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0148-9062/99/$ - see front matter # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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A suite of the new Suggested Methods is currently being published in this Journal. These started with an Indentation
Hardness Index SM written by T. Szwedzicki and published in June 1998. Several more will be published in 1999.
However, the following SM results from a Working Group of 14 members, is already in the fth draft stage and thus can be
considered to be in its nal form.
Please send written comments on this SM to the
President of the ISRM Commission on Testing Methods:
Professor J A Hudson, 7 The Quadrangle,
Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL8 6SG, UK
1. Introduction
The engineering problems caused by swelling rocks
are widely recognized, as is the need to test these rocks
to determine the type and extent of their swelling
behavior and to measure this for purposes of design.
The ISRM Commission on Swelling Rock was
formed in 1980 to provide a systematic treatment of
the swelling rock problem. It is emphasized that the
purpose of `suggested methods' is to specify rock testing procedures and to achieve some degree of standardization without inhibiting the development of
improvement of techniques. This is particularly pertinent in the case of swelling rocks which, because of
their variability, often require special non-standard
treatment during both specimen preparation and testing which diers from what is proposed here.
a
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Fig. 1. Apparatus for measuring the axial swelling stress: (1) stainless-steel ring, (2) porous metal plates, (3) stainless-steel loading
plate, (4) container, (5) dial gages (attached to the bottom of container (4), attachment not shown), (6) load measuring device, (7)
rigid frame and (8) loading piston, (9) stainless steel plate.
3.2. Apparatus
The apparatus6 is to include the following as schematically shown in Fig. 1.
2. (a) A stainless steel ring ((1) in Fig. 1), for rigid
radial restraint of the specimen. The inner surface of
the ring is to be polished and smooth. The wall thickness of the ring depends on its other dimensions and
has to be calculated based on those dimensions and
the maximum lateral stress to be expected. Not more
than 104 radial strain is allowed. Thicknesses between
5 and 10 mm are usually satisfactory. Several rings
should be available to t all desired specimen dimensions.
(b) Two porous plates ((2) in Fig. 1). The porous
plates should be made of high modulus material.
Porous stainless steel plates are most suitable.
Alternatively, stainless steel plates into which a number of small holes (dia 0.1 mm) have been drilled are
also suitable. In the latter case, small channels connecting the small holes to the water supply are
required.
(c) One porous plate is to be on top of the specimen
and the other at its bottom. The lower plate is to have
a diameter of approx. 5 mm greater than the outer diameter of the specimen ring, and the upper plate has
to be of a size just tting the inside of the ring without
restraining its movement.
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7
Normally, load cells of a capacity of 20 kN and deecting less
than 108 are suitable. For very high swelling stresses, load cells of
50 kN may be required. The accuracy of 0.5% is related to the maximum rating of the load cell.
8
In argillaceous rocks rapid changes in strain take place during
the rst hours. Also, most of the changes usually occur within the
rst few days, and the total test duration strongly depends on the
dimensions of the specimen. On the contrary, the transformation of
anhydrite into gypsum is a rather slow process and the determination
of the maximum swelling stress may take several years. These facts
should be considered when scheduling the test.
9
The swelling heave (axial strain) due to clay swelling is reversible
and for specimens containing only clay minerals (no anhydrite and
gypsum) the original thickness of the specimen may be kept constant
by increasing the axial stress. The steps should be kept as small as
possible, particularly toward the end of the test (see Fig. 2b); this is
necessary to obtain an accurate measurement of the maximum axial
force and thus maximum axial swelling stress. An axial strain of
0.05% in the last increment is usually adequate. The transformation
of anhydrite into gypsum cannot be reversed by increasing the axial
stress (at least not for the range of stresses which normally occurs in
tunnelling problems). For rocks containing anhydrite the axial strain
of the specimen caused by transformation of anhydrite into gypsum
is not to be compensated as a compensation will lead to an unreasonable high swelling stress. In some cases it may however be sensible to
compensate the strain occurring during the rst days of the test as
this is usually caused by the clay-swelling process. After this time
however, no compensation is to be made.
10
In all tests, an alternative approach is to remove a part of the
specimen before drying to determine its mineralogical composition.
The mass M2 and M3 determination applies then to the remainder of
the specimen.
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Fig. 2. (a) Plot of axial stress vs. time of argillaceous rock. s =maximum axial stress. (b) Plot of axial stress vs. compensated axial swelling
strain of argillaceous rock. s =maximum axial stress.
