LINEAR ALGEBRA WORKBOOK

September 2014

Chapter 1
Matrices and Linear Systems
1.1
1.1.1

Linear System and Matrix

Linear System and Matrix

Exercises
Ex0. Which of the following systems are linear

x
+
x

2x
=
0
x
+
2
x2 2x3

1
2
3
1

4x
3x1 4x2 + x3
3x3 = 2
2

3
x1
x1 + 2x2 + 4x3
7x2 + 4x3 = 5

=3

x + 3xy 4y

=2

11x + y

= 3

=9
=3

Ex1. Rewrite the following linear systems into the matrix forms

x y + 3z
=1

2x
+
x
=
1

1
3
4

x
+ 2z = 2
4x
=
2
2 x3 3x4

2x + 2y z = 3

x 1

+ 4x3
=0

3x + y 3z = 1

2y

+ 3t

=0

+ 2z t = 2

Ex2. Multiply matrices below

a) A(BC) and (AB)C
b) (AD)C and A(DC)

1 2 1
4 13 5

where A =
0 1 2 B = 2 5 2
1 1 6
1 3 1
3

c) BD and DB

11 2

C= 1 3

2 3

d) BA and AB

1 2 0

D=
1 1 3
1 0 2

CHAPTER 1. MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

Compare each pair of products.

NOTE. Because this equality A(BC) = (AB)C is true for all matrices A, B, C such that
all these multiplications exist, we now denote the product by ABC.
Ex3. Find the following products

a)

h
i 3

0 2 1 1
1

b)

2 h
i

2 1 2
1

c)

2 1

i
1 2 2
2
1

Ex4. Do these products exist? Find the product when it exists.

a) AB

b) AC

where A =

Ex5. Compute

1 0 1
2 1 2

c) CA

B=

d) DB

2 5 2
1 3 1

the product

201
1 99
0 0

2
100
3
1 0

55
1 5
0 1

e) DC
0

C=
1
2

2 1

201

100

55

99

D=

1 2 0

1 0 0

0 1 0
3

0 0 1
5

Give an observation about the results obtained when we multiply a matrix (of a suitable size)
by matrix

1 0 0

I3 =
0
1
0

0 0 1
on the left and on the

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

right.

201 1 99

22 503 3

5
1 95

0 0 1

1 0 0

0 0 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 1 0

201

100

55

99

201

100

55

99

1.1. LINEAR SYSTEM AND MATRIX

Give observations about rows of the result matrix gotten when we multiply a matrix (having
3 rows) respectively by matrices

0 0 1

P31 =
0 1 0
1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

; P21 = 1 0 0 ; P312 = 1 0 0

0 0 1
0 1 0

on the left. Similarly, find a matrix (of size 3 3) which is multiplied on the left of every
matrix (having 3 rows) to make this matrix exchange row 2 and row 3 and keep row 1 in the
result

92

matrix.

79

50

0 1 0 ;
3

9
1 0 0

0 0 1

92 50

8 1

79

0 1 0

1 0 0 ;
3

9
0 0 1

92 50

8 1

79

0 0 1

1 0 0
3

9
0 1 0

Give observations about columns of the result matrix gotten by multiplying a matrix (having
3 columns) respectively by matrices

0 1 0
0 0 1

1 0 0 ;
;
P
=
P31 =
0
1
0
21

0 0 1
1 0 0

0 0 1

P312 =
1
0
0

0 1 0

on the right. Find a matrix (of size 3 3) which is multiplied on the right of every matrix
A (having 3 columns) to get the result matrix whose columns in order from left to right are
column 3, column 1 and then column 2 of A.
Ex6. Compute the following products

1 0 0
a1 b1 c1 d1

k 1 0 a1 b2 c2 d2

0 0 1
a3 b 3 c 3 d 3

1 0 0 0

a1 b 1 c 1

0 1 0 0 a b c
1
2
2

0 0 1 0 a3 b 3 c 3

k 0 0 1
X Y Z

Now compare the result matrix with the matrix on the right of each product above to give
some observations. Find a 3 3 matrix A such that when we multiply A by any matrix B
(having 3 rows), the result matrix keeps row 1 and row 2 of B and its row 3 is sum of row 3
of B and 3 times row 2 of B.
Ex7. Calculate the matrix multiplications then compare two result matrices.

