Professional Documents
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41102 Federal Register / Vol. 71, No. 139 / Thursday, July 20, 2006 / Rules and Regulations
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: • Flutter (Compliance with § 23.629, accordance with § 11.38, and become
paragraphs (e)(1) and (2)). part of the type certification basis in
Background • Powerplant—Installation accordance with § 21.101(b)(2).
On March 19, 2004, SMA Engines, (Provisions similar to § 23.901(d)(1) for Special conditions are initially
Inc., applied for a supplemental type turbine engines). applicable to the model for which they
certificate for the installation of an SMA • Powerplant—Fuel System—Fuel are issued. Should the applicant apply
Model SR305–230 ADE, type system with water saturated fuel for a supplemental type certificate to
certificated in the United States, type (Compliance with § 23.951 modify any other model included on the
certificate number E00067EN, in the requirements). same type certificate to incorporate the
Cessna Models 182Q and 182R • Powerplant—Fuel System—Fuel
same novel or unusual design feature,
airplanes. The Cessna Models 182Q and system hot weather operation
the special conditions would also apply
182R airplanes, approved under Type (Compliance with § 23.961
to the other model under the provisions
Certificate No. 3A13, are four-place, requirements).
• Powerplant—Fuel system—Fuel of § 21.101(a)(1).
single engine airplanes.
tank filler connection (Compliance with Novel or Unusual Design Features
In anticipation of the reintroduction
§ 23.973(f) requirements).
of diesel engine technology into the • Powerplant—Fuel system—Fuel The Cessna Models 182Q and 182R
small airplane fleet, the FAA issued tank outlet (Compliance with § 23.977 airplanes with the installation of an
Policy Statement PS–ACE100–2002–004 requirements). SMA Model SR305–230 will incorporate
on May 15, 2004, which identified areas • Equipment—General—Powerplant the following novel or unusual design
of technological concern involving Instruments (Compliance with § 23.1305 features:
introduction of new technology diesel requirements). The Cessna Models 182Q and 182R
engines into small airplanes. For a more • Operating Limitations and airplanes with the installation of an
detailed summary of the FAA’s Information—Powerplant limitations— SMA Model SR305–230 will incorporate
development of diesel engine Fuel grade or designation (Compliance an aircraft diesel engine utilizing
requirements, refer to this policy. with § 23.1521(d) requirements). turbine (jet) fuel.
The general areas of concern involved • Markings And Placards—
the power characteristics of the diesel Miscellaneous markings and placards— Discussion of Comments
engines, the use of turbine fuel in an Fuel, oil, and coolant filler openings A notice of proposed special
airplane class that has typically been (Compliance with § 23.1557(c)(1) conditions No. 23–06–01–SC for the
powered by gasoline fueled engines, and requirements). Cessna Models 182Q and 182R airplanes
the vibration characteristics and failure • Powerplant—Fuel system—Fuel
with a SMA Model SR305–230 ADE was
modes of diesel engines. These concerns Freezing.
• Powerplant Installation—Vibration published on February 17, 2006 (71 FR
were identified after review of the
levels. 8543). No comments were received, and
historical record of diesel engine used
• Powerplant Installation—One the special conditions are adopted as
in aircraft and a review of the 14 CFR
cylinder inoperative. proposed.
part 23 regulations, which identified
specific regulatory areas that needed to • Powerplant Installation—High Applicability
be evaluated for applicability to diesel Energy Engine Fragments.
engine installations. These concerns are Equivalent levels of safety for: As discussed above, these special
not considered universally applicable to • Cockpit controls—23.777(d). conditions are applicable to the Cessna
• Motion and effect of cockpit Models 182Q and 182R airplanes with
all types of possible diesel engines and
controls—23.779(b). an SMA Model SR305–230 ADE. Should
diesel engine installations. However, • Ignition switches—23.1145.
after review of the SMA installation, SMA apply at a later date for a
The type certification basis includes supplemental type certificate to modify
and applying the provisions of the exemptions, if any; equivalent level of
diesel policy, the FAA proposed these any other model included on Type
safety findings, if any; and the special Certificate No. 3A13 to incorporate the
fuel system and engine related special conditions adopted by this rulemaking
conditions. Other special conditions same novel or unusual design feature,
action. the special conditions would apply to
issued in a separate notice include If the Administrator finds that the
special conditions for HIRF and that model as well under the provisions
applicable airworthiness regulations of § 21.101(a)(1).