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Fig. 3. (a) Plot of axial stress vs. time of claysulphate (anhydrite) rock. (b) Plot of axial swelling strain due to noncompensation of the specimen
height vs. time of claysulphate (anhydrite) rock.
F.T. Madsen / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 291306
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3.4. Calculations
4. (a) The following test parameters are calculated:
the area of cross section of the specimen A; the axial
stress s; the compensated swelling strains eclay and the
noncompensated swelling strains egypsum.
(b) The area of cross-section A of the specimen is
calculated as
A
pd2
,
4
N
,
A
Ddclay
,
h0
Ddgypsum
,
h0
Fig. 4. Apparatus for measuring the swelling strain: (1) container, (2)
dial gauge, (3) glass plate, (4) stainless-steel band and (5) specimen.
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4.2. Apparatus
2. The apparatus12 is to include the following as
schematically shown in Fig. 4:
(a) A container (dia 15 cm) for the specimen ((1) in
Fig. 4).
(b) A mm dial gauge (or equivalent) with a sensitivity
of 2.5 mm, mounted to measure the swelling displacement in the central axis of the specimen ((2) in Fig. 4).
(c) A glass plate, positioned at the point of gauging
to prevent indentation of the specimen ((3) in Fig. 4).
(d) A thin (0.1 mm) exible, stainless steel band ((4)
in Fig. 4) attached to the specimen by an elastic rubber
band. The steel band is calibrated at 0.1-mm intervals
and is used to determine the radial swelling13 deformation.
4.3. Procedure
3. (a) The test is to be conducted in an environment
where the ambient temperature can be maintained constant at 20228C.
(b) The thickness h0 of the specimen which was prepared as described in Part 1 Section 2 is to be
measured in at least three locations between specimen
ends, to an accuracy of 20.1 mm.
(c) The specimen diameter d0 is to be measured at
least at three locations along the circumference, to an
accuracy of 20.1 mm.
(d) The mass of the specimen M1 is to be determined
to 0.1 g.
(e) The stainless-steel band is attached and the specimen with the dial gauge (or equivalent) is mounted in
the container.
(f) The container is to be lled with water to cover
the specimen.
(g) The container is covered with a plastic disc to
minimize evaporation of the container water.
12
dax
,
h0
drad
,
d0
DC
,
p
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Fig. 5. (a) Axial swelling strain vs. time (example for an argillaceous specimen). e =maximum axial strain. (b) Axial swelling strain vs. time
(example for a claysulphate (anhydrite) specimen). e =maximum axial strain.
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ric and, if possible, mineralogy and pore water chemistry of the sample and specimen.
(c) Date and method of sampling; date(s) of testing.
(d) Method of sealing and storage.
(e) Method of specimen preparation for testing.
(f) Orientation of the specimen axis relative to specimen anisotropy specically with respect to bedding
planes and relative to in situ directions.
(g) Dimensions of the test specimen.
(h) Density water content, grain density and degree
of saturation of the test specimen before the swelling
test.
(i) Final density, water content and degree of saturation of the test specimen after the swelling test.
(j) Test temperature.
(k) Applied load (if any).
(l) Specication of water used for immersion.
(m) A plot of axial strain vs. elapsed time, such as
Fig. 5a or b.
(n) Maximum axial swelling strain.
(o) Maximum radial swelling strain.
(p) Volumetric strain, either computed from axial
and radial swelling strain for regularly shaped specimens, or determined by the liquid displacement
method.
5. Part 4: suggested method for determining axial
swelling stress as a function of axial swelling strain
5.1. Scope
1. The test is intended to measure the axial swelling
strain necessary to reduce the axial swelling stress of a
radially constrained rock specimen immersed in water
from its maximum value to a value which is acceptable
in the particular application. It is intended for application to cases where analogous boundary conditions
prevail. The test is practicable only on purely argillaceous specimens.
5.2. Apparatus
2. The apparatus16 is to include the following as
schematically shown in Fig. 6.