1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0

C=
D=
k 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 k 1 0
0 0 1
h 0 1
h 0 1
0 0 1

CHAPTER 1. MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

Now multiply matrix C by any matrix B (having 3 rows), then observe the rows of result
matrix in concerning with rows of B. For example,

a b

B=
X Y
x y

take

Find a 4 4 matrix P and a 3 3 matrix Q such that

a b c 1
a
b
c

X Y Z 1
X
Y
Z

P
=
x y z 1 x s + 2X y u + 2Y z v + 2Z

s u v w
s
u
v

2 3 0 3
0 2 1 2

= 1 2 2 0
Q
1
2
2
0

1 3 1 1
1 3
1 1
Ex8. Determine the products below

2
1 0 0

k 1 0 ,

0 0 1
Ex9 . Show

then

in general case (for power of n)

n

1
0 0
0

nk

=
0
1
0

1
n ka na 1

where n := 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + (n 1) =
Show that for every n 2

1 0 0

find the general result with respect to n

3

n
0 0
1 0 0

k 1 0
,
.
.
.
,
1 0

0 1
0 0 1

that the following equality is accurate.

2

3
0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1

k 1 0 =
1 0
3k
= 2k 1 0 ,

a 1
ka 2a 1
0 a 1
(1 + 2)ka

Use induction to prove the equality

1 0

k 1

0 a

n(n 1)
2

k 1 0 =
nk
1
0

b a 1
n ka + nb na 1

3a 1
1

1.1. LINEAR SYSTEM AND MATRIX

Ex10. Give the linear systems

2x y

=0

x + 2y

= 15

(1)

x y

=1

(2)

x y

=3

(3)

2x + y

=3

(5)

(4)

6x + 3y

=9

(6)

Use determinant of order 2 to determine if a system has some solutions or not. If it has a
unique solution, find it.
Draw the lines whose the equations are (1) and (2) respectively in xy-plane. Then find the
insection of two these lines. Compare the coordinates of the intersect point with the solution
we found before.
Draw the lines having their equations (3) and (4) respectively. Observe about their intersection.
Draw the lines having their equations (5) and (6) respectively. Observe about their intersection.
Ex11. Give the equations of three lines in xy plane
ax + by = k
cx + dy = h
mx + ny = l
Decribe the relative position of these lines when the system with these three equations
has no solution
has a unique solution
has more than one solution. In this case, determine how many solution this system could
have.
Ex12. Use the substitution method to solve the linear systems

2x y + z = 0
(1)
x
+ 2z = 1
(a)
2x + y z

x + 2y z = 3
(2)
2x y + z
=3
(b)
2y + z

4x y
3x y + 3z = 2
4x
=4
(3)
(c)
3z

(i)

(ii)

= 1

(iii)

For each system, daw the pictures of all of its equations in the Cartesian coordinate system.
Determine their insection if it exists.

CHAPTER 1. MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

Ex13. Find the column 2 and row 3 of the result matrix of the product

2
4
3

1 1 0 0

2
2
3

0 2 3 1

1 2 2

1 2 0 3
3
0 1
Ex14. Suppose linear system Ax = b has at least one solution, where A = (aij )1im is a
1jn

m n matrix. Show that the system can not have exactly two solutions. That means that if
this systems is consistent, it has either only one solution or infinitively many solutions.

1.1.2

Gaussian Elimination

Ex1. Which of the following matrices are echelon. For each matrix, if it is not echelon,
use Elementary Row Operations to change

1 1 0 0

B=
A=

0
2
0
0

0 0 0 3

it into the row echelon form.

