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SPE 26588
API Tank Vapors Project
M.S. Choi, Conoco Inc.
SPE Member
II
Copyright 1993, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 68th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in Houston, Texas, 3-6 October 1993.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect
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Abstract
The E&P industry has tens of thousands of field storage
tanks in produced oil service. Most of the tanks do not
have vapor recovery and the evolved gases are vented to
the atmosphere. With the implementation of the 1990
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), the industry is faced
with the need to quantify its emissions. These emissions
inventories must be broken down by components due to
the distinction placed upon the category of HazardOUS Air
Pollutant (HAP).
Hl.P enr""I"""
L~
Vapor Rate?
C<ln'po5ill t. Ion?
Background
The E&P industry has literally tens of thousands of field
storage tanks in produced oil and water services. Most of
the tanks do not have vapor recovery and the evolved
With the
gases are vented to the atmosphere.
implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
(CAAA) by the states, the industry is faced with the need
791
VENT
VENT
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!
!i...
.._.._..
.._.._.. _..
01 I Pulp
..
Figure 1
In addition to the HAPs, quantifying VOC emissions from
field storage tanks has also proved to be a problem. The
accepted method of estimating "storage tank" vapor rates
is AP-42. AP-42 was developed for tanks that store
hydrocarbon products (material with Reid vapor pressure of
12 psia or less). In contrast, the fluids that flow into a field
storage tank are usually "live" and have true vapor
pressures upward of 35 psia. Although it is generally
acknowledged that AP-42 method does not provide realistic
emission rates for field tanks, it is nonetheless being used
by most operators for lack of a better alterative.
It was clear that a more appropriate method must be
developed if the E&P industry is to quantify HAP and VOC
SPE 26588
792
SPE 26588
M. S. CHOI
Complete compositional analysis of the lowpressure separator oil and the separator operating
conditions (temperature and pressure).
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V.par
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c~rtron?
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793
Fractional
distillation
to
approximate
the
"weathering" effects which are responsible for the
working and breathing emissions.
SPE 26588
or on a component basis,
SteDl11zQr GIS
8
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cr API
N,
E-L+VKJ
I
I
c:r_1
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Figure 3
and
E Y,
E Kl<J
1.0
794
SPE 26588
M. S. CHOI
Process Simulators
Most commercially available process simulation software
has the capability to calculate tank vapors generation.
They differ in flexibility and the thermodynamic property
packages available to perform the required unit operations.
Programs designed for the PC's (personal computers) are
more economical to run than the ones for the main frames.
Conoco is currently using Hyprotech's HYSIM process
simulation program. HYSIM is PC based and is relatively
user friendly. Some other simulators commonly used by
E&P companies for this type of calculation are Simulation
Sciences Inc.'s PROCESS or PROII, CHEMSHARE, GPASIM
and ASPEN. To avoid confusion, the API tank vapor
project has standardized on HYSIM and Ping-Robinson's
equation-of-state for the thermodynamic properties.
Flesh
Apper~tus
n--moco"",l ..
(70F)
Manometer
r----{p
r----f-+-f-
---.:C~8:.,ps re)
SOCcc
Genter.....,-
1 - - - - - \ ICnown W<>lghi
Cono5t~nt
T_er~ture
Hg PLlllP
Figure 4
1) The flash
rectangle).
evacuated
system is
bath.
795
SPE 26588
796
SPE 26588
M. S. CHOI
Sampling instructions.
Conclusion
Process simulation appears to be the best candidate for a
cost-effective method of estimating field storage tank HAP
and VOC emissions. Preliminary review and testing yield
consistent and reasonable results. The API tank vapor
project was created to refine and validate the method, gain
regulatory acceptance for the method as the industry
standard for emission inventory calculations, and if
possible, develop an even lower-cost method in the form of
a simplified correlation.
At the completion of the API tank vapor project, the
industry will have:
797
Nomenclature
Ki
Ni
Xi
Yi
l
V
Olnlet
Ov.par
0Liquid
Acknowledgements
The author thanks API and Conoco for permission to
publish this work, and recognizes the important
contributions made by members of the API Clean Air Issue
Work Group.
Reference
1. Choi, M.S.:"Estimation Method Development, VOCand
HAP Emissions from E&P Oil Field Storage Tanks,"
project proposal submitted to API Clean Air Issues
Work Group, October 1, 1992.
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SPE 26588