Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
1
Simplex communication
1.1
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
1.3
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Duplex (telecommunications)
2.1
Half-duplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Full-duplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
Full-duplex emulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1
Time-division duplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2
Frequency-division duplexing
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3
Echo cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RS-232
3.1
3.2
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
3.4
3.5
Physical interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1
Voltage levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2
Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3
Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
3.6.1
Ring indicator
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
3.6.2
10
11
3.7.1
11
3.7.2
Loopback testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
3.7.3
Timing signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
3.6
3.7
ii
CONTENTS
3.7.4
Secondary channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
3.8
Related standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
3.9
Development tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
3.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
12
12
Serial port
13
4.1
Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
4.1.1
14
4.1.2
Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
4.1.3
Pinouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
4.1.4
Hardware abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
4.2
15
4.3
Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
4.3.1
Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
4.3.2
Data bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
4.3.3
Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
4.3.4
Stop bits
17
4.3.5
Conventional notation
4.3.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Flow control
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
4.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
4.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
4.6
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
4.7
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
4.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
19
5.1
19
5.1.1
Data framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
5.1.2
Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
5.1.3
Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
5.1.4
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
5.2
Synchronous transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
5.3
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
5.4
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
5.5
21
5.5.1
Overrun error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
5.5.2
Underrun error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
5.5.3
Framing error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
5.5.4
Parity error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
5.5.5
Break condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
CONTENTS
iii
5.6
UART models
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
5.7
UART in modems
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
5.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
5.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
23
23
Dierential signaling
24
6.1
Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
6.1.1
24
6.1.2
24
6.1.3
25
6.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
6.3
Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
6.3.1
25
6.4
Transmission lines
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
6.5
Use in computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
6.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
6.7
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
6.8
References
26
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RS-422
27
7.1
Standard scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
7.2
Characteristics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
7.3
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
7.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
7.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
7.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
RS-485
29
8.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
8.2
30
8.3
Master-slave arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
8.4
Three-wire connection
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
8.5
30
8.6
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
8.7
Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
8.7.1
Pin labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
8.8
Waveform example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
8.9
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
8.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
32
iv
9
CONTENTS
Physical layer
33
9.1
33
9.2
List of services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
9.3
List of protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
9.4
34
9.5
34
9.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
9.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
9.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
36
36
36
36
36
10.1.4 1 Gbit/s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
10.1.5 10 Gbit/s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
37
10.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
38
11 10BASE2
39
39
39
40
41
11.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
12 Fast Ethernet
42
42
12.2 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
12.2.1 100BASE-TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
12.2.2 100BASE-T4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
12.2.3 100BASE-T2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
43
12.3.1 100BASE-FX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
CONTENTS
12.3.2 100BASE-SX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
12.3.3 100BASE-BX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
12.3.4 100BASE-LX10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
44
12.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
44
45
13.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
13.2 Naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
13.3 Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
47
47
13.5 Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
47
13.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
13.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
48
13.10External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
14 Ethernet
49
14.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
14.2 Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
14.3 Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
51
52
52
53
54
54
14.6 Autonegotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
54
14.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
14.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
14.10Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
14.11External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
15 Category 5 cable
15.1 Cable standard
57
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
57
57
58
vi
CONTENTS
15.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
58
15.3 Characteristics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
15.3.1 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
15.3.2 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
58
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
59
15.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
15.6 References
59
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 Category 6 cable
60
16.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
16.2 Category 6a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
61
61
16.5 Category 6e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
61
16.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
61
62
62
17.2 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
62
63
17.4.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
17.4.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
69
Chapter 1
Simplex communication
Surveillance cameras
Pagers
Communication between a mouse and a computer
Internet multicast
Radio navigation beacons and radiolocation services
such as GPS
Simplex wireless communication
Telemetry
printers
The old Western Union company used the term simplex when describing the half-duplex and simplex capacity of their new transatlantic telegraph cable completed
between Newfoundland and the Azores in 1928.[2] The
same denition for a simplex radio channel was used by
the National Fire Protection Association in 2002.[3]
1.1 Examples
1.3 See also
Commercial radio and television broadcast (not twoway radio such as walkie-talkies)
Communications channel
Duplex (telecommunications)
Baby monitors
Wireless microphones
1.4 References
[2] Milnor, J.W. and G.A. Randall. The NewfoundlandAzores High-Speed Duplex Cable. A.I.E.E. Electrical
Engineering. May 1931
[3] Report of the Committee on Public Emergency Service
Communication. NFPA 1221, May, 2002.
Chapter 2
Duplex (telecommunications)
2.1 Half-duplex
A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two connected parties or devices that
can communicate with one another in both directions.
Duplex comes from "duo" that means two, and "plex"
that means weave or fold"; thus, a duplex system has
two clearly dened paths, with each path carrying information in only one direction: A to B over one path, and
B to A over the other. There are two types of duplex
communication systems: full-duplex and half-duplex.
A full-duplex (FDX) system, or sometimes called doubleduplex, allows communication in both directions, and,
unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously.
Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex, since they
allow both callers to speak and be heard at the same
time, with the transition from four to two wires being
achieved by a hybrid coil in a telephone hybrid. Modern
cell phones are also full-duplex.[1]
Where channel access methods are used in point-tomultipoint networks (such as cellular networks) for dividing forward and reverse communication channels on the
same physical communications medium, they are known
as duplexing methods, such as time-division duplexing and
frequency-division duplexing.
PACTOR
2.5 References
Most
cellular
systems,
including
the
UMTS/WCDMA use frequency-division duplexing
mode and the cdma2000 system.
2.3.3
Echo cancellation
Chapter 3
RS-232
This article is about the RS-232 standard. For RS-232 3.1 Scope of the standard
variants, see serial port .
V.24 redirects here. For other uses, see V24 (disam- The Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard RSbiguation).
232-C[1] as of 1969 denes:
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial
Electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels, signaling rate, timing and slew-rate of signals,
voltage withstand level, short-circuit behavior, and
maximum load capacitance.
Interface mechanical characteristics, pluggable connectors and pin identication.
Functions of each circuit in the interface connector.
A DB25 connector as described in the RS-232 standard
communication transmission of data. It formally denes the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal
equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data
circuit-terminating equipment, originally dened as data
communication equipment [1] ), such as a modem. The
RS-232 standard is commonly used in computer serial
ports. The standard denes the electrical characteristics
and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the
physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data
Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in
1997.
3.2 History
RS-232 was rst introduced in 1962 by the Radio Sector
of the EIA.[2][3] The original DTEs were electromechanical teletypewriters, and the original DCEs were (usually)
modems. When electronic terminals (smart and dumb)
began to be used, they were often designed to be interchangeable with teletypewriters, and so supported RS232. The C revision of the standard was issued in 1969
in part to accommodate the electrical characteristics of
these devices.
7
tive and negative supplies increases power consumption of the interface and complicates power supply
design. The voltage swing requirement also limits
the upper speed of a compatible interface.
Single-ended signaling referred to a common signal
ground limits the noise immunity and transmission
distance.
Multi-drop connection among more than two devices is not dened. While multi-drop workarounds have been devised, they have limitations
in speed and compatibility.
The denitions of the two ends of the link are asymmetric. This makes the assignment of the role of
a newly developed device problematic; the designer
must decide on either a DTE-like or DCE-like interface and which connector pin assignments to use.
The handshaking and control lines of the interface
are intended for the setup and takedown of a dialup communication circuit; in particular, the use of
handshake lines for ow control is not reliably implemented in many devices.
No method is specied for sending power to a device. While a small amount of current can be extracted from the DTR and RTS lines, this is only
suitable for low power devices such as mice.
The 25-way connector recommended in the standard is large compared to current practice.
The standard does not address the possibility of connecting a DTE directly to a DTE (can use null modem cable to connect DTE to DTE), or a DCE to a
DCE.
CHAPTER 3. RS-232
supported by the standard. In addition to the data circuits,
the standard denes a number of control circuits used to
manage the connection between the DTE and DCE. Each
data or control circuit only operates in one direction, that
is, signaling from a DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse. Since transmit data and receive data are separate
circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner,
supporting concurrent data ow in both directions. The
standard does not dene character framing within the data
stream, or character encoding.
Space
LSB
MSB
Start
Start
b0
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
Stop
+3V
Stop
-3V
Idle
Idle
Time
-15V
Mark
The RS-232 standard denes the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels for the data
transmission and the control signal lines. Valid signals are
either in the range of +3 to +15 volts or the range 3 to
3.5 Physical interface
15 volts with respect to the Common Ground (GND)
pin; consequently, the range between 3 to +3 volts is not
In RS-232, user data is sent as a time-series of bits. a valid RS-232 level. For data transmission lines (TxD,
Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are RxD and their secondary channel equivalents) logic one is
Presence of a 25-pin D-sub connector does not necessarily indicate an RS-232-C compliant interface. For example, on the original IBM PC, a male D-sub was an RS232-C DTE port (with a non-standard current loop interface on reserved pins), but the female D-sub connector on
Because the voltage levels are higher than logic levels the same PC model was used for the parallel Centronics
typically used by integrated circuits, special intervening printer port. Some personal computers put non-standard
driver circuits are required to translate logic levels. These voltages or signals on some pins of their serial ports.
also protect the devices internal circuitry from short circuits or transients that may appear on the RS-232 interface, and provide sucient current to comply with the 3.5.3 Cables
slew rate requirements for data transmission.
3.5.2
Connectors
10
CHAPTER 3. RS-232
be necessary. Gender changers and null modem cables Certain personal computers can be congured for wakeare not mentioned in the standard, so there is no ocially on-ring, allowing a computer that is suspended to answer
sanctioned design for them.
a phone call.
3-wire and 5-wire RS-232
A minimal 3-wire RS-232 connection consisting only
of transmit data, receive data, and ground, is commonly
used when the full facilities of RS-232 are not required.
Even a two-wire connection (data and ground) can be
used if the data ow is one way (for example, a digital
postal scale that periodically sends a weight reading, or a
GPS receiver that periodically sends position, if no conguration via RS-232 is necessary). When only hardware
ow control is required in addition to two-way data, the
RTS and CTS lines are added in a 5-wire version.
The RTS and CTS signals were originally dened for use
with half-duplex (one direction at a time) modems that
disable their transmitters when not required, and must
transmit a synchronization preamble to the receiver when
they are re-enabled. The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a
desire to transmit to the DCE, and in response the DCE
asserts CTS to grant permission, once synchronization
with the DCE at the far end is achieved. Such modems
are no longer in common use. There is no corresponding
3.6 Data and control signals
signal that the DTE could use to temporarily halt incoming data from the DCE. Thus RS-232s use of the RTS
The following table lists commonly used RS-232 sig- and CTS signals, per the older versions of the standard, is
nals (called circuits in the specications) and pin asymmetric.
assignments.[10] See serial port (pinouts) for non-standard This scheme is also employed in present-day RS-232 to
variations including the popular DE-9 connector.
RS-485 converters. RS-485 is a multiple-access bus on
The signals are named from the standpoint of the DTE. which only one device can transmit at a time, a concept
The ground pin is a common return for the other connec- that is not provided for in RS-232. The RS-232 device
tions, and establishes the zero voltage to which voltages asserts RTS to tell the converter to take control of the
on the other pins are referenced. The DB-25 connector RS-485 bus so that the converter, and thus the RS-232
includes a second protective ground on pin 1; this is device, can send data onto the bus.
connected to equipment frame ground.
Modern communications environments use full-duplex
Data can be sent over a secondary channel (when imple- (both directions simultaneously) modems. In that envimented by the DTE and DCE devices), which is equiv- ronment, DTEs have no reason to deassert RTS. Howalent to the primary channel. Pin assignments are de- ever, due to the possibility of changing line quality, delays
in processing of data, etc., there is a need for symmetric,
scribed in following table:
bidirectional ow control.
3.6.1
Ring indicator
A symmetric alternative providing ow control in both directions was developed and marketed in the late 1980s by
various equipment manufacturers. It redened the RTS
signal to mean that the DTE is ready to receive data from
the DCE. This scheme was eventually codied in version
RS-232-E (actually TIA-232-E by that time) by dening
a new signal, RTR (Ready to Receive), which is CCITT
V.24 circuit 133. TIA-232-E and the corresponding international standards were updated to show that circuit
133, when implemented, shares the same pin as RTS (Request to Send), and that when 133 is in use, RTS is assumed by the DCE to be asserted at all times.[11]
In this scheme, commonly called RTS/CTS ow control or RTS/CTS handshaking (though the technically
correct name would be RTR/CTS), the DTE asserts
RTR to whenever it is ready to receive data from the
DCE, and the DCE asserts CTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DTE. Unlike the original use of RTS
The Ring Indicator signal is used by some older and CTS with half-duplex modems, these two signals opuninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) to signal a power erate independently from one another. This is an example
failure state to the computer.
of hardware ow control. However, hardware ow conOn an external modem the status of the Ring Indicator pin
is often coupled to the AA (auto answer) light, which
ashes if the RI signal has detected a ring. The asserted
RI signal follows the ringing pattern closely, which can
permit software to detect distinctive ring patterns.
