THEY
THEY
THEY
Use
With will we can inform about decisions that we make at present, at the time of speaking:
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INGLS B1
Predicting
hopes
promises
habitual prediction
timeless statements
offers
personal habits
INGLS B1
Negative
I am
you are
he/she/it is
we are
you are
they are
+ doing
Interrogative
+ not + doing
am I
are you
is he/she/it
are we
are you
are they
+ doing?
TRAVEL
Bed & Breakfast (B&B)
Boarding card/pass
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VIAJES
Hotel (slo ofrece alojamiento y
desayuno)
Tarjeta de embarque
INGLS B1
TRAVEL
VIAJES
Camp
Campamento
Castle
Castillo
Cathedral
Catedral
Check-in desk
Mostrador de facturacin
Country/countryside
Campo
Cruise
Crucero
Destination
Destino
Duty-free shop
Flight
Vuelo
Full board
Pensin completa
Guidebook
Gua
Half board
Media pensin
Hand luggage
Equipaje de mano
Hiking
Senderismo
Holidays
Vacaciones
Hotel
Hotel
Journey
Viaje, excursin
Luggage
Equipaje
Map
Mapa
Market
Mercado
Museum
Museo
Palace
Palacio
Passenger
Pasajero/a
Passport
Pasaporte
Route
Ruta
Sightseeing
Souvenir
Souvenir, recuerdo
Statue
Estatua
Stroll
Paseo
Suitcase
Maleta
Temple
Templo
To book
Reservar
To land
Aterrizar
To take-off
Despegar
To travel
Viajar
Tourist
Turista
Travel agency
Agencia de viajes
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INGLS B1
TRAVEL
VIAJES
Travel agent
Agente de viajes
Trip
Viaje
MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE
58
Aeroplane / Plane
Avin
Air hostess
Azafata
Airline
Aerolnea
Airport
Aeropuerto
Aisle
Pasillo
Arrivals
Llegadas
Bicycle
Bicicleta
Boat
Barco
Bus
Autobs
Bus-conductor
Cobrador
Cockpit
Cabina
Compartment
Compartimento
Cruiser
Crucero
Deck
Cubierta
Departures
Salidas
Dock
Muelle
Driver
Conductor/a
Ferry
Transbordador
Garage
Garaje, taller
Gate
Puerta de embarque
Helicopter
Helicptero
INGLS B1
MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE
Light-house
Faro
Liner
Transatlntico
Lorry
Camin
Motorbike
Motocicleta
Passenger train
Tren de pasajeros
Petrol station
Gasolinera
Pilot
Piloto
Port
Puerto
Rail
Ferrocarril
Road
Carretera
Ship
Barco, buque
Sleeping car
Coche cama
Sports car
Coche deportivo
Steward / Stewardess
Auxiliar de vuelo
Subway
Metro
Taxi
Taxi
Terminal
Terminal
Ticket collector
Revisor/a
Ticket office
Ventanilla, taquilla
To sail
Navegar
Train
Tren
Tram
Tranva
Tube
Metro
Underground
Metro
Van
Furgoneta
Yacht
Yate
EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO
EXPRESIONES RELACIONADAS
INGLS B1
EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO
THE FUTURE TIME
Before (you leave)
By next week / 20th March
EXPRESIONES RELACIONADAS
CON EL TIEMPO FUTURO
Antes (de que te vayas)
Antes de la semana que viene / del da
20 de marzo
time
semanas
En un futuro (cercano)
Next Monday/Tuesday... /
January/February
Soon
Pronto
Pasado maana
Tomorrow
Maana
/ night
por la noche
INGLS B1
meet Antonio Banderas or Josh or Warren Beatty, or somebody that's a tall dark stranger. But
there is another meaning to it, because, you know, there is a tall dark stranger that we all
eventually meet, as Josh says in the movie, though we don't really want to meet. So the title
is ambiguous. So, Naomi, do you believe in fortune-tellers?
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Alice: Are you going to Maggies wedding with your new boyfriend?
Mary: Yes, I am. I have just bought a night dress. It is wonderful but if it rains I will have to
wear a raincoat.