0
0 1 0 2 1

3
0 2 0 0 0

C=
0
0 0 0 0 0

0
0 0 2 0 0

2 1

0 1
1

Ex2. Solve the systems by using Gaussian Elimination

2x1
+ x3

x1 + 2x2 + 3x3

x1 + x2 2x3

=4
=0
=1

x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 x4

2x2 + 2x3 + x4

3x1 + 4x2 + 7x3

=4
= 5
=5

x1 x2

x1 + 2x2

3x1 + x2

2x 3x
1
2

Ex3. Use Gaussian Elimination to find b such that the following systems have
only one solution.
more than one solution, find 3 particular solutions of the systems in this cases.
no solution.

x1 2x2 + x3

2x1 + x2 + 3x3

x1 + x2 + bx3

=3
=4
=0

x1
x3 + 2x4

2x1 x2
+ 4x4

2x1 x2 + 4x3 7x4

=0
=2
=b

=1
=3
= 1
=0

1.1. LINEAR SYSTEM AND MATRIX

Ex4. Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the systems

x + 2y

=3

x + y

= 3

x+y+z

x + y

=2
= 2

y 4z

3x y + 2z

2x + y + 2z

x + 2y + 3z

2x
+z

x1 + 2x2
x4

2x2 2x3 + x4 + x5

3x1 + x2
+ x4 + 2x5

= 9

= 2
=3
=7

=0

x
+ 2z

2x y

= 11

=5
=8

=8
z + 3t

2x + y

=8

=4

+ 4t = 4

Ex5. Solve two systems following at the same time by applying Gauss-Jordan elimination on
the extra augmented matrix with two extra columns are the right hand side column vectors
of two systems.

x + y 2z

x + 2y + 3z

2x + 3y + z

=3

=5

=4

Notation. Here 2 systems have the same left hand side of all their equations. Right hand
side of the first system is the column 1 of the right hand side matrix. And that of the second
system is the column 2 of this matrix.
Hint: Use Gauss-Jordan elimination on the extra augmented matrix

1 2 3

Aext =
1 2
2 3

5 7

4 7

3
1

These system can be rewritten in form of the matrix equation (in which matrix is considered
as unknowns) as the following

1 2

1 2

2 3

5 7
X
=
3

1
4 7

10

CHAPTER 1. MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

where X is a 3 2 matrix with 2 columns: column 1 is the solution of system 1, column 2 is

the solution of system 2.

x1 x2

X=
y1 y2
z1 z2
Ex6. Solve the matrix equation by using Gauss-Jordan elimination (see Ex5 )

1.2
1.2.1

1 2
2

X =

0 1

1 7 12

Basic Operations and Rank

Basic Operations

Exercises
Ex1. Calculate
A+B

AB

A2B

AD +BD
2

2 1

where A =
1 7
2

(A+B)D

B=
3 2
3 1

(A+B)2
11

A2 +AB +BA+B 2

2 2

D=
1
5

3 0

Check that AD + BD = (A + B)D and (A + B)2 = A2 + AB + BA + B 2

Compute (AD)T and DT AT , then compare two results to make clear the equality
(AD)T = DT AT .
Ex2. Find example about nonzero matrices A, B satisfying AB = O. Then show that there
is matrices A, C, D such that AC = AD but A, C, D are nonzero matrices.
Hint. (Consider matrices of size 2 2) Rewrite B to sum of two nonzero matrices (of the same
size as B) C and D : B = C D. Thus, O = AB = A(C D) = AC AD, so AD = AC
Ex3. Show that the product of two lower (respectively upper ) triangular matrices of size 3
is also a lower (res. upper) triangular matrix. Prove this property for general case, triangular
matrices of size n.
Ex4. a. Find square matrices A, B(B 6= I2 ) of size 2 such that A2 = I2 , B 2 = I2 .

