Test #1 Glossary

CH 1 - UNDERSTANDING LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

1.1 How Should We Think About Development?
(4) Dening Development
(4) development
(4) physical development
(5) cognitive development
(5) psychosocial development
(5) growth
(5) bioecological aging
(5) depression
(5) aging
(5) Conceptualizing the Life-Span
(5) emerging adulthood
(5) TABLE 1.1 - Periods of Life
(6) Cultural Dierences
(6) age grade / stratum
(6) rite of passage
(7) age norms
(7) social clock
(7) Subcultural Dierences
(7) culture
(7) ethnicity
(7) socioeconomic status (SES)
(8) Historical Changes
(8) childhood
(8) adolescence
(8) emerging adulthood
(8) middle age
(8) old age
(8) life expectancy

(9) Framing Nature-Nurture Issue

(9) Nature
(9) maturation
(9) genes
(9) Nurture
(9) environment
(9) learning
(9) Nature plus Nurture
1.2 What is the Science of Life-Span Development?
(10) Goals & Uses of Studying Development
(10) description
(10) prediction
(10) explanation
(11) optimization
(11) Evidence Based Practice (EBP)
(11) Early Beginnings
(11) baby biographies
(11) Charles Darwin
(12) storm and stress
(12) Senescence
(12) Stanley Hall
(12) Modern Perspective
(12) gerontology
(12) life-span perspective
(12) Paul Baltes
(12) 7 key assumptions
(12) multidirectional
(12) plasticity
(12) neuroplasticity
1.3 How is Development Studied?
(14) Scientic Method

(14) theory
(14) hypothesis
(15) internally consistent
(15) falsiable
(15) supported by data
(15) Sample Selection
(15) sample
(15) population
(15) random sample
(15) Data collection
(15) Verbal Reports
(15) Behavioral Observations
(15) naturalistic observation
(16) structured observation
(16) Physiological Measurements
(16) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
(17) Case Study, Experimental & Correlational Methods
(17) Case Study
(18) Experimental Method
(18) experiment
(18) independent variable
(18) dependent variable
(18) DeLoache study
(18) random assignment
(19) experimental control
(19) Correlational Method
(19) correlation coecient
(20) directionality problem
(20) third variable problem
(21) Meta-analysis

Developmental Research Designs

(21) Cross-sectional Designs
(21) cohort
(22) age eects
(22) cohort eects
(22) cohort dierences
(22) Longitudinal Designs
(23) Baby boom generation
(23) Millenials
(23) Generation X
(23) Time-of-measurement eects
(24) Sequential Designs
(25) TABLE 1.4 - COMPARING DESIGNS
1.4 Special Challenges
(26) Culturally Sensitive Research
(26) Ethnocentrism
(26) Protecting Rights of Participants
(26) Research ethics
(27) Informed Consent
(27) Debrieng
(27) Protection from harm
(27) Condentiality
CH 2 - THEORIES
2.1 Theories & the Issues They Raise
(32) school refusal
(33) Nature v. Nurture
(33) Activity v. Passivity
(34) Continuity v. Discontinuity

(34) quantitative changes

(34) qualitative changes
(34) developmental stages
(34) Universality v. Context Specicity
(35) TABLE 2.1 - DEVELOPMENT ISSUES SUMMARY
2.2 Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory
(35) Psychoanalytic theory
(35) Instincts & Unconscious Motivation
(36) instincts
(36) unconscious motivation
(36) Id, Ego & Superego
(36) Sigmund Freud
(36) id
(36) ego
(36) superego
(36) Psychosexual Stages
(36) libido
(36) oral stage
(36) xation
(37) anal stage
(37) phallic stage
(37) Oedipus complex
(37) identication
(38) Electra complex
(38) latency period
(38) genital stage
(38) defense mechanisms
(38) repression

(38) regression
(38) Strengths & Weaknesses
(38) unconscious process
(38) early experiences
(38) emotions
2.3 Erikson: Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
(39) Psychosocial Stages
(40) trust v. mistrust
(40) autonomy v. shame & doubt
(40) initiative v. guilt
(40) industry v. inferiority
(40) identity v. role confusion
(40) intimacy v. isolation
(40) generativity v. stagnation
(40) integrity v. despair
(40) Strengths & Weaknesses
2.4 Learning Theories
(41) tabula rasa
(41) B. F. Skinner
(41) Watson: Classical conditioning
(41) behaviorism
(42) Skinner: Operant Conditioning
(42) reinforcement
(42) positive reinforcement
(42) negative reinforcement
(43) positive punishment
(43) negative punishment

(43) extinction
(43) FIGURE 2.2 - REINFORCEMENT & PUNISHMENT
(44) Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory
(44) observational learning
(44) latent learning
(44) vicarious reinforcement
(45) self-ecacy
(45) reciprocal determinism
(45) Strengths & Weaknesses
(46) TABLE 2.3 - THE 3 LEARNING THEORIES
2.5 Piaget: Cognitive Developmental Theory
(47) Constructivism
(47) Piaget
(48) interaction
(48) Stages of Cognitive Development
(48) invariant sequence
(48) sensorimotor stage
(48) preoperational stage
(48) TABLE 2.4 - PIAGETS 4 STAGES
(49) conservation
(49) concrete operations stage
(49) formal operations stage
(49) Strengths & Weaknesses
(50) Other Perspectives
(50) sociocultural perspective
(50) Vygotsky
(50) information processing approach
2.6 Systems Theories
(51) Bronfenbrenners Bioecological Model
(51) 4 encironmental systems

