RE: COMMENT TO THE WATER SUPPLY STRATEGY PLANNING

J HLAVKA
30.7.1986

Foreword:
In 1999 I became the Attorney of Mr. JAROSLAV HALVKA MIE AUST CP ENG, who also
was an Architect.
As the EXECUTOR of his estate, “THE ESTATE OF JAROSLAV HALVKA MIE AUST CP
ENG” I consider it my obligation/duty as well as my desire to promote the work of the Late Mr.
JAROSLAV HALVKA MIE AUST CP ENG, as well as that I have the honour to be able to do
so in recognition of my wife’s late husband, who was also known as “Jerry”

The text is that as written by the Late Mr. JAROSLAV HALVKA MIE AUST CP ENG, and has
been reproduced from his type written documentation.

In view of today’s circumstances, keeping in mind of the fact that the Late Mr. JAROSLAV
HALVKA MIE AUST CP ENG provided the report after having travelled the world to some
extend at his own cost may underline that his desire was to do the right thing to Australia in return
for having assisted him when he needed a place of security and tranquillity, it may be wise to
consider the report appropriately and use it to the benefit of Australians. Indeed, if the report had
been properly used and implemented for Melburnians then the current water shortage may never as
such have eventuated. (Prices are expressed in 1986 value)

Mr. Gerrit H. Schorel-Hlavka 24-11-2007

RE: COMMENT TO THE WATER SUPPLY STRATEGY PLANNING

I have been involved in the past in executive positions in water engineering during the time of
modernization and development of water industry in Europe. After 15 years of my employment
with the Board in Australia, I attended the 14th World Water Congress of the international Water
Supply Association (I.W.S.A. in Zurich, Switzerland – September 1982. Last year I visited the
United States on my private study tour, where I was in contact with water authorities in California
and New York.

Both of these trips gave me a good insight in modern development in this field and I am drawing
some points of interest – as I have seen it overseas in the past and I can see it here now – as a
contribution to the particular topics.

(A) Cloud Seeding – any comments

(B) Possibility for Groundwater Resources in and around Melbourne

– including; - economical viability
- suitability (ie quality)
- other experiences
J HLAVKA
30.7.1986
RE; COMMENT TO THE WATER SUPPLY STRATEGY PLANNING
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(A) Cloud Seeding

(a) Brief Review

----------------------------

The Cloud-seeding has been known for about half a century, but the most effective technique of
making rain as a scientific method was developed only during the last two decades.

The seeding is carried out at lower level in cumulus clouds from aircraft where the silver iodide
smoke can produce snow-flakes, which turn at lower level to rain.

Apart from United States and Israel, Australia is now in forefront of ‘rain making’ research.
Scientific reports covering the experiments in United States and in other countries indicate some
controversy in results, chiefly by randomizing periods of seedings. Following the survey also the
results widely published in Australia have not been published with sufficient details to allow
scrutinizing by the scientific community. Also the statistically meaningfull increase in rainfall has
not been demonstrated beyond the reasonable doubt. There exist controversy and disagreement
about cloud-seeding affects. The cloud seeding research still needs at present for practical
application a good deal of development with acceptable statistical significance.

(b) Comment
------------------------

(i) Quoted increase in rainfall due to cloud-seeding coincides with the range of difference in
yearly rainfalls between wet and dry years.

(ii) Could-seeding impact depends more on rainfall distribution and modification rather than on
total seasonal; augmentations.

(iii) Cloud-seeding shows relatively higher increase in rainfall-runoff in arid and semi-arid
climate than over the catchment areas with a reasonable rainfall.

(iv) Economical evaluation cannot be based only on rainfall increases – wrong statement in
Shiromath’s Report: Feasibility Study of cloud-seeding programs, page 5. It is a complex
problem and surface run-off must be modified by subsurface run-off – draining the
catchment basin within the target area. It depends also on geographical paterns and could
result sometimes in meaningless increment of run-off.

(v) Cloud-seeding has not been considered for augmentation of water resources by the last 14th
World Water Congress (1982 – Zurich, Switzerland) and has not been included in program
of United nations Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade (1981 – 1990)

(vi) Cloud-seeding has not been considered in Water plan – Water Resources up to 2010 for the
State of California and New York, although the cloud-seeding research is underway in the
States. (Copies of published plans obtainable from the writer of this report).