Alice: I dont think it will rain but you may need a coat and a hat to protect you from the cold.
Mary: If it is cold, I will wear my mothers fur coat.
Alice: Have you also bought new shoes?
Mary: No, I havent bought any shoes yet. I think I will go shopping this weekend to buy a pair
of high-heeled shoes. Do you want to come?
Alice: Oh I am sorry I cant. I have an exam on Monday and I will stay in over the weekend to
study.
Mary: In that case I will tell Andie.
Alice: What is he wearing to the wedding?
Mary: He is wearing a black tuxedo, a white shirt and a bowtie.
Alice: Oh, my god! I still have nothing to wear. I have bought a checked black miniskirt and a
white blouse. But Im afraid it will be too cold to wear a miniskirt.
Mary: Dont worry. If you need a jacket or a coat, I can lend you one. I have plenty of dresses
and accessories for a wedding.
Alice: But you and I are not the same size.
Mary: What size are you?
Alice: I usually wear a medium size.
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Mary: So do I. If you want, come to my house tonight and you can try on some of my dresses.
It will be funny.
Alice: Thats great! Its better than going shopping.
GRAMMAR 8. ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS. INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
Listen to this explanation in the virtual classroom
ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS
Conditional sentences are used to express that an action can take place if a certain condition
is fulfilled. Conditional sentences are usually introduced by if. There are two clauses within
a conditional sentence: the main clause and the if clause.
1. ZERO CONDITIONAL
Structure of a zero conditional sentence
A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an if clause and a main clause, both in
the present simple tense:
if + subject + present simple + subject + present simple
if-clause
main clause
When the if clause comes first, a comma is used to separate the two clauses:
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
But when the main clause comes first, there is no need for a comma:
Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees.
Using the zero conditional
The zero conditional is used to talk about things which are always true such as scientific
facts and general truths:
If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
If it rains, the grass gets wet.
Wood doesnt burn if there is no air.
Besides, we can use the zero conditional to talk about things which always happen under
certain conditions:
If I stay up late, I am tired the day after.
You get a 50% discount if you book your flight before April.
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In most zero conditional sentences you can use when or if with the same meaning:
When you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
Unless is also used in zero conditionals with the meaning of if not:
Water doesnt boil unless you heat it to 100 degrees. (Water doesnt boil if you dont heat it
to 100 degrees)
2. FIRST CONDITIONAL
Structure of a first conditional sentence
A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an if clause with the verb in the present
simple tense and a main clause with a verb in the future tense, an imperative or a modal verb
(can or may):
if + subject + present simple + subject + will + verb
If you buy a car, it will cost a lot of money.
if + subject + present simple + imperative
If you go by car, drive carefully.
if + subject + present simple + subject + can/may + verb
If you study hard, you can pass your exam.
As we have already seen, the if-clause can be placed before or after the main clause:
If you study hard, you can pass your exam = You can pass your exam if you study hard.
Using the first conditional
The first conditional is used to talk about likely events in the future, which may take place if
something happens:
-
No. If I see her, Ill tell you. (I havent seen her, but there is a possibility that I may see
her. If that happens, I will tell you.)
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Instead of if, we can use when for things which are sure to happen. We cannot use it for
things that will possibly happen:
(Im going shopping this afternoon) When I go shopping, Ill buy some food.
(I dont know if its going to rain today) If its raining, I wont go out. (not when it is raining, I
wont go out)
We can use unless with the meaning of if not:
I'll be there on time, unless the train is late. (if the train isnt late)
Unless they invite me, I wont go to the party. (if they dont invite me)
INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
The most common way to express purpose, to say why we do things, is using the toinfinitive. Remember that the to-infinitive is the basic form of the verb with the particle to:
We went to the library to get some books. (the purpose of going to the library was to get
some books)
A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a party. (the purpose of phoning was to invite me to
a party)
Most people work to earn money. (the purpose of working is to earn money)
We use the to-infinitive to say why something exists or why somebody has/wants/needs
something:
The President has a team of bodyguards to protect him. (the purpose of the team of
bodyguards is to protect the President)
I need a bottle opener to open this bottle. (the purpose of the bottle opener is to open this
bottle)
There are some expressions which can be used together with the infinitive to express
purpose in a more formal way than the to-infinitive on its own. These expressions are:
in order to + infinitive
We went to the library in order to get some books.