(51) microsystem
(51) mesosystem
(51) exosystem
(52) macrosystem
(52) FIGURE 2.4 - BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL
(52) culture
(52) chronosystem
(52) Strengths & Weaknesses
2.7 Theories in Perspective
(55) TABLE 2.5 - THEORIES COMPARISON
(57) eclectics
CH 3 - GENES, ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Evolution & Species Heredity
(62) species heredity
(62) Charles Darwin
(62) genetic variation
(62) adaptation
(63) natural selection
(63) evolutionary psychology
(64) cultural evolution
3.2 Individual Heredity
(64) conception
(64) Genetic Code
(64) zygote
(64) chromosomes
(65) meiosis
(65) mitosis
(65) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

(66) Human Genome Project

(66) Genetic Uniqueness & Relatedness
(66) crossing over
(66) identical twins
(67) fraternal twins
(67) Determination of Sex
(67) X chromosome
(67) Y chromosome
(67) karyotype
(67) From Genotype to Phenotype
(67) genotype
(67) phenotype
(68) gene expression
(68) Mechanisms of Inheritance
(68) Single Gene-Pair Inheritance
(68) dominant gene
(68) recessive gene
(69) incomplete dominance
(69) codominance
(69) Sex-Linked Inheritance
(69) X-linked
(70) hemophilia
(70) Polygenic Inheritance
(70) polygenic traits
(70) Mutations
(70) autism
(70) Chromosome Abnormalities
(70) Down syndrome

(70) intellectual disability

(70) mental retardation
(71) Turner syndrome
(71) Klinefelter syndrome
(71) Fragile X syndrome
(71) copy number variations
(72) Genetic Diseases, Diagnosis & Counseling
(72) genetic counseling
(72) Sickle-Cell Disease
(72) carriers
(72) TABLE 3.3 - GENETIC DISORDERS
(73) Huntingtons Disease
(73) Phenylketonuria
(73) hyperactivity
(74) ultrasound
(74) amniocentesis
(74) chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
(74) maternal blood sampling
(74) preimplantation genetic diagnosis
3.3 Studying Genetic & Environmental Inuences
(75) behavioral genetics
(75) heritability
(76) Twin Adoption & Family Studies
(76) twin study
(76) prenatal environment
(76) adoption study
(76) family study
(76) Estimating Inuences

(76) concordance rates

(77) genes
(77) shared environmental inuences
(77) non shared environmental inuences
(77) Molecular Genetics
3.4 Selected Findings
(79) Intellectual Abilities
(79) IQ scores
(79) genetic endowment
(80) Temperament & Personality
(81) Psychological Disorders
(81) Schizophrenia
(81) predispositions
(81) Heritability of Traits
3.5 Genes & Environment Conspiring
(83) Gene-Environment Interactions
(83) resilience
(84) Gene0Environment Correlations
(84) Passive Gene-Environment Correlations
(84) Evocative Gene-Environment Correlations
(84) Active Gene-Environment Correlations
(84) Sorting Out Genetic Inuences
(85) reciprocal inuences
(86) Epigenetic Eects
(86) epigenesis

(86) Controversies
(86) gene therapy
CH 5 - BODY, BRAIN & HEALTH
5.1 Building Blocks of Growth & Lifelong Health
(130) Celiac disease
(130) catch-up growth
(131) Endocrine System
(131) endocrine glands
(131) pituitary gland
(131) growth hormone
(132) androgens
(132) estrogen
(132) Brain & Nervous System
(132) neuron
(133) synapse
(133) myelin
(133) myelination
(133) TABLE 5.1 - HORMONES & DEVELOPMENT
(134) Principles of Growth
(134) cephalocaudal principle
(134) proximodistal principle
(134) orthogenetic principle
5.2 Infant
(136) synaptogenesis
(136) synaptic pruning
(136) plasticity

(136) Rapid Growth

(136) Newborn Capabilities
(136) Reexes
(136) survival reexes
(137) TABLE 5.2 - SURVIVAL V. PRIMATIVE REFLEXES
(138) primitive reexes
(138) Behavioral States
(138) REM sleep
(138) Health & Wellness
(138) congenital malformations
5.3 Child
(138) Brain Lateralization
(138) sequential
(138) simultaneous
(138) thinking v. feeling
(140) Physical Behavior
(141) Health & Wellness
(142) Body Mass Index (BMI)
5.4 Adolescent
(143) puberty
(143) Adolescent Brian
(144) Growth Spurt
(144) adolescent growth spurt
(144) Sexual Maturation
(144) andrenarche
(144) menarche

(145) semenarche
(145) secular trend
(146) Psychologial Implications
(147) Early v. Late Development
(148) Health & Wellness
(148) Weight
(148) obesity
(149) diabetes
(149) Risky Behaviors
(149) Sleep
(150) EXPLORATION 5.1 - OBESITY BRAIN DRAIN
(150) Metabolic syndrome (MeTS)
5.5 Adult
(152) Changing Brian
(152) neurogenesis
(153) Changing Reproductive System
(153) Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
(153) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)
(153) Female Menopause
(154) hot ashes
(154) hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
(154) Male Andropause
(154) erectile dysfunction
(155) Other Changes
(155) Appearance & Physical Functioning
(156) reserve capacity
(156) Psychological Implications

(157) Disease, Disuse, or Abuse?

(157) Health & Wellness
(157) Exercise
(158) Bone Loss & Arthritis
(158) osteoporosis
(158) osteoarthritis
(158) Theories of Aging
(158) Programmed Theories
(158) maximum life-span
(159) Hayick limit
(160) telomeres
(160) Random Error Theories
(160) free radicals
(160) age spots
(161) antioxidants
(161) caloric restriction
(161) Nature & Nurture
(161) Successful Aging
(161) optimal aging
(161) Nun study