application of § 23.1309 provisions to (i.e., part 23) do not contain adequate or
the Full Authority Digital Engine appropriate safety standards for the Conclusion
Control (FADEC). Cessna Models 182Q and 182R airplanes This action affects only certain novel
Type Certification Basis with the installation of an SMA Model or unusual design features on the
SR305–230 ADE because of a novel or Cessna Models 182Q and 182R airplanes
Under the provisions of § 21.101, unusual design feature, special
SMA Engines, Inc., must show that the with a SMA Model SR305–230 ADE. It
conditions are prescribed under the is not a rule of general applicability, and
Cessna Models 182Q and 182R airplanes provisions of § 21.16.
with the installation of an SMA Model it affects only the applicant who applied
In addition to the applicable
SR305–230 ADE meet the applicable to the FAA for approval of these features
airworthiness regulations and special
provisions of 14 CFR part 23, as on the airplane.
conditions, the Cessna Models 182Q
amended by Amendments 23–1 through and 182R airplanes with the installation List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 23
23–51 and CAR 3 thereto. In addition, of an SMA Model SR305–230 ADE must
the certification basis includes special comply with the fuel vent and exhaust Aircraft, Aviation safety, Signs and
conditions and equivalent levels of symbols.
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Federal Register / Vol. 71, No. 139 / Thursday, July 20, 2006 / Rules and Regulations 41103
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113 and certificated airframe structure has been type fuels, the initial temperature must
44701; 14 CFR 21.16 and 21.101 and 14 CFR approved for— be 110 °F, ¥0°, +5° or the maximum
11.38 and 11.19. (i) Unless such vibration outside air temperature for which
The Special Conditions characteristics are shown to have no approval is requested, whichever is
effect on safety or continued more critical.
■ Accordingly, pursuant to the authority airworthiness, or The fuel system must be in an
delegated to me by the Administrator, (ii) Unless mitigated to an acceptable operational configuration that will yield
the following special conditions are level by utilization of isolators, the most adverse, that is, conservative
issued as part of the type certification dampers, clutches and similar results.
basis for the Cessna Models 182Q and provisions, so that unacceptable To comply with this requirement, the
182R airplanes with an SMA Model vibration levels are not imposed on the applicant must use the turbine fuel
SR305–230 ADE. previously certificated structure. requirements and must substantiate
1. Engine Torque (Provisions Similar to these by flight-testing, as described in
4. Powerplant—Fuel System—Fuel Advisory Circular AC 23–8B, Flight Test
§ 23.361, Paragraphs (b)(1) and (c)(3)) System With Water Saturated Fuel Guide for Certification of Part 23
(a) For diesel engine installations, the (Compliance With § 23.951 Airplanes.
engine mounts and supporting structure Requirements)
must be designed to withstand the 7. Powerplant—Fuel System—Fuel Tank
Considering the fuel types used by
following: Filler Connection (Compliance With
diesel engines, the applicant must
(1) A limit engine torque load § 23.973(f) Requirements)
comply with the following:
imposed by sudden engine stoppage due Each fuel system for a diesel engine In place of compliance with
to malfunction or structural failure. must be capable of sustained operation § 23.973(e) and (f), the applicant must
The effects of sudden engine stoppage throughout its flow and pressure range comply with the following:
may alternately be mitigated to an with fuel initially saturated with water For airplanes that operate on turbine
acceptable level by utilization of at 80 °F and having 0.75cc of free water or diesel type fuels, the inside diameter
isolators, dampers, clutches and similar per gallon added and cooled to the most of the fuel filler opening must be no
provisions, so that unacceptable load critical condition for icing likely to be smaller than 2.95 inches.
levels are not imposed on the previously encountered in operation. 8. Powerplant—Fuel System—Fuel Tank
certificated structure. Methods of compliance that are Outlet (Compliance With § 23.977
(b) The limit engine torque obtained acceptable for turbine engine fuel Requirements)
in CAR 3.195(a)(1) and (a)(2) or 14 CFR systems requirements of § 23.951(c) are
23.361(a)(1) and (a)(2) must be obtained also considered acceptable for this In place of compliance with
by multiplying the mean torque by a § 23.977(a)(1) and (a)(2), the applicant
requirement.
factor of four in lieu of the factor of two will comply with the following:
required by CAR 3.195(b) and 14 CFR 5. Powerplant—Fuel System—Fuel Flow There must be a fuel strainer for the
23.361(c)(3). (Compliance With § 23.955(c) fuel tank outlet or for the booster pump.