(vii) As fat as I know, the program of cloud-seeding for augmentation of scarce water resources
is underway over 24 years in Israel (Report published in Journal of Hydrology – 1986 is
attached). Conclusions drawn from this program are indicating only a weak overall increase

RE; COMMENT TO THE WATER SUPPLY STRATEGY PLANNING

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 in run-off due to cloud-seeding and comparatively larger increases were obtained within this
program in semi-arid areas.

(c) Conclusion
-------------------------

(i) Results obtained from the review of cloud-seeding research programmes, carried out in
Australia and overseas and focussed to the augmentation of water resources, are still not
fully conclusive. At this stage the cloud-seeding technique cannot be accepted as a sufficient
and satisfactory solution for future water supply demands for Melbourne.

(ii) Results quoted from Tasmania – 2 percent on yearly rainfall increase – coincides with the
natural variation in rainfall and can’t prove the acceptable statistical significance. This can’t
be overlooked without reservation and caution.

(iii) It might be advisable to seek also another source of reasonable potential and of acceptable
economical level for future water supply increasing demands.

J HLAVKA
30.7.1986

(B) Possibility of Groundwater Resources

in and around Melbourne

(a) Introduction and Survey

(i) Traditionally there has been a trend in water supply for the utilization of surface water
because of its easy availability. Throughout the world the surface water in streams and rivers
becomes more and more contaminated and this requires more treatment. Additionally, the
surface water resources in some locations become scarce or depleted.

(ii) Present development is therefore turning to groundwater. Groundwater resources are usually
less contaminated, as they have less contact with impurities. This results in overall optimum
use of groundwater, for the treatment is hardly ever necessary. (The 14th World Water
Congress – I.W.S.A. – 1982).

(iii) Modern geophysics and deep drilling techniques have facilitated the prospect of
groundwater utilization on a large scale. The construction of wells has progressed from
vertical bore-wells, broad and star-shaped wells to wells with horizontal redial filter
collectors extended up to about 50m apart from well in quifers (See Encl. No!).
These wells are considered as most advantageous and economical. Daily capacity of such a
well about 50ML/day indicates – in comparison with the average of total daily consumption
for Melbourne of about 1,000 ML/day – the significant potential. Submersible modern
turbine pumps, which are totally non-polluting and require no maintenance, are significant
element in this system.

RE; COMMENT TO THE WATER SUPPLY STRATEGY PLANNING

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(iv) Groundwater aquifers utilized for water supply on a large scale are usually recharged. In
USA and Germany by river bank filtration and in Switzerland by lake filtration.

(v) Depth of aquifers below the surface in some cases and locations has been extended from
traditional depth for shallow aquifers of about 20m to deep aquifers of about 300m or more.
Deep aquifers are currently utilized also in USA and Europe.
The extensions of groundwater aquifers to about 300m below surface is at present underway
in Hamburg (Germany), where it replaces the pluted river Elbe source. In Victoria the
groundwater for water supply of Geelong is also at present pumped from borehole wells
extended to 300m and recently to 600m below surface.

(vi) Contamination of groundwater resources has to be protected by proper land zoning and
planning. This must be regarded – with reference to the experience all over the world – as a
first requisite.

(b) Groundwater Resources – Quality Assessment

(i) Groundwater aquifers in and around Melbourne belong to the Port Phillip Catchment and
the hydrochemistry of groundwater in this region has been investigated and studied by the
Department of water Resources and by the Department of Minerals and energy of Victoria.
Interpretation of generalizing groundwater quality is shown on the Groundwater Quality
Map – Port Phillip Region (Encl. No. 2) and is focussed mainly to salinity level.

(ii) However, salinity has sometimes been regarded as a false justification against utilization of
groundwater, without distinction of its level.

(iii) Groundwater aquifers of low salinity (TDS<1000mg/l) are considered the most
advantageous for augmentation of water resources. Rough estimate of annual yields of these
low salinity aquifers in and around Melbourne could be of access of 100,000 ML per
annum.

(iv) Groundwater basins are considered as water storages ready for number of potential
operations:

* If the groundwater is of good quality and the natural recharge considerable, the
supply from underground can be harvested in similar manner as the draw off a
surface water storage.