11
trol in the description of the options available on an RS- Alternatively, the DTE can provide a clock signal, called
232-equipped device does not always mean RTS/CTS transmitter timing (TT), on pin 24 for transmitted data.
handshaking.
Data is changed when the clock transitions from OFF to
Note that equipment using this protocol must be prepared ON and read during the ON to OFF transition. TT can
to buer some extra data, since a transmission may have be used to overcome the issue where ST must traverse a
cable of unknown length and delay, clock a bit out of the
begun just before the control line state change.
DTE after another unknown delay, and return it to the
DCE over the same unknown cable delay. Since the relation between the transmitted bit and TT can be xed in
3.7 Seldom used features
the DTE design, and since both signals traverse the same
cable length, using TT eliminates the issue. TT may be
The EIA-232 standard species connections for several generated by looping ST back with an appropriate phase
features that are not used in most implementations. Their change to align it with the transmitted data. ST loop back
to TT lets the DTE use the DCE as the frequency referuse requires 25-pin connectors and cables.
ence, and correct the clock to data timing.
3.7.1
12
CHAPTER 3. RS-232
used RS-422 and RS-423 signals - it never caught on
like RS-232 and was withdrawn by the EIA)
MIL-STD-188 (a system like RS-232 but with better impedance and rise time control)
EIA-530 (a high-speed system using RS-422 or RS423 electrical properties in an EIA-232 pinout conguration, thus combining the best of both; supersedes RS-449)
EIA/TIA-561 8 Position Non-Synchronous Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data
Circuit Terminating Equipment Employing Serial
Binary Data Interchange
[6] Horowitz, Paul; Wineld Hill (1989). The Art of Electronics (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University
Press. pp. 723726. ISBN 0-521-37095-7.
[7] PC 97 Hardware Design Guide. Redmond, Wash: Microsoft Press. 1997. ISBN 1-57231-381-1.
[8] Wilson, Michael R. (January 2000). TIA/EIA-422-B
Overview (PDF). Application Note 1031. National Semiconductor. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
[9] Lawrence, Tony (1992). Serial Wiring. A. P. Lawrence.
Retrieved 28 July 2011.
EIA/TIA-562 Electrical Characteristics for an Unbalanced Digital Interface (low-voltage version of [10] gren, Joakim (18 September 2008). Serial (PC 9)".
Hardware Book. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
EIA/TIA-232)
TIA-574 (standardizes the 9-pin D-subminiature
connector pinout for use with EIA-232 electrical
signalling, as originated on the IBM PC/AT)
3.10 References
[1] EIA standard RS-232-C: Interface between Data Terminal
Equipment and Data Communication Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange. Washington: Electronic Industries Association. Engineering Dept. 1969.
OCLC 38637094.
[2] RS232 Tutorial on Data Interface and cables. ARC
Electronics. 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
[3] Metering Glossary Landis + Gyr Tutorial (see EIA)
Chapter 4
Serial port
4.1 Hardware
13
14
bly over slower serial connections, such as mass storage, of less costly and more compact connectors (in particusound, and video devices.
lar the DE-9 version used by the original IBM PC-AT).
The
desire to supply serial interface cards with two ports
Many personal computer motherboards still have at least
required
that IBM reduce the size of the connector to t
one serial port, even if accessible only through a pin
onto
a
single
card back panel. A DE-9 connector also
header. Small-form-factor systems and laptops may omit
ts
onto
a
card
with a second DB-25 connector that was
RS-232 connector ports to conserve space, but the elecsimilarly
changed
from the original Centronics-style contronics are still there. RS-232 has been standard for so
nector.
Starting
around
the time of the introduction of
long that the circuits needed to control a serial port bethe IBM PC-AT, serial ports were commonly built with
came very cheap and often exist on a single chip, somea 9-pin connector to save cost and space. However, prestimes also with circuitry for a parallel port.
ence of a 9-pin D-subminiature connector is not sucient
to indicate the connection is in fact a serial port, since this
connector is also used for video, joysticks, and other pur4.1.1 DTE and DCE
poses.
The individual signals on a serial port are unidirectional
and when connecting two devices the outputs of one device must be connected to the inputs of the other. Devices
are divided into two categories "data terminal equipment"
(DTE) and "data circuit-terminating equipment" (DCE).
A line that is an output on a DTE device is an input on
a DCE device and vice versa so a DCE device can be
connected to a DTE device with a straight wired cable.
Conventionally, computers and terminals are DTE while
modems and peripherals are DCE.
If it is necessary to connect two DTE devices (or two
DCE devices but that is more unusual) a cross-over null
modem, in the form of either an adapter or a cable, must
be used.
4.1.2
Connectors
Some miniaturized electronics, particularly graphing calculators and hand-held amateur and two-way radio equipment, have serial ports using a phone connector, usually
the smaller 2.5 or 3.5 mm connectors and use the most
basic 3-wire interface.
4.1.3
15
Pinouts
16
UART integrated circuit, all settings are usually softwarecontrolled; hardware from the 1980s and earlier may reIndustrial eld buses
quire setting switches or jumpers on a circuit board. One
of the simplications made in such serial bus standards
Printers
as Ethernet, FireWire, and USB is that many of those parameters have xed values so that users can not and need
Computer terminal, teletype
not change the conguration; the speed is either xed or
Older digital cameras
automatically negotiated. Often if the settings are entered
incorrectly the connection will not be dropped; however,
Networking (Macintosh AppleTalk using RS-422 at
any data sent will be received on the other end as non230.4 kbit/s)
sense.
Serial mouse
4.3.1 Speed
Some Telescopes
IDE hard drive
[11][12]
[13][14]
repair
4.3 Settings
4.3. SETTINGS
interface. To communicate with systems that require a
dierent bit ordering than the local default, local software
can re-order the bits within each byte just before sending
and just after receiving.
4.3.3
Parity
17
species 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit. In this notation, the parity bit is not included in the data bits. 7/E/1
(7E1) means that an even parity bit is added to the seven
data bits for a total of eight bits between the start and stop
bits. If a receiver of a 7/E/1 stream is expecting an 8/N/1
stream, half the possible bytes will be interpreted as having the high bit set.
XON/XOFF ow control is an example of in-band signaling, in which control information is sent over the same
channel used for the data. XON/XOFF handshaking
presents diculties as XON and XOFF characters might
appear in the data being sent and receivers may interpret them as ow control. Such characters sent as part of
the data stream must be encoded in an escape sequence
4.3.5 Conventional notation
to prevent this, and the receiving and sending software
must generate and interpret these escape sequences. On
The D/P/S (Data/Parity/Stop) conventional notation the other hand, since no extra signal circuits are required,
species the framing of a serial connection. The most XON/XOFF ow control can be done on a 3 wire intercommon usage on microcomputers is 8/N/1 (8N1). This face.
18
A virtual serial port is an emulation of the standard [8] Hardware Book RS-232D
serial port. This port is created by software which enable extra serial ports in an operating system without ad- [9] RS-232D EIA/TIA-561 RJ45 Pinout
ditional hardware installation (such as expansion cards,
[10] HOWTO: Specify Serial Ports Larger than COM9. Mietc.). It is possible to create a large number of virtual
crosoft support. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
serial ports in a PC. The only limitation is the amount
of resources, such as operating memory and computing [11] Pauls 8051 Code Library, IDE Hard Drive Interface.
Pjrc.com. 2005-02-24. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
power, needed to emulate many serial ports at the same
time.
[12] IDE Hard Disk experiments. Hem.passagen.se. 2004-
4.6 References
[1] Webopedia (2003-09-03). What is serial port? - A Word
Denition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary.
Webopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
[2] Yost Serial Device Wiring Standard
[3] Joakim gren. Serial (PC 9)".
[4] Cyclom-Y Installation Manual, page 38, retrieved on 29
November 2008
[5] RJ-45 8-Pin to Modem (ALTPIN
Digiftp.digi.com. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
option)".
Chapter 5
Universal asynchronous
receiver/transmitter
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter, abbreviated UART /jurt/, is a computer hardware device that translates data between parallel and serial forms.
UARTs are commonly used in conjunction with communication standards such as TIA (formerly EIA) RS-232,
RS-422 or RS-485. The universal designation indicates
that the data format and transmission speeds are congurable. The electric signaling levels and methods (such as
dierential signaling etc.) are handled by a driver circuit
external to the UART.
the logic level signals of the UART to and from the external signalling levels. External signals may be of many different forms. Examples of standards for voltage signaling
are RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 from the EIA. Historically, current (in current loops) was used in telegraph circuits. Some signaling schemes do not use electrical wires.
Examples of such are optical ber, IrDA (infrared), and
(wireless) Bluetooth in its Serial Port Prole (SPP). Some
signaling schemes use modulation of a carrier signal (with
or without wires). Examples are modulation of audio sigA UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated nals with phone line modems, RF modulation with data
circuit (IC) used for serial communications over a com- radios, and the DC-LIN for power line communication.
puter or peripheral device serial port. UARTs are Communication may be simplex (in one direction only,
now commonly included in microcontrollers. A dual with no provision for the receiving device to send inforUART, or DUART, combines two UARTs into a sin- mation back to the transmitting device), full duplex (both
gle chip. An octal UART or OCTART combines eight devices send and receive at the same time) or half duplex
UARTs into one package, an example being the NXP (devices take turns transmitting and receiving).
SCC2698. Many modern ICs now come with a UART
that can also communicate synchronously; these devices
are called USARTs (universal synchronous/asynchronous 5.1.1 Data framing
receiver/transmitter).
The idle, no data state is high-voltage, or powered. This
is a historic legacy from telegraphy, in which the line is
held high to show that the line and transmitter are not
5.1 Transmitting and receiving se- damaged. Each character is sent as a logic low start bit,
a congurable number of data bits (usually 8, but users
rial data
can choose 5 to 8 or 9 bits depending on which UART
is in use), an optional parity bit if the number of bits per
See also: Asynchronous serial communication
character chosen is not 9 bits, and one or more logic high
stop bits. In most applications the least signicant data bit
The universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) (the one on the left in this diagram) is transmitted rst,
takes bytes of data and transmits the individual bits in a but there are exceptions (such as the IBM 2741 printing
sequential fashion.[1] At the destination, a second UART terminal).
re-assembles the bits into complete bytes. Each UART The start bit signals the receiver that a new character is
contains a shift register, which is the fundamental method coming. The next ve to nine bits, depending on the code
of conversion between serial and parallel forms. Serial set employed, represent the character. If a parity bit is
transmission of digital information (bits) through a single used, it would be placed after all of the data bits. The
wire or other medium is less costly than parallel transmis- next one or two bits are always in the mark (logic high,
sion through multiple wires.
i.e., '1') condition and called the stop bit(s). They signal
The UART usually does not directly generate or re- the receiver that the character is completed. Since the
ceive the external signals used between dierent items of start bit is logic low (0) and the stop bit is logic high (1)
equipment. Separate interface devices are used to convert there are always at least two guaranteed signal changes
19
20
between characters.
5.1.4 Application
Transmitting and receiving UARTs must be set for the
same bit speed, character length, parity, and stop bits for
proper operation. The receiving UART may detect some
mismatched settings and set a framing error ag bit for
the host system; in exceptional cases the receiving UART
will produce an erratic stream of mutilated characters and
transfer them to the host system.
Typical serial ports used with personal computers connected to modems use eight data bits, no parity, and one
stop bit; for this conguration the number of ASCII charCommunicating UARTs usually have no shared timing acters per second equals the bit rate divided by 10.
system apart from the communication signal. Typi- Some very low-cost home computers or embedded syscally, UARTs resynchronize their internal clocks on each tems dispense with a UART and use the CPU to sample
change of the data line that is not considered a spuri- the state of an input port or directly manipulate an outous pulse. Obtaining timing information in this manner, put port for data transmission. While very CPU-intensive
they reliably receive when the transmitter is sending at a (since the CPU timing is critical), the UART chip can
slightly dierent speed than it should. Simplistic UARTs thus be omitted, saving money and space. The technique
do not do this, instead they resynchronize on the falling is known as bit-banging.
edge of the start bit only, and then read the center of each
expected data bit, and this system works if the broadcast
data rate is accurate enough to allow the stop bits to be
sampled reliably.