Requirements) This strainer must, for diesel engine
2. Flutter—(Compliance With § 23.629 powered airplanes, prevent the passage
In lieu of 14 CFR 23.955(c), engine
(e)(1) and (e)(2) Requirements) of any object that could restrict fuel flow
fuel system must provide at least 100
The flutter evaluation of the airplane percent of the fuel flow required by the or damage any fuel system component.
done in accordance with 14 CFR 23.629 engine, or the fuel flow required to 9. Equipment—General—Powerplant
must include— prevent engine damage, if that flow is Instruments (Compliance With
(a) Whirl mode degree of freedom, greater than 100 percent. The fuel flow § 23.1305)
which takes into account the stability of rate must be available to the engine In addition to compliance with
the plane of rotation of the propeller under each intended operating § 23.1305, the applicant will comply
and significant elastic, inertial, and condition and maneuver. The with the following:
aerodynamic forces, and conditions may be simulated in a The following are required in addition
(b) Propeller, engine, engine mount, suitable mockup. This flow must be to the powerplant instruments required
and airplane structure stiffness, and shown in the most adverse fuel feed in § 23.1305:
damping variations appropriate to the condition with respect to altitudes, (a) A fuel temperature indicator.
particular configuration, and attitudes, and any other condition that (b) An outside air temperature (OAT)
(c) Showing the airplane is free from is expected in operation. indicator.
flutter with one cylinder inoperative. (c) An indicating means for the fuel
6. Powerplant—Fuel System—Fuel
3. Powerplant—Installation (Provisions strainer or filter required by § 23.997 to
System Hot Weather Operation
Similar to § 23.901(d)(1) for Turbine indicate the occurrence of
(Compliance With § 23.961 contamination of the strainer or filter
Engines) Requirements) before it reaches the capacity
Considering the vibration In place of compliance with § 23.961, established in accordance with
characteristics of diesel engines, the the applicant must comply with the § 23.997(d).
applicant must comply with the following: Alternately, no indicator is required if
following: Each fuel system must be free from the engine can operate normally for a
(a) Each diesel engine installation vapor lock when using fuel at its critical specified period with the fuel strainer
must be constructed and arranged to temperature, with respect to vapor exposed to the maximum fuel
result in vibration characteristics that— formation, when operating the airplane contamination as specified in MIL–
(1) Do not exceed those established in all critical operating and
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41104 Federal Register / Vol. 71, No. 139 / Thursday, July 20, 2006 / Rules and Regulations
10. Operating Limitations and operate. The minimum operating and physically separate from the engine
Information—Powerplant Limitations— temperature will be determined by at high velocity (due to the high internal
Fuel Grade or Designation (Compliance testing to establish the minimum pressures). This failure mode will be
With § 23.1521 Requirements) operating temperature acceptable after considered possible in engine designs
All engine parameters that have limits takeoff from the minimum takeoff with removable cylinders or other non-
specified by the engine manufacturer for temperature. If low temperature limits integral block designs. The following is
takeoff or continuous operation must be are not established by testing, then a required:
minimum takeoff and operating fuel (1) It must be shown by the design of
investigated to ensure they remain
within those limits throughout the temperature limit of 5 °F above the the engine that engine cylinders, other
gelling temperature of Jet A will be engine components or portions thereof
expected flight and ground envelopes
imposed along with a display in the (fragments) cannot be shed or blown off
(e.g., maximum and minimum fuel
cockpit of the fuel temperature. Fuel of the engine in the event of a
temperatures, ambient temperatures, as
temperature sensors will be located in catastrophic engine failure; or
applicable, etc.). This is in addition to (2) It must be shown that all possible
the existing requirements specified by the coldest part of the tank if applicable.