I need a bottle opener in order to open this bottle.
so as to + infinitive
Most people work so as to earn money.
The President has a team of bodyguards so as to protect him.
We can use the negative with these expressions:
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VOCABULARY 8. FASHION
Listen to the pronunciation of these words in the virtual classroom
FASHION
MODA
GENERAL VOCABULARY
VOCABULARIO GENERAL
Accessories
Accesorios
Checked
A cuadros
Clothes
Ropa
Cotton
Algodn
Designer
Diseador/a
Dress code
Cdigo de vestimenta
Fabric
Tejido
Fashionable
De moda
Flowery
Floreado
Garment
Prenda
Hair style
Peinado
Hairstylist
Peluquero/a
Jewel
Joya
Leather
Cuero
Linen
Lino
Make-up
Maquillaje
Make-up artist
Maquillador/a
Model
Modelo
Out of fashion
Anticuado
Patterned
Estampado
Plain
Liso
Rubber
Goma
Runway
Pasarela
Silk
Seda
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INGLS B1
FASHION
MODA
Spotted
De lunares
Striped
A rayas
Style
Estilo
Stylish
Con estilo
Suede
Ante
Sunglasses
Gafas de sol
Vestir informal
68
Ponerse
Probarse
To wear
Trend
Tendencia
Trendy
Moderno
Unfashionable
Pasado de moda
Uniform
Uniforme
Wool
Lana
Woollen
De lana
ROPA Y COMPLEMENTOS
Belt
Cinturn
Blouse
Blusa
Boots
Botas
Bowtie
Pajarita
Bra
Sujetador
Cap
Gorra
Coat
Abrigo
Dress
Vestido
Flip-flops
Chanclas
Gloves
Guantes
Hat
Sombrero
High heels
Zapatos de tacn
Jacket
Chaqueta
Jeans
Vaqueros
Jumper
Jersey
Knickers
Braguitas
Mittens
Manoplas
INGLS B1
FASHION
MODA
Panties
Braguitas
Pants
Raincoat
Gabardina
Sandals
Sandalias
Scarf
Bufanda
Shirt
Camisa
Shorts
Pantaln corto
Skirt
Falda
Sneakers
Zapatillas de deporte
Sock
Calcetn
Suit
Traje
Swimsuit
Baador
Tie
Corbata
Tights
Medias
Tracksuit
Chndal
T-shirt
Camiseta
Tuxedo
Esmoquin
Vest
STYLES
ESTILOS
Alternative
Alternativo
Casual
Informal
Emo
Emo
Gothic
Gtico
Hippie
Hippy
Punk
Punk
Surfer
Surfero
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All students should have their university ID cards available. Lost, stolen or
misplaced cards must be reported immediately to the Cards Office.
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Lost or found items should be reported to the University Lost and Found
Office. Any item that is presumed stolen should be reported promptly to the
University Police. The rightful owner must make a claim within a 60-day
period.
All motor vehicles must display a valid university parking permit before they
may be parked on university property. A fine will be imposed to the owner if
the permit is not visible on the vehicle.
Animals are not permitted in residence halls, university food service areas,
university-owned apartments or other university buildings except where
authorized.
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INGLS B1
Must
It is used to express strong obligation (possibly based on the speakers opinion):
I must study today. (The speaker (I) thinks it is necessary for him/her to study today)
I must visit my grandmother tomorrow. (The speaker (I) thinks that it is necessary that
he/she visits his/her grandmother tomorrow)
The kids must have their hair cut. (The speaker thinks that it is necessary that the kids have
their hair cut)
MUST NOT or MUSTNT mean that something is not allowed, or it's a bad idea:
You mustnt smoke here. (prohibition)
They mustnt park there. (prohibition)
MUST is used in the present or in the future. The past tense is supplied by HAD TO:
I must study today (Present)
I must clean the house tomorrow (Future)
I had to phone John yesterday, but I forgot (Past)
Have to
It is not a modal verb, but it is usually studied together with them. It is an irregular verb whose
forms are have/had/had.