It is a standard feature for a UART to store the most
recent character while receiving the next. This double
buering gives a receiving computer an entire character transmission time to fetch a received character. Many
UARTs have a small rst-in, rst-out FIFO buer memory between the receiver shift register and the host system
interface. This allows the host processor even more time
to handle an interrupt from the UART and prevents loss
of received data at high rates.
5.4. STRUCTURE
5.3 History
21
5.4 Structure
A UART usually contains the following components:
a clock generator, usually a multiple of the bit rate
to allow sampling in the middle of a bit period.
An underrun error occurs when the UART transmitter has completed sending a character and the transmit
buer is empty. In asynchronous modes this is treated
as an indication that no data remains to be transmitted,
rather than an error, since additional stop bits can be appended. This error indication is commonly found in USARTs, since an underrun is more serious in synchronous
Depending on the manufacturer, dierent terms are used systems.
to identify devices that perform the UART functions.
Intel called their 8251 device a Programmable Communication Interface. MOS Technology 6551 was known 5.5.3 Framing error
under the name Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter (ACIA). The term Serial Communica- A framing error occurs when the designated start and
tions Interface (SCI) was rst used at Motorola around stop bits are not found. As the start bit is used to
1975 to refer to their start-stop asynchronous serial in- identify the beginning of an incoming character, it acts as
terface device, which others were calling a UART. Zilog a reference for the remaining bits. If the data line is not in
manufactured a number of Serial Communication Con- the expected state (hi/lo) when the stop bit is expected,
a Framing Error will occur.
trollers or SCCs.
After the RS-232 COM port was removed from most
IBM PC compatible computers in the 2000s, an exter- 5.5.4 Parity error
nal USB-to-UART serial adapter cable was used to compensate for the loss. A major supplier of these chips is A Parity Error occurs when the parity of the number of
FTDI.[5]
1 bits disagrees with that specied by the parity bit. Use
22
of a parity bit is optional, so this error will only occur if lost characters.
parity-checking has been enabled.
A 16 byte FIFO allows up to 16 characters to be received
before the computer has to service the interrupt. This increases the maximum bit rate the computer can process
5.5.5 Break condition
reliably from 9600 to 153,000 bit/s if it has a 1 millisecond interrupt dead time. A 32 byte FIFO increases the
A break condition occurs when the receiver input is maximum rate to over 300,000 bit/s. A second benet
at the space (logic low, i.e., '0') level for longer than to having a FIFO is that the computer only has to service
some duration of time, typically, for more than a char- about 8 to 12% as many interrupts, allowing more CPU
acter time. This is not necessarily an error, but appears time for updating the screen, or doing other chores. Thus
to the receiver as a character of all zero bits with a fram- the computers responses will improve as well..
ing error. The term break derives from current loop
signaling, which was the traditional signaling used for
teletypewriters. The spacing condition of a current loop
5.8 See also
line is indicated by no current owing, and a very long period of no current owing is often caused by a break or
Baud
other fault in the line.
Bit rate
Some equipment will deliberately transmit the space
level for longer than a character as an attention signal.
Modem
When signaling rates are mismatched, no meaningful
Morse code
characters can be sent, but a long break signal can be a
useful way to get the attention of a mismatched receiver
Serial communication
to do something (such as resetting itself). Unix-like systems can use the long break level as a request to change
Serial port
the signaling rate, to support dial-in access at multiple sig USB
naling rates.
5.9 References
[1] Adam Osborne, An Introduction to Microcomputers Volume 1: Basic Concepts, Osborne-McGraw Hill Berkeley
California USA, 1980 ISBN 0-931988-34-9 pp. 116-126
[2] C. Gordon Bell, J. Craig Mudge, John E. McNamara,
Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems
Design, Digital Press, 12 May 2014, ISBN 1483221105,
p.73
[3] Allison, David. the UART Curator, Division of Information Technology and Society, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution Oral and Video Histories. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
[4] Oral History of Gordon Bell, 2005, accessed 2015-08-19
[5] Products; FTDI.
[6] Interfacing with a PDP-11/05:
bone.com, accessed 2015-08-19
23
Chapter 6
Dierential signaling
This article is about electric signals via wires. For an im- 6.1.1
munological model that attempts to explain how T cells
survive selection during maturation, see Dierential Signaling Hypothesis.
Dierential signaling is a method for electrically trans-
6.1 Advantages
Provided that the source- and receiver impedances in
the dierential signalling circuit are equal, external electromagnetic interference tends to aect both conductors identically. Since the receiving circuit only detects
the dierence between the wires, the technique resists
electromagnetic noise compared to one conductor with
an un-paired reference (ground). The technique works
for both analog signaling, as in balanced audioand digital signaling, as in RS-422, RS-485, Ethernet over twisted
pair, PCI Express, DisplayPort, HDMI, and USB.
24
6.1.3
6.3 Uses
The technique minimizes electronic crosstalk and
electromagnetic interference, both noise emission and
noise acceptance, and can achieve a constant or known
characteristic impedance, allowing impedance matching
techniques important in a high-speed signal transmission
line or high quality balanced line and balanced circuit
audio signal path.
Dierential pairs include:
25
Hypertransport 1.6 Gbit/s
Inniband 2.5 Gbit/s
PCI Express 2.5 Gbit/s
Serial ATA Revision 2.0 2.4 Gbit/s
XAUI 3.125 Gbit/s
Serial ATA Revision 3.0 4.8 Gbit/s
PCI Express 2.0 5.0 Gbit/s per lane
10 Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gbit/s (4 dierential pairs
running at 2.5 Gbit/s each)
DDR SDRAM 3.2 Gbits/s (dierential strobes latch
single-ended data)
26
Minimized
Dierential
Signaling
6.8 References
[1] Graham Blyth. Audio Balancing Issues. Professional
Audio Learning Zone. Soundcraft. Retrieved 2009-0825. Lets be clear from the start here: if the source
impedance of each of these signals was not identical i.e.
balanced, the method would fail completely, the matching
of the dierential audio signals being irrelevant, though
desirable for headroom considerations.
[2] Part 3: Ampliers. Sound system equipment (Third
ed.). Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission. 2000. p. 111. IEC 602689-3:2001. Only the
common-mode impedance balance of the driver, line, and
Chapter 7
RS-422
RS-422, also known as TIA/EIA-422, is a technical standard originated by the Electronic Industries Alliance that
species electrical characteristics of a digital signaling
circuit. Dierential signaling can transmit data at rates
as high as 10 Mbit/s, or may be sent on cables as long as
1500 meters. Some systems directly interconnect using
RS-422 signals, or RS-422 converters may be used to extend the range of RS-232 connections. The standard only
denes signal levels; other properties of a serial interface,
such as electrical connectors and pin wiring, are set by
other standards.
The maximum cable length is not specied in the standard, but guidance is given in its annex. (This annex is
not a formal part of the standard, but is included for information purposes only.) Limitations on line length and
data rate varies with the parameters of the cable length,
balance, and termination, as well as the individual installation. Figure A.1 shows a maximum length of 1200 meters, but this is with a termination and the annex discusses
the fact that many applications can tolerate greater timing
and amplitude distortion, and that experience has shown
that the cable length may be extended to several kilometers. Conservative maximum data rates with 24AWG
UTP (POTS) cable are 10 Mbit/s at 12 m to 90 kbit/s at
1200 m as shown in the gure A.1. This gure is a conserRevision B, published in May 1994 was rearmed by the vative guide based on empirical data, not a limit imposed
Telecommunications Industry Association in 2005.
by the standard.
7.2 Characteristics
RS-422 species the electrical characteristics of a single balanced signal. The standard was written to be
referenced by other standards that specify the complete
DTE/DCE interface for applications which require a balanced voltage circuit to transmit data. These other standards would dene protocols, connectors, pin assignments and functions. Standards such as EIA-530 (DB-25
connector) and EIA-449 (DC-37 connector) use RS-422
electrical signals. Some RS-422 devices have 4 screw terminals for pairs of wire, with one pair used for data in one
direction.
28
cations network such as with EIA-485 since there can be
only one driver on each pair of wires, however one driver
can be connected to up to ten receivers.
RS-422 can interoperate with interfaces designed to MILSTD-188-114B, but they are not identical. RS-422 uses a
nominal 0 to 5 volt signal while MIL-STD-188-114B uses
a signal symmetric about 0 V. However the tolerance for
common mode voltage in both specications allows them
to interoperate. Care must be taken with the termination
network.
EIA-423 is a similar specication for unbalanced signaling (RS-423).
7.3 Applications
A common use of RS-422 is for RS-232 extenders.
An RS-232-compatible variant of RS-422 using a miniDIN8 connector was widely used on Macintosh hardware until it (and ADB) were replaced by Universal Serial
Bus on the iMac in 1998.
CHAPTER 7. RS-422
7.5 References
This article is based on material taken from the Free Online Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008
and incorporated under the relicensing terms of the
GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
Chapter 8
RS-485
TIA-485-A, also known as ANSI/TIA/EIA-485,
TIA/EIA-485, EIA-485 or RS-485, is a standard dening the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers
for use in balanced digital multipoint systems. The standard is published by the Telecommunications Industry
Association/Electronic Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA).
Digital communications networks implementing the
EIA-485 standard can be used eectively over long distances and in electrically noisy environments. Multiple
receivers may be connected to such a network in a linear,
multi-drop conguration. These characteristics make
such networks useful in industrial environments and
similar applications.
a line or bus, not a star, ring, or multiply connected network. Ideally, the two ends of the cable will have a termination resistor connected across the two wires. Without
termination resistors, reections of fast driver edges can
cause multiple data edges that can cause data corruption.
Termination resistors also reduce electrical noise sensitivity due to the lower impedance, and bias resistors (see
below) are required. The value of each termination resistor should be equal to the cable characteristic impedance
(typically, 120 ohms for twisted pairs).
680
8.1 Overview
120
680
Typical bias network together with termination. Biasing and termination values are not specied in the RS-485 standard.
30
CHAPTER 8. RS-485
8.6 Applications
RS-485 signals are used in a wide range of computer
and automation systems. In a computer system, SCSI2
and SCSI-3 may use this specication to implement the
physical layer for data transmission between a controller
and a disk drive. RS-485 is used for low-speed data communications in commercial aircraft cabins vehicle bus. It
requires minimal wiring, and can share the wiring among
several seats, reducing weight.
31
used in programmable logic controllers and on factory The RS-485 signaling specication shows that signal A is
oors. Since it is dierential, it resists electromagnetic the non-inverting pin and signal B is the inverting pin.[8]
interference from motors and welding equipment.
This is in accordance with the A/B naming used by most
In theatre and performance venues RS-485 networks dierential transceiver manufacturers, including, among
are used to control lighting and other systems using the others:
DMX512 protocol.
RS-485 is also used in building automation as the simple bus wiring and long cable length is ideal for joining
remote devices. It may be used to control video surveillance systems or to interconnect security control panels
and devices such as access control card readers.
Its also used in model railway: the layout is controlled
by a command station using DCC. The external interface
to the DCC command station is often RS-485 used by
hand-held controllers[6] or for controlling the layout in a
network/PC environment.[7] Connectors in this case are
8P8C / RJ45.
Although many applications use RS-485 signal levels; the
speed, format, and protocol of the data transmission is
not specied by RS-485. Interoperability of even similar devices from dierent manufacturers is not assured
by compliance with the signal levels alone.
8.7 Connectors
Texas Instruments, as seen in their application handbook on EIA-422/485 communications (A=noninverting, B=inverting)
Intersil, as seen in their data sheet for the ISL4489
transceiver[9]
Maxim, as seen in their data sheet for the MAX483
transceiver[10]
Linear Technology, as seen in their datasheet for the
LTC2850, LTC2851, LTC2852[11]
Analog Devices, as seen in their datasheet for the
ADM3483, ADM3485, ADM3488, ADM3490,
ADM3491[12]
FTDI, as seen in their datasheet for the USB-RS485WE-1800-BT[13]
The diagram below shows potentials of the '+' and '' pins
The SC line is the optional voltage reference connection. of an RS-485 line during transmission of one byte (0xD3,
This is the reference potential used by the transceiver to least signicant bit rst) of data using an asynchronous
measure the A and B voltages.
start-stop method.