(a) A stainless-steel ring for rigid radial restraint of
the specimen ((1) in Fig. 6). The inner surface of the
ring is to be polished and smooth. The wall thickness
of the ring depends on its other dimensions and has to
16
Fig. 6. Apparatus for measuring the axial swelling stress as a function of axial swelling strain: (1) stainless-steel ring, (2) porous metal
plates, (3) stainless-steel loading plate, (4) container, (5) dial gauge
(attached to the bottom of container (4)), attachment not shown and
(6) loading frame.
be calculated based on these dimensions and the maximum lateral stress to be expected. Not more than 104
radial strain is allowed. Thicknesses of between 5 and
10 mm are usually satisfactory. Several rings should be
available to t all desired specimen dimensions.
(b) Two porous plates ((2) in Fig. 6). The porous
plates should be made of a high modulus material.
Porous stainless-steel plates are most suitable.
Alternatively, stainless-steel plates into which a number of small holes (dia 0.1 mm) have been drilled are
also suitable. In the latter case, small channels connecting the small holes to the water supply are
required.
(c) One porous plate is to be on top of the specimen
and the other at its bottom. The lower plate is to have
a diameter approx. 5 mm greater than the outer diameter of the specimen ring, and the upper plate has to
be of a size just tting the inside of the ring without
restraining its movement.
(d) A stainless-steel loading plate of the same bottom diameter as the upper porous plate but slightly
conically shaped, and placed on top of the porous
F.T. Madsen / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 291306
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Fig. 7. Axial stress vs. total axial strain: (1) compression curve (without water supply), (2) water applied at the stress sA (in this example=2
MPa), (3) swelling at the stress sA, (4) unloading to sB (in this example=1.5 MPa), (5) swelling at the stress sB, (6) matrix deformation strain
Des and (7) swelling strain Des.
pared as described in Part 1 (Section 2, Specimen preparation) is to be measured in at least three locations
between specimen ends, to an accuracy of 20.1 mm.
(c) The specimen diameter d is to be measured in at
least three locations along the circumference.
Measuring accuracy is again to be better than 20.1
mm.
(d) The mass of the specimen M1 is then to be determined to 0.1 g.
(e) The specimen ring is to be cleaned and its mass
M0 determined.
(f) The specimen is inserted into the ring. The specimen must t snugly into the ring.
(g) The apparatus is assembled. The ring with the
specimen is placed on the lower porous plate, followed
by the upper porous plate, the loading plate and the
sphere. The load frame is then placed on the sphere.
(h) The specimen is loaded in a stepwise manner up
to a load corresponding to a desired axial stress s. A
stress level comparable to the overburden stress at the
sample location is reasonable. This load and the corresponding nal compression of the specimen are
recorded (Fig. 7, curve l).
(i) The container is the lled with water to cover the
top porous plate.
(j) Initial swell heave is recorded (curve segment 3 in
Fig. 7).
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(k) The axial load is reduced in consistent decrements17. It is usual to reduce the load by 50% in each
step. However, other decrements can also be chosen.
(l) The swell heave for each load decrement is
measured until no displacement can be observed for
the particular load decrement. The load decrement and
the displacement are recorded.
(m) Steps (k) and (l) are repeated down to a load
corresponding to 25 kPa18. Complete unloading is not
recommended because upward bulging may occur producing displacements which are not representative of
swelling.
(n) The ring with the specimen is then to be
removed from the container (after removing of the
container water and unloading), the excess water
wiped o and the mass M2 determined and recorded.
For strongly swelling rock the container water is
drained o before unloading. At this stage the specimen condition is logged.
(o) The specimen with the ring is heated in an oven
to constant mass at a temperature of 105228C.
(p) The specimen and the ring and is allowed to
17
This procedure is expected to produce lower bound swelling stresses for a particular swelling strain. The method is appropriate for
determining heave resulting from unloading.
18
For applications in which the stress on the swelling rock is lower
than 25 kPa, such as foundations of light buildings or excavated
slopes, lower nal loads have to be selected.
cool in a desiccator. The oven-dry mass, M3 is determined and recorded. Alternatively the specimen can be
oven heated, without the ring.
5.4. Calculations
4. (a) The following test parameters are calculated:
the area of cross section of the specimen, A, the axial
stress s, the axial matrix deformation strain Des and
axial swelling strain Des.
(b) The area of cross-section A of the specimen is
calculated as
A
pd2
,
4
N
,
A
ds
,
h0
F.T. Madsen / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 291306
ds
,
h0
305
(a) The intact specimen is trimmed into a sharpedged, approx. 65 mm diameter and 20 mm tall
highly-polished stainless-steel conning ring. The
sample is hand-carved in a humidity-controlled room
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