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Glider Introductory Course

Radio
Communications
Glider Flight
Aviation Education Wing

Radio Communications

History
Principle of Radio Communications
Characteristics
Radio Telephony
Standard Phraseology

Radio Communications

Callsign
Structure of Message
Radio Discipline
Usage
Emergency

History
Early period of human history
Fire & Smoke
Shouting
Displaying Large Visual Signals

WW2
Low Frequency Wavelength
Long Range / Static

High Frequency Wavelength


Weak Transmission reaching Long Range

Principle
Radio Communications System

Electromagnetic (EM) Energy


Radio Wave

Receiver (Rx)

Transmitter (Tx)

Principle
Radio Wave (Electromagnetic Wave)
UHF (Ultra High Frequency)
1m 30cm
300MHz 3GHz

VHF (Very High Frequency)


10m 1m
30MHz 300MHz

HF (High Frequency)
100m 10m
3MHz 30MHz

=
- Speed of
Light
- Wavelength
- Frequency

Principle
B (123.8MHz)

Radio Net

A (123.8MHz)

D (133.95MHz)

C (123.8MHz)

Control
(123.8MHz)

Characteristics of Radio
Specific Channel
Matching Channel

Using the same device as Tx & Rx


One Station transmitting at one time

Specific Range of Frequencies for Public


Sharing among groups (e.g. 409Mhz)

Phonetic Alphabets
Letters pronounced over the radio
B,D
P,T
C,Z,E

International Civil Aviation Organization


(ICAO) adopted a system of words

Alphabets
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

Alpha
Bravo
Charlie
Delta
Echo
Foxtrot
Golf

H
I
J
K
L
M
N

Hotel
India
Juliet
Kilo
Lima
Mike
November

Alphabets
O
P
Q
R
S
T

Oscar
Papa
Quebec
Romeo
Sierra
Tango

U
V
W
X
Y
Z

Uniform
Victor
Whiskey
X-ray
Yankee
Zulu

Numbers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

WUN
TOO
TREE
FOWER
FIFE
SIX
SEVEN

8
9
0
100
1000
.

AIT
NINER
ZERO
HUN-DRED
TOU-SAND
DAY-SEE-MAL

Standard Phraseology
AFFIRM

Yes

APPROVED

Permission for proposed action granted

CANCEL

CONFIRM

Annul the previous transmitted


clearance
Authorized to proceed under the
conditions specified
I request clarification of

CONTACT

Establish communications with

CLEARED

Standard Phraseology
CORRECT

True / Accurate

CORRECTION An error has been made in this


transmission. The correct version is
DISREGARD Ignore
GO AHEAD

Proceed with your message

I SAY AGAIN

I repeat for clarity or emphasis

NEGATIVE

No / Permission not granted / That is


not correct

Standard Phraseology
READ BACK
REPORT

Repeat all, or specified part, of this


message back to me
Pass me the information

REQUEST

I should like to know

SAY AGAIN

Repeat all, or the following part, of your


last transmission
Reduce rate of speech

SPEAK
SLOWER
STANDBY

Wait and I will call you

Standard Phraseology
ROGER

I have received all of your transmission

WILCO

I understand and will comply your


message
Indicates different portions of the
message

BREAK

Standard Phraseology
TAKE OFF
LAND
DEPARTURE

APPROACH

LINE UP
(& WAIT)

Used only in granting a clearance to take


off
Used only in granting a clearance to land
Alternative word for take off when the
message is not related to granting of
clearance
Alternative word for land when the
message is not related to granting of
clearance
Taxi into the runway and hold

Standard Phraseology
TAXI

Clear to taxi

HOLD

Stop at current or specified position

GRASS

Grass runway

SEAL

Sealed runway

RUNWAY

Sealed runway when no grass runway of


the same designator exists

Standard Phraseology
HOW DO
YOU READ

What is the readability of my message?

I read you
1: Unreadable
2: Barely readable, occasional words distinguishable
3: Readable with considerable difficulty
4: Readable with practically no difficulty
5: Perfectly readable

Callsign
ATC different controlling positions
Hong Kong Delivery / Ground / Tower

Area without ATC:


[area name] traffic, e.g. Drury Traffic

Aircrafts
by registration e.g. (ZK-) EYA
Auckland Delivery, EYA
Drury Traffic, ESG

Structure of Message
[Recipient] [Self] [Message (location +
request)]
E.g. JWI, at BCFT, Information H, QNH 1010,
request taxi.

Structure of Message
Read back
[Recipient] [Self] [Instruction]
Tower: JWI, Bournemouth Tower, behind the
landing 737, line up and wait behind.
[Read back] [Self]
JWI: JWI, behind the landing 737, line up and
wait behind.