Mark Space
Space
Mark
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Stop
Idle
Start
U+
U_
Mark
Mark
In addition to the A and B connections, the EIA standard also species a third interconnection point called C,
which is the common signal reference ground.
Space
32
CHAPTER 8. RS-485
UART
8.10 References
[1] Trim-the-fat-o-RS-485-designs. EE Times. 2000.
[2] Soltero, Manny; Zhang, Jing; Cockril, Chris; Zhang,
Kevin; Kinnaird, Clark; Kugelstadt, Thomas (May 2010)
[2002]. RS-422 and RS-485 Standards Overview and System Congurations, Application Report (pdf). Texas Instruments (Technical report). SLLA070D.
[3] Electronic Industries Association (1983). Electrical Characteristics of Generators and Receivers for Use in Balanced Multipoint Systems. EIA Standard RS-485. OCLC
10728525.
[4] DS3695,DS3695A,DS3695AT,DS3695T,DS96172,
DS96174,DS96F172MQML,DS96F174MQML:
Application Note 847 FAILSAFE Biasing of Dierential
Buses (Literature Number: SNLA031) (PDF), Texas
Instruments, 1998
[5] Thomas, George (MarchApril 2008). Examining the
BACnet MS/TP Physical Layer (PDF). the Extension
(Contemporary Control Systems, Inc.) 9 (2).
[6] XpressNET FAQ, lenzusa.com, accessed July 26, 2015
[7] BiDiBus, a Highspeed-Bus for
bidib.org, accessed July 26, 2015.
model-railways,
MAX481/MAX483/MAX485/MAX487
MAX491/MAX1487: Low-Power, Slew-Rate-Limited
RS-485/RS-422 Transceivers (PDF), Maxim Integrated,
September 2009
[11] LTC2850/LTC2851/LTC2852
3.3V
20Mbps
RS485/RS422 Transceivers (PDF), Linear Technology Corporation, 2007
[12] ADM3483/ADM3485/ADM3488/ADM3490/ADM3491
(Rev. E) (PDF), Analog Devices, Inc., 22 November
2011
[13] USB to RS485 Serial Converter Cable Datasheet (PDF),
Future Technology Devices International Ltd, 27 May
2010
Chapter 9
Physical layer
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, 9.2 List of services
the physical layer or layer 1 is the rst (lowest) layer.[1]
The implementation of this layer is often termed PHY.
The major functions and services performed by the physThe physical layer consists of the basic networking hard- ical layer are:
ware transmission technologies of a network.[2] It is a
fundamental layer underlying the logical data structures
Bit-by-bit or symbol-by-symbol delivery
of the higher level functions in a network. Due to the
Providing a standardized interface to physical
plethora of available hardware technologies with widely
transmission media, including
varying characteristics, this is perhaps the most complex
layer in the OSI architecture.
Mechanical specication of electrical connecThe physical layer denes the means of transmitting
tors and cables, for example maximum cable
raw bits rather than logical data packets over a physilength
cal link connecting network nodes. The bit stream may
Electrical specication of transmission line
be grouped into code words or symbols and converted
signal level and impedance
to a physical signal that is transmitted over a hardware
Radio interface, including electromagnetic
transmission medium. The physical layer provides an
spectrum frequency allocation and specicaelectrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the
tion of signal strength, analog bandwidth, etc.
transmission medium. The shapes and properties of the
electrical connectors, the frequencies to broadcast on, the
Specications for IR over optical ber or a
modulation scheme to use and similar low-level paramewireless IR communication link
ters, are specied here.
Modulation
Within the semantics of the OSI network architecture, the
physical layer translates logical communications requests
Line coding
from the data link layer into hardware-specic operations
Bit synchronization in synchronous serial communito aect transmission or reception of electronic signals.
cation
Start-stop signalling and ow
asynchronous serial communication
control
in
Circuit switching
In a local area network (LAN) or a metropolitan area network (MAN) using open systems interconnection (OSI)
architecture, the physical signaling sublayer is the portion
of the physical layer that:[3][4]
interfaces with the data link layer's media access
control (MAC) sublayer,
Multiplexing
Establishment and termination of circuit
switched connections
Carrier sense and collision detection utilized by
some level 2 multiple access protocols
34
Bit-interleaving and other channel coding
The physical layer is also concerned with
Bit rate
Point-to-point, multipoint or point-to-multipoint
line conguration
Physical network topology, for example bus, ring,
mesh or star network
Autonegotiation
9.7 References
[1] Banzal, Shashi (2007). Data and Computer Network Communication. Firewall Media. p. 41.
[2] Iyengar, Shisharama (2010). Fundamentals of Sensor Network Programming. Wiley. p. 136.
[3] This article incorporates public domain material from
the General Services Administration document Federal
Standard 1037C.
[4] physical signaling sublayer (PLS)". Retrieved 2011-0729.
[5] Bertsekas, Dimitri; Gallager, Robert (1992). Data Networks. Prentice Hall. p. 61. ISBN 0-13-200916-1.
35
Chapter 10
10.1.4 1 Gbit/s
10.1.5 10 Gbit/s
Main article: 10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gigabit Ethernet denes a version of Ethernet with a
nominal data rate of 10 Gbit/s, ten times as fast as Gigabit
Ethernet. In 2002, the rst 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard
was published as IEEE Std 802.3ae-2002. Subsequent
standards encompassed media types for single-mode bre
(long haul), multi-mode bre (up to 300 m), copper backplane (up to 1 m) and copper twisted pair (up to 100 m).
All 10-gigabit varieties were consolidated into IEEE Std
802.3-2008. As of 2009, 10 Gigabit Ethernet is predominantly deployed in carrier networks, where 10GBASELR and 10GBASE-ER enjoy signicant market shares.
The following sections provide a brief summary of ofcial Ethernet media types (section numbers from the
IEEE 802.3-2008 standard are parenthesized). In addi10.1.6 25 and 50 Gbit/s
tion to these ocial standards, many vendors have implemented proprietary media types for various reasons
often to support longer distances over ber optic cabling. Main article: 25 Gigabit Ethernet
An IEEE 802.3 workgroup has been formed to develop a
25-gigabit Ethernet standard based on one lane of the 4 by
25-Gbit/s 100 Gigabit Ethernet standard and is expected
Early Ethernet standards used Manchester coding so that to progress quickly.[10] A 50-Gbit/s option is also being
the signal was self-clocking not adversely aected by discussed.[11]
10.1.2
Early implementations
36
10.1.7
37
10.1.8
10.1.9
First mile
TIA
100BASE-SXPromoted
by
the
Telecommunications
Industry
Association.
100BASE-SX is an alternative implementation
of 100 Mbit/s Ethernet over ber; it is incompatible with the ocial 100BASE-FX standard. Its
main feature is interoperability with 10BASE-FL,
supporting autonegotiation between 10 Mbit/s and
100 Mbit/s operation a feature lacking in the
ocial standards due to the use of diering LED
wavelengths. It is targeted at the installed base of
10 Mbit/s ber network installations.
TIA
1000BASE-TXPromoted
by
the
Telecommunications Industry Association, it
was a commercial failure, and no products exist.
1000BASE-TX uses a simpler protocol than the
ocial 1000BASE-T standard so the electronics
can be cheaper, but requires Category 6 cabling.
G.hnA standard developed by ITU-T and promoted by HomeGrid Forum for high-speed (up to
1 Gbit/s) local area networks over existing home
wiring (coaxial cables, power lines and phone lines).
G.hn denes an Application Protocol Convergence
(APC) layer that accepts Ethernet frames and encapsulates them into G.hn MSDUs.
38
802.11Standards for wireless local area networks
(LANs), sold with brand name Wi-Fi
802.16Standards for wireless metropolitan area
networks (MANs), sold with brand name WiMAX
Other special-purpose physical layers include Avionics
Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet and TTEthernet TimeTriggered Ethernet for embedded systems.
10.5 References
[1] Consideration for 40 Gigabit Ethernet (PDF). IEEE
HSSG. May 2007.
[2] 40 gigabit Ethernet answers (PDF). IEEE HSSG. May
2007.
[3] HECTO: High-Speed Electro-Optical Components for
Integrated Transmitter and Receiver in Optical Communication. Hecto.eu. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
[4] IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task
Force. IEEE. 2010-06-19.
[5] Yiran Ma, Qi Yang, Yan Tang, Simin Chen, and William
Shieh, 1-Tb/s single-channel coherent optical OFDM transmission over 600-km SSMF ber with subwavelength bandwidth access, retrieved 2010-07-30
[16] http://www.proavbiz-europe.com/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=6151:
ieee-begins-work-on-new-ethernet-standard&catid=
15&Itemid=401979
[17] http://www.ieee802.org/3/ad_hoc/bwa/BWA_Report.
pdf
[18] http://www.electronista.com/articles/12/08/20/aging.
standard.is.still.ahead.of.most.core.networking/
[19] Inneon Strengthens Leadership in MDU/MTU Market with Ethernet over VDSL Technology Patent Award.
News release (Inneon Technologies AG). January 8,
2001. Archived from the original on April 13, 2001. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
[20] Inneon Announces Second Quarter Results. News
release (Inneon Technologies). April 24, 2001. Retrieved August 28, 2011. ...strategic design-win with
Cisco for new long range Ethernet products incorporating
Inneon 's 10BaseS technology
[21] Tech Info - LAN and Telephones. Zytrax.com. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
[22] Cisco 100BASE-FX SFP Fast Ethernet Interface Converter on Gigabit SFP Ports. Cisco Systems. Archived
from the original on 2007-10-13.
[23] IEEE Standard for Ethernet 802.3-2008 Clauses
10.7.2.1-2 (PDF).
[24] http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/
interfaces-modules/port-adapters/12768-eth-collisions.
html
[25] http://web.cs.dal.ca/~{}yongzhen/course/6704/report.
pdf
[8] L-com Introduces Commercial-Grade Thinnet (10Base2) and Thicknet (10Base-5) Converters for Legacy Installs. Virtual-Strategy Magazine. 2012-06-11. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
[9] Cisco Gigabit Ethernet Solutions for Cisco 7x00 Series
Routers, undated, URL retrieved on 17 February 2008
[10] Jim Duy (9/3/2014). 25G Ethernet moving fast.
Network World. Check date values in: |date= (help)
[11] Rick Merritt (9/3/2014). 50G Ethernet Debate Brewing. EE Times. Check date values in: |date= (help)
[12] Reimer, Jeremy (July 25, 2007). New Ethernet standard:
not 40Gbps, not 100, but both. Ars Technica. Retrieved
December 17, 2011.
[13] IEEE P802.3bg 40Gb/s Ethernet: Single-mode Fibre
PMD Task Force. ocial task force web site. IEEE 802.
April 12, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
[14] Ilango Ganga (May 13, 2009). Chief Editors Report
(PDF). IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task
Force public record. p. 8. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
[15] http://www.ieee802.org/3/bs/index.html
Chapter 11
10BASE2
39
40
EAD outlet
As is the case with most other high-speed buses, Ethernet segments have to be terminated with a resistor at
each end. Each end of the cable has a 50 ohm () resistor attached. Typically this resistor is built into a male
BNC and attached to the last device on the bus. This is
most commonly connected directly to the T-connector on
a workstation though it does not technically have to be. A
few devices such as Digitals DEMPR and DESPR had a
built-in terminator and so could only be used at one physical end of the cable run. If termination is missing, or if
11.5. REFERENCES
11.5 References
[1] L-com Introduces Commercial-Grade Thinnet (10Base2) and Thicknet (10Base-5) Converters for Legacy Installs. Virtual-Strategy Magazine. 2012-06-11. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
This article is based on material taken from the Free Online Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008
and incorporated under the relicensing terms of the
GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
41
Chapter 12
Fast Ethernet
refers to baseband signalling. The letter following the
dash (T or F) refers to the physical medium that carries the signal (twisted pair or ber, respectively), while
the last character (X, 4, etc.) refers to the used
encoding method.
A Fast Ethernet adapter can be logically divided into a
Media Access Controller (MAC), which deals with the
higher-level issues of medium availability, and a Physical Layer Interface (PHY). The MAC may be linked to
the PHY by a four-bit 25 MHz synchronous parallel interface known as a Media Independent Interface (MII),
or by a two-bit 50 MHz variant called Reduced Media
Independent Interface (RMII). Repeaters (hubs) are also
allowed and connect to multiple PHYs for their dierent
interfaces.