** If the underground storage is large, but the natural rate of recharge is low, this water
could be mined in similar manner like coal in mineral mining. The empty space in
underground aquifers could be used (eg Little Para Reservoir – Adelaide Water
Supply) for pumped storages.

*** Further solution for low rate of natural recharge is the combination of artificial
recharge with infiltration from surface sources (utilized in Europe and USA).

RE; COMMENT TO THE WATER SUPPLY STRATEGY PLANNING

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(v) Aquifers of low salinity (TS<1000mg/l) cover also water of good quality in accordance with
W H O Drinking Water Standards (TDS,500 mg/l) which can be immediately utilized
without treatment. It can be transferred directly to reticulation mains (current practice in
Southern Australia).

(vi) Groundwater of salinity between TDS-500 and 1000 mg/l can be utilized for augmentation
also – after blending to the standard value. Such groundwater has to be transferred and
connected to mains of sufficient size – to allow for satisfactory blending (current practice in
Southern Australia).

(vii) Brackish groundwater of TDS up to 5,000 mg/l, requires desalination and this is still
considered within this range of salinity as an economical solution with respect to energy
consumption, which in this case is relatively low.
Desalination of sea water (TDS of 35,000 mg/l) is about 5 times more expensive. For
desalination the groundwater should be considered as first priority! (Encl. No. 3)

(c) Groundwater – Economic Viability

(i) The economics of groundwater mainly depends on extraction rates and represents the cost of
bore-well and operation cost (power only). The underground storage is natural and ready for
harvesting – does not require capital funds like surface water sources.

(ii) Direct cost of low salinity groundwater (TDS<1000 mg/l) which is of a good quality and can
be transferred to distribution or blended by connecting to surface water mains, is about 10
cents per kilolitre.

(iii) Cost for desalination of brackish water (TDS 2,000 – 5,000 mg/l) follows the estimates
available from USA (Encl. No. 3) of about 30 – 40 cents per kilolitre (80% recovery).

(iv) Desalination of sea water (TDS – 35,000 mg/l) is more expensive with regard to the high
energy consumption and following the estimates available from USA (Encl. No 3) is about
$1.50 - $2.00 per kilolitre (30% recovery).

(d) Conclusion

(i) Groundwater of low salinity in Port Phillip Bay catchment is of reasonable quality and
volume and should be regarded as a potential source of acceptable economical level for
future water supply of Melbourne.

(ii) An aversion to utilization of groundwater, based on unspecified salinity level, should be

overcome. Low salinity groundwater should be distinguished from brackish groundwater of
a high salinity and utilized in a similar manner to other states in Australia and elsewhere in
the world.

(iii) Groundwater basins are natural reservoirs – ready for harvesting – and don’t require capital
funds like surface water resources.

RE; COMMENT TO THE WATER SUPPLY STRATEGY PLANNING

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(iv) Extraction of groundwater could be developed within existing distribution zones and also in
regions of water ducts from surface water catchments. Groundwater can join and utilize the
present existing water supply systems.

(v) Development of groundwater resources under good engineering competence could enhance
the presently depleted surface resources by about 25-30% of current water supply for
Melbourne. This could be a target for Melbourne water supply up to 2000 and may be
regarded as a feasible and economical solution.

J HLAVKA
30.7.1986

Further notation added below by Mr. Gerrit H. Schorel-Hlavka;

It should be noted that the Az Zour complex, some 80 kilometres from Kuweit City was a replica of
the Doha West power and desalination plants in the north.
West Doha’s 2400MW plant completed in 1985 fed then 16 desalination units each of 27
000m3/day capacity. At Az Zour only half of the full desalination plant was build in the KM70M
($245M) contract.
In my view water sources in area’s such as the Mallee (Victoria) could benefit greatly if the salinity
of the groundwater was either mixed with other water that has no salinity content or if there would
be some project in place where redundant steam could be used for desalination purposes.
The options may be plenty it is just to consider what is possible!

Mr. JAROSLAV HALVKA MIE AUST CP ENG business card also reveals;

DIP. ING J HLAVKA, BSc.. M.I.C.E

CONSULTING CIVIL ENGINEER
He was employed with the M.M.B.W.
(Melbourne Metropolitan Board of Works)

RE; COMMENT TO THE WATER SUPPLY STRATEGY PLANNING

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