Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Space
Nine planets are : Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune
Mnemonic
My Very Efficient Mother just showed us nine planet
Asteroids :- tiny bodies which also moves around the sun example ceres
meteroids :- small pieces of rocks that also revolves around sun
ISRO (indian space research organisation ) :- launches satellites for india
space commission formulates ploicies and programmes for isro .
Launch Vehicle
what is a launch vehicle ?
Launch Vehicles are used to transport and put satellite or spacecrafts into space.
Satellite Launch Vehicle :- 4 stage launcher project by isro to develop technology needed to launch
satellite
Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) :- project to place five-stage ASLV into low earth orbit
in order to develop technology needed for payload to be placed in geostationery orbit .
Polar sattelite launch vehicle (PSLV) :- Expandable launch system for the purpose to develop indian
remote sensing satellite .
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) :- expandable launch system to develop its INSAT
sattelite into geostationery orbit and to make india less dependent on foreign players . more powerful
than PSLV.Requires a cryogenic engine.
A cryogenic engine is one that uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidiser, that is, its fuel or oxidiser (or both) is
gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures
Orbit
Geocentric Orbit :- Orbit around earth
Altitude classification of geocentric orbit
Low earth orbit :- upto 2000 m
medium earth orbit :- 2000 to geostationery orbit
geostationery orbit:- orbital time period equals to 24 hr , used for communication purposes , always
appers to be at fixed point , type of equitorial orbit. So main advantage is that geostationery sattelite
remains over same place and provide better service to a single country. If geostationery orbit is too
much crowded then threat of collission between tracked satellite and large debris increases .
so what is an equitorial and polar orbit ?
In equitorial orbit satellite at any time remains above the equator of earth moving either east or west
overhead , satellite launched as close to the equator as possible
polar orbits are inclined nearly 90 degree from the equator , launched from higher altitude
surfaces.
Que Trace the progress of India's Space Research Programmes? What are its significant achievements?
Ans 1969 ISRO set up , 1975 1st aryabhata launched
Satellites
(Indian National Satellite System):- Geostationery satellites for communication ,meteorological ,
search and rescue operation . 10 satellites in service
IRS( Indian Remote Sensing ) :- Remote sensing is a technique to get infoemation of an object through
analysis of data that are in form of electromagnetic radiations by special instruements that are not in
physical contact with it. It is mostly used for surveying area to get millions of data from an object
surface. It increses accuracy in measuring dimension of the object. Remote sensors include
photographic camera,mechanical scanners and imaging radar system.11 satellites that can provide a
better resolution of 1m .
Satellite Navigation
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) :- main aim is to access gps technology . It
provides 2 types of services
1) Standard Positioning Service:- for civilian use
2) Restricted service :- for military persons
GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmunted Navigation ) :- Implemented by isro and airport authority of
india to carry out operation for safety of life .
Launch Vehicle
PSLV
GSLV
Satellite Applications
SatCom Applications
Remote Sensing Applications:- IRS data is used for various planning purposes like forest mapping
,urban planning , identifying mineral zones and much more
Village Resource Center's (VRC) :-skill development institue or experts provide education to rural
areas through village resource center's
Que What are VSATs? What are they used for?
Ans Very Small Aperture Terminal is an earthbound station used in satellite communications of data,
voice and video signals excluding broadcast television .It consisits of two parts Transceiver that is
plcaed otdoor in direct line of sight of satellite and another device is placed indoors that interpret the
signals such as a pc .
Lunar Eclipse:-occurs when Earth's shadow blocks the suns light i.e. sun , earth and moon
are in a straight line which happens onlly once a month. So why not lunar eclipse every month
because usually shadow of earth falls above or below the moon surface when it fall exactly on
moon sarface then lunar eclipse occurs.
so lunar eclipse is visible only in that half portion of earth whish have night. It means you can
not see lunar eclipse in day time. Lunar eclipse occurs only on that part of earth which have
full moon night because Moon has to be behind Earth for full moon - that's when we see the
biggest part of it . Another question arises that why moon appears to be red during lunar eclipse
its answer lies in dispersion of shorter wavelength in atmosphere only longer wavelength
reaches us . If earth has no atmosphere then moon looks copletely black in eclipse.
Solar eclipse :-A Solar Eclipse occurs when the moon goes in front of the sun and blocks
most of the sun's light from the earth. During a total eclipse all you can see from earth is a ring
of light around the moon which is part of the sun the moon did not cover. It is dangerous to
look at a solar eclipse directly, even if you have sun glasses or smoked glass. It is better to view
solar eclipses through a pin hole projector.
Black hole:- A celestial body whose surface gravity is so strong that not even light can escape
once trapped. a black hole is invisible So if light cannot escape, nothing else can.
Comet:-A comet is a small member of the solar system made up of rocky material held
together by frozen gases When a comet approaches the sun its tail is following. When it moves
away from the sun its tail is leading the comet.
Constellation :-A constellation is a group of stars visible within a particular region of the night
sky. Some were named after animals and some mythological characters. Some Constellations
can be viewed after sunset and before sunrise . you can't see constellations during the day
because the sun's light is too bright to see star light.on equator you can view all the
constellations in a year. On North or South Pole, you will only be able to see the part of the sky
above you.