The MII may (rarely) be an external connection but is
usually a connection between ICs in a network adapter or
In computer networking, Fast Ethernet is a collective even within a single IC. The specs are written based on
term for a number of Ethernet standards that carry trac the assumption that the interface between MAC and PHY
at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s (the original Ethernet will be a MII but they do not require it.
speed was 10 Mbit/s). Of the Fast Ethernet standards, The MII xes the theoretical maximum data bit rate for
100BASE-TX is by far the most common.
all versions of Fast Ethernet to 100 Mbit/s. The data sigFast Ethernet was introduced in 1995 as the IEEE 802.3u naling rate actually observed on real networks is less than
standard[1] and remained the fastest version of Ethernet the theoretical maximum, due to the necessary header
for three years before it was superseded by the Gigabit and trailer (addressing and error-detection bits) on every
frame, the occasional lost frame due to noise, and time
Ethernet.[2]
waiting after each sent frame for other devices on the network to nish transmitting.
Intel PRO/100 Fast Ethernet NIC, a PCI card
12.2 Copper
43
at 125 MHz symbol rate. The 4B5B encoding provides
DC equalization and spectrum shaping (see the standard
for details). Just as in the 100BASE-FX case, the bits are
then transferred to the physical medium attachment layer
using NRZI encoding. However, 100BASE-TX introduces an additional, medium dependent sublayer, which
employs MLT-3 as a nal encoding of the data stream before transmission, resulting in a maximum fundamental
frequency of 31.25 MHz. The procedure is borrowed
from the ANSI X3.263 FDDI specications, with minor
discrepancies.[5]
12.2.2 100BASE-T4
3Com 3c905-TX 100BASE-TX PCI network interface card
12.2.1
100BASE-TX
100BASE-TX is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet, and runs over two wire-pairs inside a category 5 or
above cable. Like 10BASE-T, the active pairs in a standard connection are terminated on pins 1, 2, 3 and 6.
Since a typical category 5 cable contains 4 pairs, it can
support two 100BASE-TX links with a wiring adaptor.[4]
Cabling is conventional wired to TIA/EIA-568-B's termination standards, T568A or T568B. This places the active
pairs on the orange and green pairs (canonical second and
third pairs).
Each network segment can have a maximum cabling distance of 100 metres (328 ft). In its typical conguration,
100BASE-TX uses one pair of twisted wires in each direction, providing 100 Mbit/s of throughput in each direction (full-duplex). See IEEE 802.3 for more details.
The conguration of 100BASE-TX networks is very similar to 10BASE-T. When used to build a local area network, the devices on the network (computers, printers
etc.) are typically connected to a hub or switch, creating a star network. Alternatively it is possible to connect
two devices directly using a crossover cable.
With 100BASE-TX hardware, the raw bits (4 bits wide
clocked at 25 MHz at the MII) go through 4B5B binary
encoding to generate a series of 0 and 1 symbols clocked
100BASE-T4 was an early implementation of Fast Ethernet. It requires four twisted copper pairs, but those pairs
were only required to be category 3 rather than the category 5 required by TX. One pair is reserved for transmit,
one for receive, and the remaining two will switch direction as negotiated. A very unusual 8B6T code is used to
convert 8 data bits into 6 base-3 digits (the signal shaping is possible as there are nearly three times as many
6-digit base-3 numbers as there are 8-digit base-2 numbers). The two resulting 3-digit base-3 symbols are sent in
parallel over 3 pairs using 3-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-3). The fact that 3 pairs are used to transmit
in each direction makes 100BASE-T4 inherently halfduplex. This standard can be implemented with CAT 3,
4, 5 UTP cables, or STP if needed against interference.
Maximum distance is limited to 100 meters. 100BASET4 was not widely adopted but the technology developed
for it is used in 1000BASE-T.[6]
12.2.3 100BASE-T2
In 100BASE-T2, standardized in IEEE 802.3y, the data
is transmitted over two copper pairs, 4 bits per symbol. It
uses these two pairs for simultaneously transmitting and
receiving on both pairs[7] thus allowing full-duplex operation. First, a 4-bit symbol is expanded into two 3-bit symbols through a non-trivial scrambling procedure based on
a linear feedback shift register; see the standard for details. This is needed to atten the bandwidth and emission
spectrum of the signal, as well as to match transmission
line properties. The mapping of the original bits to the
symbol codes is not constant in time and has a fairly large
period (appearing as a pseudo-random sequence). The
nal mapping from symbols to PAM-5 line modulation
levels obeys the table on the right. 100BASE-T2 was not
widely adopted but the technology developed for it is used
in 1000BASE-T.[6]
44
12.3.1
100BASE-FX
12.3.4 100BASE-LX10
100BASE-FX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical 100BASE-LX10 is a version of Fast Ethernet over two
ber. It uses a 1300 nm near-infrared (NIR) light single-mode optical bers. It has a nominal reach of 10
[11]
wavelength transmitted via two strands of optical ber, km and a nominal wavelength of 1310 nm.
one for receive(RX) and the other for transmit(TX). Maximum length is 412 metres (1,350 ft) for half-duplex connections (to ensure collisions are detected), and 2 kilo- 12.4 See also
metres (6,600 ft) for full-duplex over multi-mode optical
ber.[8] 100BASE-FX uses the same 4B5B encoding and
List of device bandwidths
NRZI line code that 100BASE-TX does. 100BASE-FX
should use SC, ST, LC, MTRJ or MIC connectors with
SC being the preferred option.[9]
12.5 References
100BASE-FX is not compatible with 10BASE-FL, the
10 MBit/s version over optical ber.
12.3.2
100BASE-SX
[3] Cisco 100BASE-X Small Form-Factor Pluggable Modules for Fast Ethernet Applications Data Sheet. Cisco.
[4] CAT5E Adapters (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-17.
[5] The 100BASE-TX PMD (and MDI) is specied by incorporating the FDDI TP-PMD standard, ANSI X3.263:
1995 (TP-PMD), by reference, with the modications
noted below. (section 25.2 of IEEE802.3-2002).
[6] Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). Ethernet: the Denitive
Guide. O'Reilly Media. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-56592-6608.
[7] Robert Breyer and Sean Riley (1999). Switched, Fast,
and Gigabit Ethernet. Macmillan Technical Publishing.
p. 107.
[8] 100BASE-FX Technical Brief (PDF). hp.com. Re-
12.3.3
100BASE-BX
Chapter 13
8P8C plug
13.1 History
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) standards association ratied several versions
of the technology. The rst two early designs were
StarLAN, standardized in 1986, at one megabit per
second,[6] and LattisNet, developed in January 1987, at
10 megabit per second.[7][8] Both were developed before the 10BASE-T standard (published in 1990 as IEEE
802.3i) and used dierent signalling, so they were not directly compatible with it.[9]
46
Mixing dierent speeds in a single network became called MDI-X, transmitting on pin 3 and 6 and receivpossible with the arrival of Fast Ethernet.
ing on pin 1 and 2. These ports are connected using a
straight-through cable, so each transmitter talks to the
receiver on the other side.
13.2 Naming
The common names for the standards derive from aspects of the physical media. The leading number (10 in
10BASE-T) refers to the transmission speed in Mbit/s.
BASE denotes that baseband transmission is used. The T
designates twisted pair cable, where the pair of wires for
each signal is twisted together to reduce radio frequency
interference and crosstalk between pairs. Where there
are several standards for the same transmission speed,
they are distinguished by a letter or digit following the
T, such as TX.
13.3 Cabling
Twisted-pair Ethernet standards are such that the majority of cables can be wired straight-through (pin 1 to pin
1, pin 2 to pin 2 and so on), but others may need to be
wired in the "crossover" form (receive to transmit and
transmit to receive).
13.5. VARIANTS
wiring to be used, but instead species certain characteristics that a cable must meet. This was done in anticipation of using 10BASE-T in existing twisted-pair
wiring systems that may not conform to any specied
wiring standard. Some of the specied characteristics
are attenuation, characteristic impedance, timing jitter,
propagation delay, and several types of noise. Cable
testers are widely available to check these parameters to
determine if a cable can be used with 10BASE-T. These
characteristics are expected to be met by 100 meters of
24-gauge unshielded twisted-pair cable. However, with
high quality cabling, cable runs of 150 meters or longer
are often obtained and are considered viable by most
technicians familiar with the 10BASE-T specication.
47
13.5 Variants
13.6 See also
25-pair color code
Copper cable certication
Ethernet physical layer
Ethernet extender
Fast Ethernet, 100 Mbit/s
Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
13.3.1
Shared cable
Network isolator
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Twisted pair
13.7 Notes
[1] The 8P8C modular connector is often called RJ45 after a
telephone industry standard.
13.8 References
[1] Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). Ethernet: the denitive guide.
OReilly Media. ISBN 978-1-56592-660-8.
[2] Seifert, Rich (1998). 10. Gigabit Ethernet: Technology
and Applications for High-Speed LANs. Addison Wesley.
ISBN 0-201-18553-9.
[3] Conguring
and
Troubleshooting
Ethernet
10/100/1000Mb Half/Full Duplex Auto-Negotiation.
Cisco. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
[4] Michael Palmer. Hands-On Networking Fundamentals,
2nd ed. Cengage Learning. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-28540275-8.
[5] IEEE P802.3bq 40GBASE-T Task Force. IEEE 802.3.
[6] Urs von Burg (2001). The triumph of Ethernet: technological communities and the battle for the LAN standard.
Stanford University Press. pp. 175176, 255256. ISBN
978-0-8047-4095-1.
[7] Paula Musich (August 3, 1987). User lauds SynOptic
system: LattisNet a success on PDS. Network World 4
(31). pp. 2, 39. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
[8] W.C. Wise, Ph.D. (March 1989). Yesterday, somebody
asked me what I think about LattisNet. Heres what I told
him in a nutshell. CIO Magazine 2 (6). p. 13. Retrieved
June 11, 2011. (Advertisement)
48
Chapter 14
Ethernet
good degree of backward compatibility. Features such
as the 48-bit MAC address and Ethernet frame format
have inuenced other networking protocols.
14.1 History
Ethernet /irnt/ is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs) and
metropolitan area networks (MANs). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and rst standardized in 1983
as IEEE 802.3,[1] and has since been rened to support
higher bit rates and longer link distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as token ring, FDDI, and ARCNET. The
primary alternative for contemporary LANs is not a
wired standard, but instead a wireless LAN standardized
as IEEE 802.11 and also known as Wi-Fi.
The Ethernet standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI physical layer in use with Ethernet. The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cable
as a shared medium, while the newer Ethernet variants
use twisted pair and ber optic links in conjunction with
hubs or switches. Over the course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the original 2.94 megabits per second (Mbit/s)[2] to the latest 100
[4][12]
gigabits per second (Gbit/s), with 400 Gbit/s expected by Metcalfe left Xerox in June 1979 to form 3Com.
He convinced Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC),
early 2017.[3]
Intel, and Xerox to work together to promote Ethernet
Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of as a standard. The so-called DIX standard, for Digidata into shorter pieces called frames. Each frame con- tal/Intel/Xerox, specied 10 Mbit/s Ethernet, with 48tains source and destination addresses and error-checking bit destination and source addresses and a global 16data so that damaged data can be detected and re- bit Ethertype-type eld. It was published on Septemtransmitted. As per the OSI model, Ethernet provides ber 30, 1980 as The Ethernet, A Local Area Network.
services up to and including the data link layer.
Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specications.[13]
Since its commercial release, Ethernet has retained a Version 2 was published in November, 1982[14] and de49
50
nes what has become known as Ethernet II. Formal
standardization eorts proceeded at the same time and
resulted in the publication of IEEE 802.3 on June 23,
1983.[1]
Ethernet initially competed with two largely proprietary
systems, Token Ring and Token Bus. Because Ethernet
was able to adapt to market realities and shift to inexpensive and ubiquitous twisted pair wiring, these proprietary
protocols soon found themselves competing in a market inundated by Ethernet products, and, by the end of
the 1980s, Ethernet was clearly the dominant network
technology.[4] In the process, 3Com became a major
company. 3Com shipped its rst 10 Mbit/s Ethernet
3C100 NIC in March 1981, and that year started selling
adapters for PDP-11s and VAXes, as well as Multibusbased Intel and Sun Microsystems computers.[15]:9 This
was followed quickly by DECs Unibus to Ethernet
adapter, which DEC sold and used internally to build its
own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes
by 1986, making it one of the largest computer networks
in the world at that time.[16] An Ethernet adapter card
for the IBM PC was released in 1982, and, by 1985,
3Com had sold 100,000.[12] By the early 1990s, Ethernet became so prevalent that it was a must-have feature
for modern computers, and Ethernet ports began to appear on some PCs and most workstations. This process
was greatly sped up with the introduction of 10BASE-T
and its relatively small modular connector, at which point
Ethernet ports appeared even on low-end motherboards.