HAVE TO expresses strong obligation but, unlike MUST, the obligation in this case comes
from outside, for instance, from the law, a rule at school, or someone in authority:
You have to get a driving license to drive a car. (the law says that you need it)
I have to be at the office at 8:00. (my company has this rule)
The doctor says I have to stop smoking. (the doctor is someone in authority)
DONT HAVE TO expresses lack of obligation. It means you don't need to do something, but it's
fine if you want to do it:
I dont have to read this book. Its optional.
She didnt have to go, but she went anyway. (Past)
Need
NEED can be both an auxiliary verb and an ordinary verb. As an auxiliary it is a semi-modal
since it has both modal and ordinary verb forms. As a modal, its forms are NEED or NEED
NOT for all persons in present and future.
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NEED conveys existence of the necessity of doing something. NEED as an auxiliary is seldom
used in the affirmative except when a negative or interrogative sentence is preceded by an
expression which changes the negative or interrogative verb into an affirmative:
I neednt wear a coat I dont think I need wear a coat.
Need I tell him? Do you think I need tell him?
NEED in the negative, NEED NOT or NEEDNT, indicates lack of necessity or absence of
obligation:
You neednt buy more food. There is enough at home. (Lack of necessity)
You neednt call me Mr. Jones. (There is no obligation of calling him Mr. Jones)
VOCABULARY 9. RULES AND REGULATIONS
Listen to the pronunciation of these words in the virtual classroom
REGLAS Y NORMAS
Ban
Prohibicin
Bill
Proyecto de ley
Code
Cdigo
Court
Tribunal
Decree
Decreto
Fine
Multa
Illegal
Ilegal, ilcito
Law
Ley
Legal
Legal, lcito
Legislation
Legislacin
Legislator
Legislador
Policy
Poltica
Regulation
INGLS B1
REGLAS Y NORMAS
sociedades)
Rule
To allow
Permitir
To ban
Prohibir
Quebrantar la ley
To comply with
Cumplir (con)
To control
Controlar
Desobedecer, incumplir
To guide
Guiar
To legislate
Legislar
To obey
Obedecer
To take effect
Entrar en vigor
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Alice: Well, this is a difficult issue. Scientists may save the information but the U.S
Government might decide not to make it public.
David: Yes, it is very likely that they wont tell the whole truth about nuclear weapons. We
may never know the damage they have caused.
Alice: David, this conversation is very interesting but I have to go. Im going to the cinema
with Mary. She told me to meet her at the front door at 5 p.m. and its 5.10 p.m. now.
She must already be there waiting for me. You can come with us, if you want to.
David: Oh no, thanks. I could go any other day but today my mum is visiting me after work.
She finishes at 5.30 p.m. so she may be here by 6 p.m.
Alice: Ok. Have a good time with your mum.
David: I will. Hope you enjoy the film!
GRAMMAR 10. MODALS EXPRESSING CERTAINY AND UNCERTAINTY
Listen to this explanation in the virtual classroom
We can use CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, and MUST to talk about how certain we are about
something happening.
CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, and MUST are modal verbs. Modal verbs act as a support to other
verbs. They help us express our opinion and attitude more accurately.
Not all these modals convey the same degree of certainty about the probability of something
happening. Look at the diagram below, which represents this fact:
MAY BE
MUST BE
IS
Can / Cant
CAN is used to express general possibility. Subject + CAN mean it is possible, that is to say,
circumstances permit:
You can get there in half a day. (It is possible to get there in half a day).
In this region, you can see mountains covered with snow for the whole year. (It is possible to
see snow on the mountains for the whole year).
CAN is also used to express occasional possibility:
Chickenpox during pregnancy can be quite dangerous. (Sometimes it is possible for the
illness to be quite dangerous).