Phases of moon :- Throughout each month the moon will change from a crescent shape to a full
moon. The stages in between are called phases. After seven days the moon will change from a
crescent to a half moon. For the next seven days the moon will change from being a half moon
to a full moon. The reason why it has full and half moons depends on how the sunlight reflects
off of the surface of the moon and how much of it we can see. The shadow on the moon always
goes from east to west. The line that divides the part we can see from the dark part is called the
terminator.
Meteor
A meteoroid that burns up as it passes through the Earths atmosphere is known as a meteor. If
youve ever looked up at the sky at night and seen a streak of light or shooting star what you
are actually seeing is a meteor.
Meteorite
A meteoroid that survives falling through the Earths atmosphere and colliding with the Earths
surface is known as a meteorite.
Measuring instruements
1. Hydrometer Measuring the density or relative density of liquids. Based on
floatation principle.
2. Magnetron Produces microwave. Used in ovens.
3. Actinometer Used to measure intensity of electromagnetic radiation
4. Altimeter Aneroid barometer for measuring altitude.
5. Bolometer For measuring heat radiation
6. Dasymeter Measuring density of gas
7. Galvanometer Used for detecting small electric currents.
8. Gyroscope Determine orientation in aircraft, ships etc.
Sappan Wood or East Indian real wood is a multipurpose tree. It is a small thorny
spreading tree that up to 10m in height and the wood reaches 15-30 cm in diameter.
In India it is cultivated in gardens and nurseries as a live fence plants in parts of Tamil
Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal
6. IPCC Report on Global Warning:
Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of
increases in global average air and ocean temperature, widespread melting of snow and
ice, and rising global mean sea level.
The report said man-made emissions of greenhouse gases can already be blamed for
fewer cold days, hotter nights, heat waves, floods and heavy rains, devasting drought,
and an increase in hurricane and tropical-storm strengths.
7.What is firewall?
It is a technique related to security regarding computers. It allows only those programs
to the computer which are permitted and restrict any other unwanted command and data.
8. What is malware?
This software is made to harm any computer system. Computer users are unknown to
the term malware and many a times they miSunderstand it with virus.
9. Discuss the missile technology initiatives undertaken by India.
(i) MPEG: Moving Picture Expert Group.
(ii) HTML : Hyper Text Markup Language.
(iii) ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
10.What is Root Kit?
By Root kit a special program is directed which can destroy the whole operation system
and it can steal information from a group.
11.What is computer architecture?
Computer architecture is a computer technique which helps in various areas and subjects
related to designing.
12.What do you understand by a search engine in computer?
Internet search engines (eg Google, AltaVista) help users find web pages on a given
subject. The search engines maintain databases of web sites and use programs (often
referred to as "spiders" or "robots") to collect information, which is then indexed by the
search engine.
13. Expand the following
(i) CAD: Computer Aided Design
(ii) CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing
(iii) CIM: Computer Integrated Manufacturing
14.Explain what is Thin Film Memory in computers?
Thin film memory is a high-sped variation of core memory developed by Sperry Rand in
a government-funded research project. Instead of threading individual ferrite cores on
wires, a thin film (4 millionths of an inch thick) of iron- nickel alloy (called permalloy)
was deposited as small dots (using a mask) on small glass plates, by vacuum evaporation
techniques.
15.Write a short note on Artificial Intelligence.
A branch of computer science that studies how to endow computers with capabili: ties of
human intelligence. For example, speech recognition is a problem being worked on by
A1 scientists.
16.Who are called Hackers in computer world?
A hacker is someone who creates and modifies computer software and computer hardware, including computer programming, administration, and security-related items.
The term usually bears strong connotations, but may be either favorable or denigrating
depending on cultural context (see the Hacker definition controversy). Common
definitions include.
17.What do you understand by E- governance?
E-governance refers to the use of information and communications technologies to
improve the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of government.
18.What is URL?
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, the global address of documents and other
resources on the World Wide Web.
19.What do the following stand for?
(i) CD-ROM: Compact Disk-Read Only Memory
launches a programme which searches for other internet locations, infecting them if it
can. At no time does the worm need user assistance (accidental or not) in order to
operate its programming. Moreover, the worm travels over the internet, so all machines
attached to an infected machine are at risk of attack. DDOS- Distributed Denial of
Service
26. What do the following stand for?
(i) POSsIX: Portable Operating System Interface.
(ii) EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read only Memory.
(iii) MODEM: Modulator-Demodulator.
(iv) COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language.
27. What is a digital camera?
A digital camera has no film but a server converts light into an image that can be stored
on a computer or printed out on a desktop printer.
28. What is firewall in computer Language?
Firewall is the safety valve for the computer not allowing others to reach the converted
programmes.
29. What is multimedia?
Multimedia uses audio, video, virtual reality technique, telephony etc. at the same time.
30. What do the following stand for?
(i) HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language.
(ii) FTP: File Transfer Protocol.
(iii) MFLOPS: Million Floating Points Option Per Second.
(iv) PLANIT: Planit website has won 5 web awards.
31. What is Piracy?
Piracy is duplicating the original one and selling it through black marketing.
32.What is "handshake" in computer language?
In computer language 'handshake' is the sequence of messages exchanged between two
or more network devices to ensure transmission synchronisation.