14.3 Evolution
Ethernet evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved
media access control methods, and dierent physical media. The coaxial cable was replaced with point-to-point
links connected by Ethernet repeaters or switches to reduce installation costs, increase reliability, and improve
management and troubleshooting. Many variants of Ethernet remain in common use.
An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express x1 card
14.3. EVOLUTION
51
data packets: blocks of data individually sent and delivered. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, each Ethernet station is given a 48-bit MAC address. The MAC addresses
are used to specify both the destination and the source of
each data packet. Ethernet establishes link level connections, which can be dened using both the destination and
source addresses. On reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the destination address to determine whether
the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. Network interfaces normally do not accept packets addressed to other Ethernet stations. Adapters come
programmed with a globally unique address.[lower-alpha 2]
An EtherType eld in each frame is used by the operating system on the receiving station to select the appropriate protocol module (e.g., an Internet Protocol version such as IPv4). Ethernet frames are said to be selfidentifying, because of the frame type. Self-identifying
frames make it possible to intermix multiple protocols on
the same physical network and allow a single computer to
use multiple protocols together.[23] Despite the evolution
of Ethernet technology, all generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental versions) use the same frame
formats[24] (and hence the same interface for higher layers), and can be readily interconnected through bridging.
Due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, the ever-decreasing cost
of the hardware needed to support it, and the reduced
panel space needed by twisted pair Ethernet, most manufacturers now build Ethernet interfaces directly into PC
motherboards, eliminating the need for installation of a
separate network card.[25]
14.3.1
Shared media
10BASE5 Ethernet equipment. Clockwise from top-left: A latemodel transceiver with an in-line 10BASE2 adapter, a similar model transceiver with a 10BASE5 adapter, an AUI cable, a dierent style of transceiver with 10BASE2 T-connector,
two 10BASE5 end ttings, an orange vampire tap installation tool (which includes a specialized drill bit at one end and
a socket wrench at the other), and an early model 10BASE5
transceiver (h4000) manufactured by DEC. The short length of
yellow 10BASE5 cable has one end terminated and the other end
prepared to have a termination tting installed; the half-black,
half-grey rectangular object through which the cable passes is an
installed vampire tap.
52
isting Ethernet installation under both normal and articially generated heavy load. The report claims that 98%
throughput on the LAN was observed.[27] This is in contrast with token passing LANs (token ring, token bus), all
of which suer throughput degradation as each new node
comes into the LAN, due to token waits. This report was
controversial, as modeling showed that collision-based
networks theoretically became unstable under loads as
low as 37% of nominal capacity. Many early researchers
failed to understand these results. Performance on real
networks is signicantly better.[28]
A 1990s network interface card supporting both coaxial cablebased 10BASE2 (BNC connector, left) and twisted pair-based
10BASE-T (8P8C connector, right)
While repeaters can isolate some aspects of Ethernet segments, such as cable breakages, they still forward all trafc to all Ethernet devices. This creates practical limits
Shared cable Ethernet is always hard to install in oces on how many machines can communicate on an Ethernet
14.3. EVOLUTION
network. The entire network is one collision domain, and
all hosts have to be able to detect collisions anywhere on
the network. This limits the number of repeaters between
the farthest nodes. Segments joined by repeaters have to
all operate at the same speed, making phased-in upgrades
impossible.
53
network technology, because it is easy to subvert switched
Ethernet systems by means such as ARP spoong and
MAC ooding.
The bandwidth advantages, the improved isolation of devices from each other, the ability to easily mix dierent
speeds of devices and the elimination of the chaining limTo alleviate these problems, bridging was created to com- its inherent in non-switched Ethernet have made switched
municate at the data link layer while isolating the physical Ethernet the dominant network technology.[32]
layer. With bridging, only well-formed Ethernet packets
are forwarded from one Ethernet segment to another; collisions and packet errors are isolated. At initial startup, 14.3.4 Advanced networking
Ethernet bridges (and switches) work somewhat like Ethernet repeaters, passing all trac between segments. By
observing the source addresses of incoming frames, the
bridge then builds an address table associating addresses
to segments. Once an address is learned, the bridge forwards network trac destined for that address only to
the associated segment, improving overall performance.
Broadcast trac is still forwarded to all network segments. Bridges also overcome the limits on total segments
between two hosts and allow the mixing of speeds, both
of which are critical to deployment of Fast Ethernet.
In 1989, the networking company Kalpana introduced
their EtherSwitch, the rst Ethernet switch.[lower-alpha 8]
This works somewhat dierently from an Ethernet
bridge, where only the header of the incoming packet
is examined before it is either dropped or forwarded to
another segment. This greatly reduces the forwarding
latency and the processing load on the network device.
One drawback of this cut-through switching method is
that packets that have been corrupted are still propagated
through the network, so a jabbering station can continue
to disrupt the entire network. The eventual remedy for
this was a return to the original store and forward approach of bridging, where the packet would be read into
a buer on the switch in its entirety, veried against its
checksum and then forwarded, but using more powerful
A core Ethernet switch
application-specic integrated circuits. Hence, the bridging is then done in hardware, allowing packets to be for- Simple switched Ethernet networks, while a great imwarded at full wire speed.
provement over repeater-based Ethernet, suer from sinWhen a twisted pair or ber link segment is used and gle points of failure, attacks that trick switches or hosts
neither end is connected to a repeater, full-duplex Eth- into sending data to a machine even if it is not intended for
ernet becomes possible over that segment. In full-duplex it, scalability and security issues with regard to switching
mode, both devices can transmit and receive to and from loops, broadcast radiation and multicast trac, and bandeach other at the same time, and there is no collision do- width choke points where a lot of trac is forced down a
main. This doubles the aggregate bandwidth of the link single link.
and is sometimes advertised as double the link speed (for Advanced networking features in switches and routers
example, 200 Mbit/s).[lower-alpha 9] The elimination of the combat these issues through means including spanningcollision domain for these connections also means that all tree protocol to maintain the active links of the network as
the links bandwidth can be used by the two devices on a tree while allowing physical loops for redundancy, port
that segment and that segment length is not limited by security and protection features such as MAC lock down
the need for correct collision detection.
and broadcast radiation ltering, virtual LANs to keep
Since packets are typically delivered only to the port they
are intended for, trac on a switched Ethernet is less
public than on shared-medium Ethernet. Despite this,
switched Ethernet should still be regarded as an insecure
54
IEEE 802.1aq (shortest path bridging) includes the use
of the link-state routing protocol IS-IS to allow larger networks with shortest path routes between devices. In 2012,
it was stated by David Allan and Nigel Bragg, in 802.1aq
Shortest Path Bridging Design and Evolution: The Architects Perspective that shortest path bridging is one of the
most signicant enhancements in Ethernets history.[33]
14.6 Autonegotiation
Main article: Autonegotiation
Chaosnet
Error 33
Ethernet crossover cable
Fiber media converter
Industrial Ethernet
List of device bit rates
LocalTalk
Metro Ethernet
PHY (chip)
A close-up of the SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) chip, an embedded Ethernet chip.
14.9. REFERENCES
14.8 Notes
[1] The experimental Ethernet described in the 1976 paper
ran at 2.94 Mbit/s and has eight-bit destination and source
address elds, so the original Ethernet addresses are not
the MAC addresses they are today.[11] By software convention, the 16 bits after the destination and source address elds specify a packet type, but, as the paper says,
dierent protocols use disjoint sets of packet types.
Thus the original packet types could vary within each different protocol. This is in contrast to the EtherType in
the IEEE Ethernet standard, which species the protocol
being used.
[2] In some cases, the factory-assigned address can be overridden, either to avoid an address change when an adapter
is replaced or to use locally administered addresses.
[3] There are fundamental dierences between wireless and
wired shared-medium communications, such as the fact
that it is much easier to detect collisions in a wired system
than a wireless system.
[4] In a CSMA/CD system packets must be large enough to
guarantee that the leading edge of the propagating wave
of the message gets to all parts of the medium and back
again before the transmitter stops transmitting, guaranteeing that collisions (two or more packets initiated within a
window of time that forced them to overlap) are discovered. As a result, the minimum packet size and the physical mediums total length are closely linked.
[5] Multipoint systems are also prone to strange failure modes
when an electrical discontinuity reects the signal in such
a manner that some nodes would work properly, while others work slowly because of excessive retries or not at all.
See standing wave for an explanation. These could be
much more dicult to diagnose than a complete failure
of the segment.
[6] This one speaks, all listen property is a security weakness of shared-medium Ethernet, since a node on an Ethernet network can eavesdrop on all trac on the wire if it
so chooses.
[7] Unless it is put into promiscuous mode.
[8] The term switch was invented by device manufacturers and
does not appear in the 802.3 standard.
[9] This is misleading, as performance will double only if trafc patterns are symmetrical.
[10] The carrier extension is dened to assist collision detection
on shared-media gigabit Ethernet.
14.9 References
55
[2] Xerox (August 1976). Alto: A Personal Computer System Hardware Manual (PDF). Xerox. p. 37. Retrieved
25 August 2015.
[18] My oh My Ethernet Growth Continues to Soar; Surpasses Legacy. Telecom News Now. July 29, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
56
[34] 1BASE5
Medium
Specication
(StarLAN)".
cs.nthu.edu.tw. 1996-12-28. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
[35] 802.3-2012 - IEEE Standard for Ethernet (PDF).
ieee.org. IEEE Standards Association. 2012-12-28. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
Chapter 15
Category 5 cable
The two schemes work equally well and may be mixed in
an installation so long as the same scheme is used on both
ends of each cable.
Each of the four pairs in a cat 5 cable has diering precise number of twists per meter to minimize crosstalk
between the pairs. Although cable assemblies containing 4 pairs are common, category 5 is not limited to 4
pairs. Backbone applications involve using up to 100
pairs.[4] This use of balanced lines helps preserve a high
signal-to-noise ratio despite interference from both external sources and crosstalk from other pairs.
The cable is available in both stranded and solid conductor forms. The stranded form is more exible and withstands more bending without breaking. Permanent wiring
Category 5 patch cable in T568B wiring
(for example, the wiring inside the wall that connects a
wall socket to a central patch panel) is solid-core, while
Category 5 cable, commonly referred to as cat 5, is a
patch cables (for example, the movable cable that plugs
twisted pair cable for carrying signals. This type of cable
into the wall socket on one end and a computer on the
is used in structured cabling for computer networks such
other) are stranded.
as Ethernet. The cable standard provides performance of
up to 100 MHz and is suitable for 10BASE-T, 100BASE- The specic category of cable in use can be identied by
[5]
TX (Fast Ethernet), and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ether- the printing on the side of the cable.
net). Cat 5 is also used to carry other signals such as
telephony and video.
This cable is commonly connected using punch-down
blocks and modular connectors. Most category 5 cables 15.1.1 Bending radius
are unshielded, relying on the balanced line twisted pair
design and dierential signaling for noise rejection.
Most Category 5 cables can be bent at any radius exceedCategory 5 was superseded by the category 5e (en- ing approximately four times the outside diameter of the
hanced) specication,[1] and later category 6 cable.
cable.[6][7]
57
58
15.1.3
Category 5 vs. 5e
15.2 Applications
This type of cable is used in structured cabling for
computer networks such as Ethernet over twisted pair.
The cable standard provides performance of up to
100 MHz and is suitable for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX
(Fast Ethernet), and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet).
10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX Ethernet connections require two wire pairs. 1000BASE-T Ethernet connections
require four wire pairs. Through the use of power over
Ethernet (PoE), up to 25 watts of power can be carried
over the cable in addition to Ethernet data.
15.2.1
Shared cable
Various schemes exist for transporting both analog and When using a cable for a tower, attention must be given to
digital video over the cable. HDBaseT (10.2 Gbit/s) is vertical cable runs that may channel water into sensitive
one such scheme.[22]
indoor equipment. This can often be solved by adding
a drip-loop at the bottom of the run of cable. If water
enters the cable over a long time, for example a break in
the outer shield due to wind movement fatigue, this can
15.3 Characteristics
set up substantial head pressure within the cable. Water
ingress at 28m can induce a pressure of 40 psi forcing
water many meters along a horizontal run including back
15.3.1 Insulation
upwards. Therefore, it is imperative to maintain the integrity of the outer sheath on tall towers.
Outer insulation is typically PVC or LSOH.
Plenum-rated cables are slower to burn and produce less
smoke than cables using a mantle of materials like PVC.