1.2. BASIC OPERATIONS AND RANK

11

b. Compute

a 0 0

x b 0

0 y c
Then find a, b, c, x, y such
is I3 (the found matrix is not identity matrix)
that the product

1 1 2
. Compare the matrices 2A and A+A, 3A and A+A+A.
Ex5. Give matrix A =
3 1 3
Try to prove that kA = |A + A +
{z. . . + A} for all m n matrix A and k is a natural number.
k times

Ex6. a.Find a 2 2 matrix B satisfying one of the conditions below

BA = 2A for every matrix A (having 2 rows)
BA = 2B for every matrix A (of size 2 2)
B 2 = B (B 6= I2 , O2 )
B 2 = 2B (B 6= O2 )
b. Try to find a n n matrix B that satisfies each condition above.
Ex7. (Multiplication on block matrices) Compute the products

AB

EC

DC

where A =
2

C=

1 0 0
0 1 0

2
;
6 5

a c

D=
c b
d a

A E
I3 D

E=
4 111
2 13

Then check the equalities below for the block matrices

A E
B
AB + EC

I3 D
C
BI3 + DC

13 3 4

B=
6
2

I3

1 2

0 1

12

CHAPTER 1. MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

Ex8. a. Calculate and compare two products AT A and (AT A)T where

A=

1 3
3

2
1

b. Prove that AT A = (AT A)T and AAT = (AAT )T for every matrix A of size m n.
Note. A n n matrix B satisfying the equality B = B T is called a symmetric matrix. In this
exercise, matrices AT A and AAT are symmetric.
2
Ex9. Check that the following matrix A is
guaranteed
A + A 2I2 = O2 ,
3 1
.
where O2 is the 2 2 zero matrix and A =
2 0

Check the equality when substituting A by matrix B = AT .

Compute A3 +4A2 +2A6I2 . (Hint:Apply the expansion (t+3)(t2 +t2) = t3 +4t2 +2t6)

1.2.2

Rank of Matrix

Ex1. Find the rank of matrices

2 3 0 1

A=
3
1
2
1

4 6 0 2

3 1 1

2 3
2

B=
0
2
3

1 2
2

3 3
2

3 1 2

2 1 0 1

C=
4 2 5 1

1 2 2 2

3 1 1

4 3 0

D=

1 0 0

7 4 1

1 1 1
1

1
1 1 1

E=

1
1
1
1

1 1
1
1

1 3

F =
5

Ex2. Determine such that the rank of matrix A is 2, where

1 2 2

a)A =
2
3 1

2 3 1

b)A =

3 1 1

1 1 1

3 2 2 1

c)A =
1 0

3 2 1

1.2. BASIC OPERATIONS AND RANK

13

Ex3. a. Compare the rank and the number min{m, n} where m, n are the number of rows
and columns respectively of the matrices in Ex1.
b. In general, where matrix A has size of m n, prove that rank(A) min{m, n}.
Ex4. a. Find the rank of matrices A, B, A + B, AC where

2 2 1
3

A=
2
3 1 1

0 2 1 2

2 1
0 2

B=
4 5 3 1
1
3
1
2

3 5

C=

1 2

3 1

Compare rank(A + B) and rank(A) + rank(B); rank(AC) and min{rankA, rankC}.

b. Prove for all m n echelon matrices A, B and a n p echelon matrix C that
rank(A + B) rank(A) + rank(B)
rank(AC) min{rankA, rankC}
Note. In general, where A, B, C are no longer in echelon form, two inequalities are still true.
(Exercise in Chapter 2)
Ex5. Matrix A0 is called a submatrix of matrix A if A0 is given from A by deleting some rows
and some columns.
a. Let A0 be a submatrix of A given by deleting row 1 of A. Find rank(A0 ) and rank(A) and
then compare two these numbers.
b. Prove that rank(A0 ) rank(A) for every submatrix A0 of a m n matrix A.
Hint. Think about Elementary Row Operations applied on A to change it into the echelon
form and the changes these Rows Operations make on the submatrix A0 of A.
Ex6. Find a such that each of the following systems has
no solution.
a unique solution.
infinitively many solutions.