liberated engine parts or components do
14 CFR 23.1521(b) and (c). If any of 13. Powerplant Installation—Vibration not have adequate energy to penetrate
those limits can be exceeded, there must Levels engine cowlings; or
be continuous indication to the flight Vibration levels throughout the (3) Assuming infinite fragment
crew of the status of that parameter with engine operating range must be energy, and analyzing the trajectory of
appropriate limitation markings. evaluated and: the probable fragments and components,
Instead of compliance with (1) Vibration levels imposed on the any hazard due to liberated engine parts
§ 23.1521(d), the applicant must comply airframe must be less than or equivalent or components will be minimized and
with the following: to those of the gasoline engine; or the possibility of crew injury
The minimum fuel designation (for (2) Any vibration level that is higher eliminated. Minimization must be
diesel engines) must be established so than that imposed on the airframe by considered during initial design and not
that it is not less than that required for the replaced gasoline engine must be presented as an analysis after design
the operation of the engines within the considered in the modification and the completion.
limitations in paragraphs (b) and (c) of effects on the technical areas covered by
§ 23.1521. Issued in Kansas City, Missouri, on July 11,
the following paragraphs must be 2006.
11. Markings and Placards— investigated: 14 CFR 23.251; 23.613; Steve W. Thompson,
Miscellaneous Markings and Placards— 23.627; 23.629 (or CAR 3.159, as Acting Manager, Small Airplane Directorate,
Fuel, Oil, and Coolant Filler Openings applicable to various models); 23.572; Aircraft Certification Service.
(Compliance With § 23.1557(c)(1) 23.573; 23.574 and 23.901. [FR Doc. E6–11474 Filed 7–19–06; 8:45 am]
Requirements) Vibration levels imposed on the
BILLING CODE 4910–13–P
airframe can be mitigated to an
Instead of compliance with acceptable level by utilization of
§ 23.1557(c)(1), the applicant must isolators, dampers, clutches, and similar
comply with the following: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
provisions, so that unacceptable
Fuel filler openings must be marked vibration levels are not imposed on the
at or near the filler cover with— Federal Aviation Administration
previously certificated structure.
For diesel engine-powered
airplanes— 14. Powerplant Installation—One 14 CFR Part 23
(a) The words ‘‘Jet Fuel’’; and Cylinder Inoperative [Docket No. CE244, Special Condition 23–
(b) The permissible fuel designations, It must be shown by test or analysis, 184A–SC]
or references to the Airplane Flight or by a combination of methods, that the
Manual (AFM) for permissible fuel airframe can withstand the shaking or Special Condition; Avidyne
designations. vibratory forces imposed by the engine Corporation, Inc.; Various Airplane
(c) A warning placard or note that if a cylinder becomes inoperative. Diesel Models; Protection of Systems for
states the following or similar: engines of conventional design typically High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF)
‘‘Warning—this airplane equipped have extremely high levels of vibration AGENCY: Federal Aviation
with an aircraft diesel engine, service when a cylinder becomes inoperative. Administration (FAA), DOT.
with approved fuels only.’’ No unsafe condition will exist in the ACTION: Amended final special
The colors of this warning placard case of an inoperative cylinder before conditions; request for comments.
should be black and white. the engine can be shut down. The
resistance of the airframe structure, SUMMARY: These amended special
12. Powerplant—Fuel System—Fuel-
propeller, and engine mount to shaking conditions are issued to Avidyne
Freezing
moment and vibration damage must be Corporation, 55 Old Bedford Road,
If the fuel in the tanks cannot be investigated. It must be shown by test or Lincoln, MA 01773. This is an
shown to flow suitably under all analysis, or by a combination of amendment to special condition 23–
possible temperature conditions, then methods, that shaking and vibration 184–SC, which was published on May
fuel temperature limitations are damage from the engine with an 23, 2006 (71 FR 29574), for installation
required. These will be considered as inoperative cylinder will not cause a of an EFIS manufactured by Avidyne on
part of the essential operating catastrophic airframe, propeller, or various models. The original issue left
parameters for the aircraft and must be engine mount failure. off the Cirrus Design Corporation SR22,
limitations.
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