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CANT or CANNOT, the negative forms of CAN, are used to express that we are sure (or almost
sure) that something is impossible:
That boy cannot/cant be her son, she is very young.
That cant be true.
May, might, and could to express certainty
MAY, MIGHT, and COULD are used to indicate uncertainty about or likelihood of a future
activity or event. They can be used in the same contexts, although each of them shows a
different degree of certainty. We could say, at least as regards British English, that COULD
indicates less certainty than MIGHT, and MIGHT less than MAY:
John may be tired. He has been at the office from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Mary may not wear a new dress today. I think she didnt have time to buy one.
Susan might be at home, but Im not sure at all.
I might go to Freds party. Ive not decided it yet.
Many animal species could disappear in the next decades.
I think you could do it better.
Must
We use MUST when our degree of certainty about something is very high. We judge the
proposition expressed by the clause to be necessarily true or at least to have a high likelihood
of being true. We have drawn the conclusion that something is true from things already
observed or experienced.
Imagine that we have three boxes, which are closed. We are told that there is a ball in one of
the boxes. We can pick one of the boxes and say:
The ball could/might/may be here.
If we havent found the ball after having opened two of the three boxes, we will pick up the
third box and say:
The ball must be here.
No other choice remains.
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SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGA
SCIENCE
CIENCIA
Analyse
Analizar
Astrophysics
Astrofsica
Atom
tomo
Biology
Biologa
Breakthrough
Avance cientfico
Cell Phone
Celsius
Chemistry
Qumica
Data
Datos
Degree
Grado
Electricity
Electricidad
Energy
Energa
Engineer
Ingeniero/a
Engineering
Ingeniera
Experiment
Experimento
Fact
Hecho
Fahrenheit
Genetic engineering
Ingeniera gentica
Genetics
Gentica
Geography
Geografa
Hypothesis
Hiptesis
Information technology
Tecnologa de la informacin
Invention
Invento
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SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
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CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGA
Knowledge
Conocimiento
Laboratory / Lab
Laboratorio
Magnet
Imn
Magnetism
Magnetismo
Mass
Masa
Matter
Materia
Microscope
Microscopio
Mobile phone
Molecular biology
Biologa molecular
Molecule
Molcula
Nuclear engineering
Ingeniera nuclear
Observation
Observacin
Phenomenon
Fenmeno
Physics
Fsica
Pole
Polo
Prototype
Prototipo
Research
Investigacin
Researcher
Investigador/a
Scientific method
Mtodo cientfico
Scientist
Cientfico/a (persona)
Technician
Tcnico/a (persona)
Technological advances
Avances tecnolgicos
Theory
Teora
To discover
Descubrir
To experiment
Experimentar
To invent
Inventar
To research
Investigar
To work
Funcionar
COMPUTERS
ORDENADORES
Backup
Copia de seguridad
Cordless
Inalmbrico
Cursor
Cursor
Cortar y pegar
Database
Base de datos
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SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGA
Digital information
Informacin digital
Correo electrnico
File
Archivo
Folder
Carpeta
Hacker
Pirata informtico
Hard disk
Disco duro
Hardware
Icon
Icono
Keyboard
Teclado
Laptop
Ordenador porttil
Monitor
Monitor
Mouse
Ratn
Multimedia
Multimedia
Network
Red
Operating system
Sistema operativo
Ordenador personal
Piracy
Piratera
Printer
Impresora
Program
Programa
Scanner
Escner
Screen saver
Salvapantallas
Server
Servidor
Software
Programa informtico
Speakers
Altavoces
Spreadsheet
Hoja de clculo
The Internet
Internet
To browse
Explorar
To click
Hacer clic
To delete
Borrar
To download
Descargar
To print
Imprimir
To save (data)
Guardar (datos)
To sign in
Registrarse
To upload
Cargar
Tool bar
Barra de herramientas
Video conference
Video conferencia
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SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGA
Virus
Virus
Web page
Pgina web
Website
Sitio web
Wireless technology
Tecnologa inalmbrica
Word processor
Procesador de texto
Red mundial
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