2 1 2

a)
0 3

x1

x2 = 2
2

1 a 1
x3
1

1 1

b)
2

x1

x2 =

2
2
2 4 a + 12
x3
a a 13
0

14

CHAPTER 1. MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

c)

1 a1 1
0

1
0
a2
0

0
1
0 a1

d)

0
3
2

2
1
2

3
0
a

2 a2 + 2a + 5 3

3
8
y


3
z = 3

s
2
7

t

3
x

y =

a+8
z

Ex7. Solve the systems by using Gauss-Jordan Elimination

2x
+
y
=
5
2x + y

x + y
x + y + z
=2

3x y

2x + 3y

= 9

3x y + 2z

2x + 3y

=7

x1 + x2 + 3x3

3x1 + 4x2
+ 2x4 + 3x5

2x1 3x2 + 3x3 2x4 3x5

=8
= 1
=9

=5
=2
= 9
=7

2x1 + 3x2

2x4

x1 2x2 + x3 + x4

=1
=1

Express the solution in form of column vectors where the column vector whose components
are dependent variables is represented by a linear combination of constant column vectors.
For each system, check in case the system is consistent that:
(rank of matrix of coefficients) + (number of free variables)=(number of variables)

1.3
1.3.1

Determinant and Application

Determinant

Ex0. a.Prove that

Determinant is zero if it has a zero row (respectively zero column).
Determinant is zero if it has two same rows (respectively columns). Therefore, determinant
is zero if it has one row (res. column) equal to multiple of another row (res. column) with a

1.3. DETERMINANT AND APPLICATION

15

number.
Write down the formula of expanding determinant (of oder n) along the column j.
b.Use properties of determinant to show that all the determinants following are zero





 2 1 




 0 0 


 2 1 3


 2 1 3


 321 1 3


 0 1 3


 2 1 3


 21 1 3



a 

1 b 1 3 b 

1 c + 1 2 c 

2 d 2 4 d 
1 a 1


 0 1 3


 2 1 3


 4 3 9

Ex1. Evaluate the determinants


 2 1 2


 2 3
1


 1
3 2





 2 1 




2
3





1 

1 1 

2 2 

0
1 



0 

2 3
1
0 

1
3 2 0 

11 21 99 2 
1

Ex2. Use the method introduced in Practice to find the determinant of 3 3 matrices

A=
2
1

3
3

3 1

B=
2
0

0
3

C=
6
3
1

0 7 2

Ex3. Compute the determinant of matrices by using Elementary Row Operations to change
matrices into the triangular form.

2 1 2

2 3

1
3 2

1
3
3
0

2 3

0
5
1

2 3
2 1

3
3 2 1

5 3 1 0

2 1 4

2 3 0

1
0 0

Ex4. Expand the determinants along a appropriate row or column then compute them












2 3

0 2 1


 2 2 2


 2 2 1


 0 0 1

0 2

2 1

11 0 1

23 0 0



0 

0
0
0
2 3 

3
0
0
1
0 

5
6 2 3 9 

1 3 1
2
4 
2

16

CHAPTER 1. MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

Ex5. Evaluate the determinants by expanding them along: a. row 3

b. column 2






0
3
0 
 2 3






 0 0 0 2 
 3 0 0 
 0


0
0
2 3 



 2 3 2 1 






 2 3 2 
 3


0
0
1
0 



 3 11 0 1 






 3 11 2 
 5

6
2
3
9




 5 23 0 0 


 1 3 1
2
4 
Ex6. a. Observe the pair of

 2


 2


 3


 2























b. Try to prove




 A O 

 = |A||C|


 B C 

numbers below

3 0 0 

4 0 0 
 and
2 1 1 

1 2 2 


4 

0 0 5 4 

3 2 1 1 

2 1 2 4 

 2 3 2 1


 2 4 2 3


 0 0 3 2


 0 0 4 3

2 3 2 4 

2 4 1 1 

3 2 0 0 

2 1 0 0 
0



 2 3


 2 4

 

 

  1 1 
.