This also aects legal requirements for a re sprinkler
15.3.2 Conductors
system. That is if a plenum-rated cable is used, sprinkler
[32]
Since 1995, solid-conductor UTP cables for backbone ca- requirement may be eliminated.
bling is required to be no thicker than 22 American Wire Shielded cables (FTP/STP) are useful for environGauge (AWG) and no thinner than 24 AWG, or 26 AWG ments where proximity to RF equipment may introduce
for shorter-distance cabling. This standard has been re- electromagnetic interference, and can also be used where
tained with the 2009 revision of ANSI TIA/EIA 568.[28] eavesdropping likelihood should be minimized.
15.6. REFERENCES
15.5 Notes
15.6 References
[1] Voice and Data Cabling & Wiring Installations. Retrieved 2013-05-12.
[2] ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1-2001 Approved: April 12,
2001 ; Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1: General Requirements (PDF).
090917 nag.ru
[3] Additional Transmission Performance Guidelines for 4pair 100 v category 5 Cabling (PDF). Retrieved 201305-12.
[4] As noted in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B-2 standard for backbone applications
[5] Ethernet Cable Identication and Use. Donutey. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
59
[16] Transmitting video over CAT5 cable. EE Times. 200506-08. Retrieved 2013-12-07
[17] Hack your House: Run both ethernet and phone over existing Cat-5 cable. Retrieved 2013.
[18] ZyTrax. LAN and Telephones. quote: Since 10baseT or 100base-TX wiring uses 2 pairs (4 wires) and each
analog phone connection uses a single pair (2 wires) you
can, subject to limitations, run 2 telephone connections
and LAN trac on category 5(e) wiring
[19] Siemon. Cable Sharing in Commercial Building Environments: Reducing Cost, Simplifying Cable Management, and Converging Applications onto Twisted-Pair
Media. retrieved 2014-04-28.
[20] RJ45/RJ11 Network Cable Splitters for Ethernet and
Phone Line Sharing. quote: carry one old fashioned
analog telephone signal and one 10/100Mbps Ethernet signal by the same single network cable.
[21] ATS 10/100 Base T Splitter Adapters. Duxcw.com.
Retrieved 2014-08-17.
[22] HDBaseT Alliance Shows the Future of Connected
Home Entertainment at CES 2013 (PDF). News release.
January 9, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
[23] SuperCat OUTDOOR CAT 5e U/UTP (PDF).
Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-16.
[24] Transmission Line Zo.
[25] Wire Gauge and Current Limits Including Skin Depth
and Strength. PowerStream. Retrieved 2013-05-12.
[26] IEEE 802.3at-2009 Table 33-11
[29] http://www.prc68.com/I/Zo.shtml#Wm
[30] Technical Information (PDF). Belden. p. 22.20.
Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
[31] CSA Flame Test Ratings. Retrieved 2013-05-12.
[32] What are the dierences between PVC, riser and
plenum-rated cables?". Retrieved 2009-01-26.
Chapter 16
Category 6 cable
of a cable are the same.
16.2 Category 6a
The latest standard from the TIA for enhanced performance standards for twisted pair cable systems was dened in February 2009 in ANSI/TIA-568-C.1. Category
Category 6 cable, commonly referred to as Cat 6, is 6A is dened at frequencies up to 500 MHztwice that
a standardized cable for Gigabit Ethernet and other net- of Cat 6.
work physical layers that is backward compatible with the
Category 6A performs at improved specications, in parCategory 5/5e and Category 3 cable standards.[1] Comticular in the area of alien crosstalk as compared to Cat
pared with Cat 5 and Cat 5e, Cat 6 features more strin6 UTP (unshielded twisted pair), which exhibited high
[1]
gent specications for crosstalk and system noise. The
alien noise in high frequencies.
cable standard provides performance of up to 250 MHz
and is suitable for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX (Fast Eth- The global cabling standard ISO/IEC 11801 has been exernet), 1000BASE-T/1000BASE-TX (Gigabit Ethernet), tended by the addition of amendment 2. This amendment denes new specications for Cat 6A components
and 10GBASE-T (10-Gigabit Ethernet).[1]
and Class EA permanent links. These new global Cat
6A/Class EA specications require a new generation of
connecting hardware oering far superior performance
16.1 Description
compared to the existing products that are based on the
American TIA standard.[4]
Whereas Category 6 cable has a reduced maximum
length when used for 10GBASE-T, Category 6A ca- The most important point is a performance dierence beble (or Augmented Category 6) is characterized to 500 tween ISO/IEC and EIA/TIA component specications
MHz and has improved alien crosstalk characteristics, al- for the NEXT transmission parameter. At a frequency of
lowing 10GBASE-T to be run for the same 100 meter 500 MHz, an ISO/IEC Cat 6A connector performs 3 dB
better than a Cat 6A connector that conforms with the
distance as previous Ethernet variants.
EIA/TIA specication. 3 dB equals 50% reduction of
Category 6 cable can be identied by the printing on the near-end crosstalk noise signal power; see 3dB-point.[4]
side of the cable sheath.[2]
Confusion therefore arises because of the dierent namCat 6 patch cables are normally terminated in 8P8C mod- ing conventions and performance benchmarks laid down
ular connectors. If Cat 6 rated patch cables, jacks and by the International ISO/IEC and American TIA/EIA
connectors are not used with Cat 6 wiring, overall perfor- standards, which in turn are dierent from the regional
mance is degraded and will not meet Cat 6 performance European standard, EN 50173-1. In broad terms, the ISO
specications.[3]
standard for Cat 6A is the highest, followed by the EuroConnectors use either T568A or T568B pin assignments; pean standard, and then the American (1 on 1 matching
although performance is comparable provided both ends capability).[5][6]
A Cat 6 ethernet cable
60
61
16.5 Category 6e
Category 6e is not a standard, and is frequently misused
because category 5 followed with 5e as an enhancement
on category 5. Soon after the ratication of Cat 6, a
number of manufacturers began oering cable labeled as
Category 6e. Their intent was to suggest their oering
was an upgrade to the Category 6 standardpresumably
naming it after Category 5e. However, no legitimate Category 6e standard exists,[8] and Cat 6e is not a recognized standard by the Telecommunications Industry Association, nor will it be. Category 7 is an international
ISO standard, but not a TIA standard. Cat 7 is already
in place as a shielded cable solution with non-traditional
connectors that are not backward-compatible with category 3 through 6A. Category 8 is the next UTP cabling
oering to be backward compatible.[9]
While all so-called cat 6e cables presumably meet category 6 standards, the actual increase in transfer speeds,
if any, is unveried. The maximum cable length cannot
16.7 References
[1] Kish, Paul (July 2002). Category 6 Cabling Questions
and Answers (PDF). NORDX/CDT, Inc. Retrieved 21
October 2013.
[2] Ethernet Cable Identication and Use
[3] ANSI/TIA/EIA 568-B.2-1
[4] A new Category 6A specication has arrived. Next generation Cat. 6A. Tyco Electronics. Archived from the
original on 2014-02-25.
[5] Cat. 6A Cat. 6 A Class EA. Next generation
Cat. 6A. Tyco Electronics. Archived from the original
on 2013-12-03.
[6] Cabling: The Complete Guide to Network Wiring, 3rd
Edition
[7] Category 5 / 5E & Cat 6 Cabling Tutorial and FAQs.
LANshack.com. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
[8] Cat 6e vs Cat 6a
[9]
The
Chapter 17
17.2 References
[1] Microcontroller Interfaces, Part 3. 090114 ucpros.com
[2] Ujjals DMX512 Pages....DMX512 Physical properties.
090610 dmx512-online.com
[3] LanBox-LC FAQ, DMX FAQ and Specications.
090610 lanbox.com
62
63
Text
Simplex communication Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_communication?oldid=669515856 Contributors: Glenn, Steinsky, Maximus Rex, Lucanos, Zro, Mormegil, Imroy, Patsw, Mac Davis, Wtshymanski, Danhash, Kenyon, Oleg Alexandrov, Jersyko,
Sburke, Jonnabuz, BD2412, FreplySpang, Dpv, YurikBot, Borgx, RussBot, Mysid, Gilliam, Jumping cheese, Jbergquist, Dicklyon,
ALM scientist, Chetvorno, Wikipedia@mstrom.freeserve.co.uk, Tawkerbot4, Alaibot, N5iln, Hcberkowitz, Harryzilber, Puellanivis, 0612,
Jim.henderson, Trusilver, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Mox83, The Thing That Should Not Be, Surplu, Addbot, Leszek Jaczuk, Shraktu,
Publicly Visible, Yobot, Erik9bot, I dream of horses, Oestape, Toolnut, EmausBot, Bollyje, ClueBot NG, Vacation9, BG19bot, IluvatarBot, Rolf Kemp., ICT Instructor and Anonymous: 40
Duplex (telecommunications) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)?oldid=679538267 Contributors: Rjstott, Linkan, Glenn, Reddi, JimTheFrog, Robbot, Sander123, DavidCary, Gloop, Bigpeteb, Mormegil, Erc, Droob, Riana, Wtshymanski, Boscobiscotti, John W. Kennedy, Jasonm, Jonathan de Boyne Pollard, GregorB, Marudubshinki, Mandarax, Dpv, Jgp, Vegaswikian,
YurikBot, Borgx, RussBot, Falcon9x5, Bota47, ThinkingInBinary, Ninly, Triple333, SmackBot, Angelstorm, Aksi great, DMTagatac,
ERcheck, Chris the speller, Oli Filth, TripleF, Danielcohn, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, UU, Krich, Drphilharmonic, Kaddar, Vinaiwbot~enwiki, Granucci, Iball, Zebbie, Mgiganteus1, Kvng, ALM scientist, Chetvorno, JohnTechnologist, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Canarris, Luna Santin, Widefox, Soren121, Harryzilber, CosineKitty, Nikbro, .anacondabot, Magioladitis, Bwhack, Rich257, Wwmbes, Conquerist, Jim.henderson, Wylve, R'n'B, Nono64, Squiggleslash, RockMFR, Mange01, Mojodaddy, Hans Dunkelberg, L337 kybldmstr, KylieTastic, GCFreak2, Mlewis000, Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Greggreggreg, Cootiequits, LeaveSleaves, Serdelll, Ar-wiki, Scribestress, Michael Frind, SieBot, Harry~enwiki, Techman224, Svick, Anchor Link Bot, Squintanar, VgerNeedsTheInfo, Taochen, Rhododendrites, Promethean, SchreiberBike, Belchre, XLinkBot, Dsimic, Albambot, Addbot, Proofreader77, Semiwiki, Luckas-bot, Ptbotgourou,
AnomieBOT, TheAMmollusc, 4twenty42o, Omnipaedista, Sophus Bie, FrescoBot, Gonzosft, Pdebonte, Btilm, Xmaillard, EmausBot,