Radio Discipline

Proper Voice Procedure


Establish / Terminate Communication
Proper Channel & Frequency
Greet before you send message
Make sure recipient is aware of you & your
message
Give time for recipient to locate you

Radio Discipline
Use standard phrases as far as practicable
May use plain language if do not understand / nonroutine

Listen before transmitting


Think then speak
You may be interrupting others message

Release PTT promptly after call

Radio Discipline
Unlike Daily Conversation
Avoid

Radio Courtesy

Please
Thanks
Welcome

- Brief
- Clear
- Accurate
- Without Delay

Offering Messages
NEVER press and hold the TALK button, while
trying to think of what to be said
MUST first decide what you are going to speak
BEFORE press and hold the TALK button
Speak reasonably SLOW in a CLEAR voice
Pause wisely to let the receiving party digest
the message

Usage
Station

Message

FQ
Winch
FQ
Winch
Winch
FQ

Winch, FQ, take up slack, take up slack


Taking up slack
FQ, all out, all out
All out
Top of the launch
[Release cable]

Usage
XO
BLW
XO
XO

[Enter downwind] Matamata traffic, glider


XO, (early / late) downwind 28
Matamata traffic, BLW, short final 28, full
stop
[Enter base] Matamata traffic, glider XO,
base 28
[Enter final] Matamata traffic, glider XO, final
28

Usage
The following slides on R/T usage is for your
information only You will not be asked on
those in examination and rarely you will be
required to apply those in glider flying.

Usage
Requesting taxi to runway
JWI
Ground
JWI
Ground

JWI

Bournemouth Ground, JWI


JWI, Bournemouth Ground, go ahead.
JWI, at BCFT, Information H, QNH 1010,
request taxi.
JWI, squawk 2047, taxi via Bravo, hold short
runway 26, Sandbanks Departure, 2000 feet or
below.
Squawk 2047, taxi via Bravo, hold short
runway 26, Sandbanks Departure, 2000 feet or
below, JWI

Usage
awaiting for departure
JWI
Tower
Tower
JWI

Bournemouth Tower, JWI, hold short of


runway 26.
JWI, Bournemouth Tower, roger.
JWI, behind the landing 737, line up and wait
behind.
behind the landing 737, line up and wait
behind, JWI.

Usage
Lined up on runway
Tower

JWI
Tower
JWI

JWI wind 250 at 5 knots, maintain runway


heading after airborne, cleared for take off,
runway 26
After airborne maintain runway heading,
cleared for take off runway 26, JWI
JWI you may turn left for Sandbanks, resume
own navigation.
Left turn for Sandbanks, resume own
navigation, JWI

Usage
Passing Traffic
Tower
JWI
Tower

JWI, traffic, a Cherokee at your 2 oclock,


1500ft.
Traffic in sight, JWI
JWI, roger. Break. XTZ, cleared to climb
altitude 3000 ft.

Usage
Returning to Airport
JWI

Tower
JWI

Bournemouth Tower, JWI, approaching


Stoney Cross, 2000 feet, Information K, QHN
1009, request rejoin.
JWI, squawk 2064, descend to altitude 1200
feet, join right downwind runway 08.
Squawk 2064, descend to altitude 1200 feet,
join right downwind runway 08, JWI

Usage
Approaching the Airport
JWI

Tower, JWI, right downwind.

Tower
JWI
Tower
JWI

JWI, number 2 behind a Cessna 2 miles final


number 2, JWI
JWI, cleared to land runway 08
Cleared to land runway 02, JWI

Usage
After landing
JWI
Tower
JWI
JWI
Ground
JWI

Tower, JWI, runway vacated


JWI, roger. Contact Ground 121.7
Contact Ground 121.7, JWI
Bournemouth Ground, JWI, on taxiway C.
JWI, Bournemouth Ground. Taxi to BCFT.
Taxi to BCFT, JWI.

Recap

Address recipient
Your identity
Position
Altitude
Intention / Information

If unsure?
ASK until you
understand!
Never assume
Controllers are
happier (or less
frustrated) to
answer your
question than to
tackle the problem
http://www.mod.uk/dasc/publicity/poster_cat_02.htm

Emergency
MAYDAY
Comes from French Maidez meaning help me
Distress signal
Serious/imminent danger
Requiring immediate assistance
Transponder 7700

Emergency
PAN-PAN
Comes from the word Panic
Urgency signal
Condition affecting flight safety
But immediate assistance not needed
Transponder 7700

Emergency
Other stations remain silence until
Emergency ends
Requested by Control Station / station in
emergency

Emergency Usage
JWI

Mayday Mayday Mayday, JWI, JWI, JWI,


engine failure, 2 persons on board, overhead
Tarrant Rushton, 1500 feet, performing
forced landing

Emergency Radio Failure


Rx only / Tx only / headset problem / total radio
failure?
Pressed the Tx button?
Volume?
Other side of jack-in?
Correct FREQ? If correct, try other FREQ? Other ACFT?
Continue blind Tx (Transmitting Blind)
Transponder 7600

Emergency Radio Failure


If inside controlled airspace
Follow last ATC instruction
Hold at last cleared point
[Attempt to contact TWR by mobile phone]
Continue blind Tx
Await light signal from Tower

Emergency Radio Failure


If outside controlled airspace
STAY AWAY from controlled airspace
Continue blind Tx
Find a nearby aerodrome (OUTSIDE controlled
airspace) to land
Contact Club once landed and shut down

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