 

  2 2 

0 3



 O B


 C A

and

and

and




 = |C||B|




 

 
 3 2   3 4
.

 
 2 1   5 4



 2 3


 2 4

 
 
  3 2
.
 
  4 3


 

 
 3 2   2 4

.

 
 2 1   1 1



 A B


 O C




 = |A||C|





 A B


 C O




 = |C||B|



where A, B, C, O are square matrices of size n, with O is the zero matrix.

Read the proof below and illustrate all steps of proof by a specified example of 3 3
matrices A, B, C.

1.3. DETERMINANT AND APPLICATION

17

Proof. Suppose that A = (aij )1i,jn . Consider the first determinant, the others prove
similarly.
Step 1. Expand the first


 A O
det(D) = 
 B C

determinant (of order 2n) along row 1




 = (1)1+1 a11 D11 + (1)1+2 a12 D12 + . . . + (1)1+n a1n D1n



where D1j (1 j n) is the determinant of order 2n 1 given from the determinant det(D)
by deleting row 1 and column j.




 A1j O(n1)n 
 where A1j , B 0
However, for each j = 1, 2, ..., n, D1j is also in form D1j = 

0
C
 B

are submatrices of A, B correspondingly, especially A1j is size of (n 1) (n 1).
Step 2. Expand each determinant D1j (of order now going down to 2n 1) along the first
row of A1j . For instance, with the first one, D11 , of such determinants, we have
0
0
0
D11 = a22 D22
+ (1)a23 D23
+ . . . + (1)2+n a2n D2n


 0

 A2k O(n2)n 
0
 (k = 2, ..., n) and A0 is a (n 2) (n 2) submatrix of A11 .
where D2k = 
2k

00
C
 B

Continue this process until Step n 1, then Step n,

Step n 1. Each expansion of the determinants (of order n + 2) in this step is in form








 anr O1n 
 anl O1n 




a(n1)q 
 + (1)a(n1)p 

C 
C 
 Bn1
 Bn1
Step n. Each expansion of the determinants (of order n + 1) in this step is in form




 anr O1n 

 = ans |C|


C 
 Bn1
Finally, combine n steps, we get
X

det(D) =

(1)(j1 ,j2 ,...,jn ) a1j1 a2j2 ...anjn |C|

1j1 ,j2 ,...,jn n

"
=

#
X

(1)(j1 ,j2 ,...,jn ) a1j1 a2j2 ...anjn |C| = |A||C|

1j1 ,j2 ,...,jn n

where each ordered ntuple (j1 , j2 , ..., jn ) is a permutation of {1, 2, ..., n} and (j1 , j2 , ..., jn ) =
0 or 1, depending on (j1 , j2 , ..., jn ).

18

CHAPTER 1. MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

Recommand. Expand the determinant following and all its subdeterminants along their first
row to make clear about a permutation and the function .




 a11 a12 a13 a14 


 a

 21 a22 a23 a24 


 a31 a32 a33 a34 




 a41 a42 a43 a44 
Note. Since this proof, we can imply that the formula




 A O 

 = |A||C|


 B C 
also works in case A is a m m matrix, C is a p p matrix. That means that A and C must
not have the same size.
c. The formula below for the determinant of a block matrix is incorrect




 A B 
 = |AD| |CB|



 C D 
where A, B, C, D

 1 2 3


 2 1 4


 1 3 1


 3 2 0

are square matrices of size n. Show this by comparing two numbers


4 



1 
1 2
1 7
1 3
3 4

det

 and det
2 1
0 5
3 2
4 1
7 

5 

Ex8. a. Compare each pair of following numbers


 2 3



 3 4

2 3 1
2

3 4 2
0
2 1 0
4

2 1
0

1 3
2 1
1

and

and





2 3   2 1 




3 4  0 2 


2 3 1   2 1 3 


3 4 2   0 2 1 


2 1 0   4 1 3 

b. Try to prove that det(AB) = det(A)det(B) for all n n matrices A, B.

Read the proof below and illustrate all steps of proof by a specified example of 3 3
matrices A, B.

1.3. DETERMINANT AND APPLICATION

19

Proof. Suppose that A = (aij )1i,jn , B = (bij )1i,jn . Consider the determinant following
(of order 2n)




 A O 




 In B 
By Ex7, this determinant is |A||B|. Morever, using Elementary Row Operations to transform
the determinant by the way following
Step 1. Multiply row n + i of the determinant by a1i then add this product into row 1 for
each i = 1, 2, ..., n. At the end of this step, row 1 of the determinant becames
h
i
0 0 ... 0 ...
{z
}
|
{z
}
|
n components n components
where the last n components is just the row vector
a11 B1 + a12 B2 + . . . + a1n Bn = (row 1 of A) times B = row 1 of AB
Here, Bj (j = 1, 2, ..., n) is the row j of matrix B.
Step 2. Multiply row n + i of the determinant by a2i then add this product into row 2 for
each i = 1, 2, ..., n. At the end of this step, row 2 of the determinant becames
h
i
0 0 ... 0 ...
|
{z
}
|
{z
}
n components n components
where the last n components is just the row vector
a21 B1 + a22 B2 + . . . + a2n Bn = (row 2 of A) times B = row 2 of AB
Continue this process up to Step n. Finally, we get the new determinant




 O AB 




 In B 
whose value is the same as before. However, by Ex7, we get the value of the new determinant
equal to | In |.|AB| = |AB|. So,

 


 

 A O   O AB 



 = |AB|
|A||B| = 
=

 In B   In B 

20

CHAPTER 1. MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

Ex9. a. Compute the determinants by using Elementary











1
1
1
1


 1 1 1 






 a a a a 



 1 2 3 4 
 a1 a2 a3 






2
2
2
2 

a1 a2 a3 a4 
 2 2 2 


 a1 a2 a3 

 3 3 3 3 

 a1 a2 a3 a4 



Row Operations
1


 1 4
16


 1 94 942


 1 184 1842

1.3.2



1 

a5 

a25 

a35 

a45 

a1 a2 a3 a4
a21 a22 a23 a24
a31 a32 a33 a34
a41 a42 a43 a44

b. Compute the determinants by using Elementary Column





 1

3 
2



 1 a1 a1 a1 
 1
 1 a a2 


1


1 


3
2



a
1
a
a
2


2
2
 1
 1 a2 a2 


2 


 1 a3 a2 a3 



3
3


 1
 1 a3 a23 



 1 a4 a24 a34 

 1
c. Calculate

Operations
a1

a21

a31

a41

a2 a22 a32 a42

a3 a23 a33 a43
a4 a24 a34 a44
a5 a25 a35 a45



1 

2 3 4
5 

4 9 16 25 

8 27 64 125 
1

Solving Linear Systems by using Determinant

Ex1. Solve the system using the determinant if it has only one solution

3x y
x 3y
x 3y = 2
= 2
(3)
(2)
(1)

9x 3y
2x 6y = 4
2x + y = 3

x 3y + z

(i) 2x + y 3z

2y z

(a)

=2
=3
=0

2x + y + z

(ii)
x + y 3z

x 2y + 10z

2x1
+ x3 2x4

x1 + x2 3x3

3x1 2x2

5x2

+ 3x4
+ 2x4

=4
= 3
= 1
=5

(b)

=2
=1
= 1

=1
=0

x 3y

(iii) 3x + 2y 2z

2x + 5y 2z

5x1
+ x3 2x4

x1 + x2 3x3

3x1 2x2

5x2

+ 3x4
+ 2x4

=3
=4
= 3

=4
= 3
= 1
=5

1.3. DETERMINANT AND APPLICATION

21

Ex2. Use Cramers rule to show that all homogenous linear systems Ax = On1 , where A
is a square matrix of nonzero determinant, have only one solution which is the zero solution
x = On1 .
Ex3. Consider the case where Cramers rule fails to solve the homogenous linear system Ax =
On1 , where A is n n matrix. That means that det(A) = 0. For example the homogenous
system

2x1 + x2 + 3x3

3x1 3x2 + x3

3x1
+ 10x3

3x1 x2 + 2x3 + 3x4

4x1 2x2 + x3 + 2x4

=0

=0
=0

=0

4x2 + x3 + 6x4

x + x + x + x
1
2
3
4

=0

=0
=0

Show that two these systems have infinitively many solutions. Show that in general case, such
systems have infinitively many solutions.
Ex4. Give of linear system Ax = b, where A is a square matrix of size n. Observe about
the relationship between the number of solutions and all determinants det(A), det(Aj ) (j =
1, 2, ..., n) when n = 2. Then give a prediction of that relationship in general case, as n 3.
Using Gaussian Elimination to solve the systems (i) (iii) and (a) (b) in Ex1 which do not
have a unique solution to check your prediction.
Ex5. Determine such that the systems below have a unique solution.

x ( 1)y + 2z + t

2y
+
2z
=
4

3x +
y + 2z
3x
+
y

z
=
3

2x
+z

2x 3y + z = 1

3y + 2z t

=2
=3
=2
=5

Ex6. Show that the equation of the line through the distinct points (a, b) and (c, d) can be
written


 x y 1


 a b 1


 c d 1

Ex7. Show that three points (a1 , b1 ), (a2 , b2 ) and


 a b 1
 1 1

 a2 b 2 1


 a3 b 3 1





=0



(a1 , b1 ) are collinear if and only if




=0




22

CHAPTER 1. MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS

Ex8. Show that the equation of the plane passing through three noncollinear points (a1 , b1 , c1 ),
(a2 , b2 , c2 ) and (a3 , b3 , c3 ) can be represented as












1.3.3

a1 b 1 c 1
a2 b 2 c 2
a3 b 3 c 3



1 

1 
=0
1 

1 

Invertible Matrix

Ex1. Find the matrix inverse (if it exists) of the matrices below by using two different
methods

1 2 0

A=
3 0 1
2 1 2

0 1 3

B=
0 0 1
2 1 3

a b

D=

c d

Ex2. a. Show that matrix B =

1 3

3 0 1 0

C=

0
1
3
3

1 1 2 2

1 1

E=
1
1

3 2
1

1
1

satisfies B 2 3B + 2I2 = O. Determine B 1 from

this equality.

b. Find A1 where A =
0 1
0
(We can check this equality)

3
2
1
and we know that A + A 5A 2I3 = O.
2

Ex3. Solve the linear systems below by finding the inverse of the matrix of coefficients for
each system.

2x 3y

=1

3x + y

=2

x 3y + z

2x + y 3z

2y z

=2
=3
=0

1.3. DETERMINANT AND APPLICATION

23

Ex4. a. Verify that

(AT )1 = (A1 )T

(AB)1 = B 1 A1

for all invertible matrices A, B of size n.

Is the assertion (A + B)1 = A1 + B 1 accurate? Illustrate this by an example of A, B.
Ex5. Show that the inverse of an upper (respectively lower) triangular matrix is also an upper
(res. lower) triangular matrix.
Hint. Using one of two methods finding the matrix inverse to prove.
Ex6. Suppose that A is an invertible matrix of size n satisfying AAT = In . Prove that
|A| = 1 or 1.
Ex7. Prove that (In A)1 = In + A + A2 + A3 if A4

1
0
0

1 1
0

B=
0 1 1

0
0 1

= O. Apply this to find B 1 where