L235, Ebrambot, Oleamm, ClueBot NG, C. Jeremy Wong, Widr, Expos4ever, Mercury907, Jimw338, KSNagra, Lone boatman, Peter.ashenden, The Quirky Kitty, Telfordbuck, U2fanboi, Oct4th, Nyarathotep, ICT Instructor and Anonymous: 149
RS-232 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232?oldid=682045563 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Justfred, Aldie, Ortolan88, Maury Markowitz, Heron, Topory, RTC, Tim Starling, Nixdorf, Pnm, Liftarn, SGBailey, Breakpoint, Delirium,
Paddu, Egil, WeiNix, Baylink, Theresa knott, Glenn, HPA, Ed Brey, Crissov, Dmsar, Reddi, Zoicon5, Sweety Rose, Itai, Ed g2s,
Bevo, Robbot, Scott McNay, SchmuckyTheCat, Captain Segfault, Giftlite, Brouhaha, Lunkwill, Christopher Parham, Inter, Ferkelparade,
TomViza, AJim, Alexander.stohr, Rchandra, Uzume, Bobblewik, Mobius, Wmahan, Utcursch, Sam Hocevar, Gazpacho, Imroy, Rich Farmbrough, Bert490, Jcmaco, IlyaHaykinson, Alistair1978, Closeapple, Plugwash, Evice, Femto, West London Dweller, Underdog~enwiki,
Wipe, Dcxf, Giraedata, Yonkie, Hawklord, Towel401, ClementSeveillac, Jason One, Gcbirzan, Alansohn, Atlant, Hopp, Water Bottle,
RoySmith, Wtmitchell, Wtshymanski, Rick Sidwell, Danhash, Jheald, Yurivict, Thryduulf, Poppafuze, Hobadee, Miketwo, Weevil, Snafekid, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, SummitWulf, Allen Moore, FlaBot, Flydpnkrtn, Chobot, Adoniscik, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Jengelh, DanMS, Shaddack, Bovineone, Anomalocaris, Mipadi, Tkbwik, Tokachu, Fixedd, Mikeblas, Neil.steiner, SixSix, Jeh, Jeremy Visser,
Caerwine, Ato basehore, The imp, Petri Krohn, Lio , CWenger, Madlobster, Jroddi, Linkminer, Krtki, SmackBot, Thunderboltz, Chris
the speller, Thumperward, Miquonranger03, Jfsamper, Colonies Chris, Frap, An-chan~enwiki, S Roper, Tony esopi patra, Efalk, Charivari, Nmnogueira, Maarten1980~enwiki, Lambiam, Petr Kopa, Fingew, Dave Yost, Gang65, Bollinger, Manifestation, Kvng, Andrew
Hampe, Paul Foxworthy, IanOfNorwich, Robinhw, CmdrObot, Chrike, Hatched3, Jesse Viviano, CuriousEric, Requestion, Spoxox, Gogo
Dodo, Wa2ise, SreekumarC, Tawkerbot4, Quibik, JLD, Gimmetrow, WillFarrell, Nekkensj, Hcberkowitz, DmitTrix, Electron9, Reswobslc, Druiloor, SparhawkWiki, J Clear, Luna Santin, Seaphoto, Jj137, Markthemac, JAnDbot, CombatWombat42, MER-C, Arch dude,
IanOsgood, Austinmurphy, Jahoe, Nicolaasuni, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, SEREGA784, Jatkins, Jonsg, JaGa, I B Wright, Captainspizzo,
Ksero, Sigmundg, Exostor, Mange01, ISC PB, Wa3frp, Extransit, Davandron, Bigdumbdinosaur, Inwind, Useight, Funandtrvl, Xenonice, Buddhikaeport, Deor, VolkovBot, Vihljun~enwiki, KyferEz, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Ngorham, Wireless router, Someguy1221,
CanOfWorms, Mezzaluna, Mcculley, SheGru, Andy Dingley, NHRHS2010, Biscuittin, Ronaldesmith, Keilana, Happysailor, Fahidka,
Rowine719, Lightmouse, Engineerism, OKBot, Anchor Link Bot, Pplshero54, Dlrohrer2003, Bajsejohannes, ClueBot, Mild Bill Hiccup, Uncle Milty, Pointillist, Rgraham nz, Dekisugi, The Yowser, Kthbn, Jonverve, Callinus, DumZiBoT, Theo177, XLinkBot, Spitre,
Jonbowen234, Rror, Oparidae~enwiki, Addbot, Mortense, PaterMcFly, Tothwolf, Download, Abisys, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Crispmuncher,
Mmxx, Wonder, AnomieBOT, RandomAct, Citation bot, Isheden, Nasa-verve, Bon21, Shadowjams, Haji akhundov, Depictionimage,
Tongtang, Vertago1, SpaceFlight89, Signal7, Toolnut, Pthurmes, Vrenator, Limited Atonement, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Acather96, Gfoley4, Hit.kansagra, Ponydepression, ZroBot, Mastergreg82, Makecat, Demiurge1000, Sbmeirow, Overdoer949, Electron18, Dmlmax, L
Kensington, Tsaavik, DJeo, Sven Manguard, ClueBot NG, MKA667, Matthiaspaul, Wosch21149, DieSwartzPunkt, Antiqueight, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Wbm1058, Komalnirala, Hallows AG, Robert the Devil, Dhanashreevaidya, Sdimteam, Jegor57, Pjb304, Webclient101, Sriharsh1234, Debrell, Nishitpatira, FrigidNinja, Richpike, Noyster, Stamptrader, Mmpozulp, Monkbot, Gandhi.ktn2 and
Anonymous: 447
Serial port Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port?oldid=682048623 Contributors: Lee Daniel Crocker, Tarquin, Rmhermen,
Ray Van De Walker, Volker, Edward, Modster, Mahjongg, Pekkapihlajasaari, SGBailey, CesarB, Egil, HPA, Reddi, Pedant17, Furrykef,
Spikey, EpiVictor, Robbot, Kadin2048, Puckly, Giftlite, Brouhaha, Everyking, Alexander.stohr, Khalid hassani, Uzume, Bobblewik, Vina,
Bk0, ZZyXx, Eric B. and Rakim, Henriquevicente, Imroy, ElTyrant, Rhobite, Bert490, Clawed, Adam850, Plugwash, CanisRufus, West
London Dweller, Polluks, Towel401, MatthewWilcox, Guy Harris, Interiot, CyberSkull, Yamla, Benefros, Trylks, Wtshymanski, ComCat,
Cdric, Camw, Haikupoet, Brolin Empey, Ttwaring, Moreati, Crazycomputers, DavideAndrea, DuLithgow, Chobot, Roboto de Ajvol,
Wavelength, Hairy Dude, Torinir, Kilowattradio, Xgoat, Jengelh, JayCarlson, Yyy, Shaddack, Rsrikanth05, Wiki alf, Rei-artur, Scott
Stirling, Assjack, SixSix, Jeh, Kewp, Slicing, Whitejay251, Zzuuzz, Ninly, Closedmouth, Haymaker, Ianb1469, Cabe6403, Thumperward, Maxsonbd, Decemberster~enwiki, Snowmanradio, DMacks, Luigi.a.cruz, Feraudyh, 16@r, My Wikipedia, KurtRaschke, Kvng,
Hu12, Hetar, Courcelles, Radiant chains, Robinhw, CmdrObot, 3rik, Jesse Viviano, HenkeB, Johnlogic, MrFish, Rhe br, Thijs!bot,
DSLeB, Saruwine, Wiki fanatic, Electron9, TheJosh, Andrew sh, Wikijimmy, Druiloor, Fabulatech, AntiVandalBot, Adrzip, Myanw,
VoABot II, Dulciana, Wderousse, Hdt83, Axlq, APT, Jim.henderson, Gah4, J.delanoy, V8Cougar, Guyzero, Nikhilgupta2020, JayC, Clarince63, Dkgdkg, Andy Dingley, PeterEasthope, SieBot, Coee, Chimin 07, Lightmouse, ClueBot, Binksternet, Aaa3-other, Gavron, Ridge
Runner, Thejoshwolfe, Sv1xv, Pklala, Orangebodhi, Walkingstick3, Thingg, Mac128, Theo177, XLinkBot, Sandeepgupta26, Dsimic,
Addbot, Mortense, Ghettoblaster, Tothwolf, Scientus, MrOllie, MrVanBot, CarsracBot, RW Dutton, Lightbot, Sergioledesma, Luckas
Blade, Sergiej87, Wonder, Thaiio, Tempodivalse, Koman90, 1exec1, IRP, brahimbarbaros, Photographerguy, Mywifeandkids, ArthurBot, Kajaco2, Capricorn42, Bellerophon, Shadowjams, Motsjo, Tongtang, Glider87, Mfwitten, VipX1, Zeptozoid, Andrew kir, Onel5969,
64
DASHBot, John of Reading, Akhilan, Sbmeirow, Mayur, Peter Karlsen, Rmashhadi, ClueBot NG, Jaanus.kalde, Giobe2000, Wbm1058,
Gauravsangwan, Vanangamudiyan, ZFT, Abracus, Kokkkikumar, Insidiae, ChrisGualtieri, P-Worm, Spinlock55, Blueturtle79, RationalBlasphemist, TYTA Mahesh, Shaomingcn and Anonymous: 247
Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver/transmitter?
oldid=682142494 Contributors: Andre Engels, Gsl, PierreAbbat, Ray Van De Walker, Heron, Hephaestos, Timwi, Dmsar, Bloodshedder,
Paul Richter, Akadruid, Uzume, Bobblewik, MFNickster, Julien~enwiki, Abdull, ThreeE, Discospinster, Thomas Willerich, CanisRufus,
Kwamikagami, Leif, West London Dweller, Polluks, Guy Harris, Atlant, Wtshymanski, Alai, Voxadam, Karnesky, Timharwoodx, Eyreland, Alecv, Graham87, Blisco, BD2412, Koavf, Ysangkok, Alvin-cs, YurikBot, Mang0es, Hede2000, Legalize, ENeville, Hydroxides,
Albedo, Zwobot, Jeh, Maddog Battie, Tiltal, Elomis, SmackBot, Roofus, Bnossum, Toddintr, Oli Filth, Nbarth, Frap, JonHarder, MartinLing, MTSbot~enwiki, Kvng, Ossworks, Irwangatot, Jesse Viviano, Johnlogic, Myasuda, Cdpatel, MegaHL90, Daven200520, Thijs!bot, Al
Lemos, Electron9, Reswobslc, TheGiantHogweed, Opelio, Mk*, JAnDbot, Dicentra, Deective, MER-C, Magioladitis, Nyq, Fordsfords,
Dulciana, Matt B., Mange01, Rhinestone K, Javawizard, Robigus, VolkovBot, Amikake3, Kakoui, Kuba425, Rei-bot, CanOfWorms,
Vskgopu, Altermike, Why Not A Duck, Sevcsik, Brenont, Lightmouse, Agunther, Majorkell, Jfromcanada, ClueBot, The Thing That
Should Not Be, Bhkjersten, Niceguyedc, Mumiemonstret, Excirial, Jonverve, Dthomsen8, Avoided, Deineka, Addbot, Zoewyr, CanadianLinuxUser, Download, Favonian, Carlos Rosa PT, Lightbot, Ulkl, Knownot, Jim1138, Kingpin13, Materialscientist, Simonjohndoherty,
RT Jones, JWBE, Dmaizer, Kwiki, I dream of horses, Thinking of England, MarioBlunk, Dewritech, Wikipelli, Bktero, Exar Corporation,
Srikanthsamaga, Sbmeirow, Donner60, ClueBot NG, Chester Markel, Frietjes, Muon, MerlIwBot, Wbm1058, Ssinghwiki, MusikAnimal,
Pooh20240, Anbu121, Mrt3366, G1VaE, Zenibus, YiFeiBot, Gbmhunter, AddWittyNameHere, Ppannuto and Anonymous: 240
Dierential signaling Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signaling?oldid=674657420 Contributors: Heron, CesarB, Lee
M, Omegatron, Robbot, DavidCary, BenFrantzDale, Utcursch, RevRagnarok, D6, Wordie, Matt Britt, Mac Davis, Wtshymanski, Alai,
Palica, Strake, Neonil~enwiki, Arnero, Dbollard99, Guerberj, Jeh, Museo8bits, Kle0012, SmackBot, Charlierichmond, Bluebot, Keegan,
Freewol, Brian Gunderson, Ckatz, Kvng, Circuit dreamer, MeekMark, No1lakersfan, Jwilkinson, Christian75, Jim.henderson, Yintan, Lixuesong, Jfromcanada, Binksternet, 718 Bot, Addbot, Mathieu Perrin, Mortense, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Citation bot, GrouchoBot, Some
standardized rigour, Jpathanna, Reaper Eternal, GoingBatty, Eda eng, Hoeksas, Matthiaspaul, Linear77, BattyBot, Jan.didden and Anonymous: 52
RS-422 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-422?oldid=669438128 Contributors: SimonP, CesarB, HPA, Dysprosia, David Gerard, Giftlite, Markus Kuhn, Mboverload, Bobblewik, Skarg, Xezbeth, CanisRufus, Femto, M7, Denniss, Wtshymanski, Garzo, Bsadowski1, Isnow, Mandarax, Yuriybrisk, Haikupoet, Brolin Empey, Rjwilmsi, FlaBot, BjKa, Chobot, YurikBot, Shaddack, Tony1, Nelson50,
Linkminer, SmackBot, Unyoyega, Bluebot, Jerome Charles Potts, Hongooi, Ged UK, J Crow, Iridescent, Robinhw, CmdrObot, Anthony
Bradbury, Joeyhagedorn, Reportingsjr, Andrew sh, DirkHelgemo, J Clear, Sciams, Robijn, Dorftrottel, VolkovBot, Triesault, Kbrose,
SieBot, Ronaldesmith, This, that and the other, Crm123, Fahidka, Jonverve, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, Fightin' Phillie, GrouchoBot, Fpsasm, Thehelpfulbot, Thaas00, WikitanvirBot, Dewritech, MaGa, Ksliech, DieSwartzPunkt, Martyhascak, JordoCo, Paulino 2, EE JRW, I
am One of Many, NekoKatsun and Anonymous: 55
RS-485 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-485?oldid=679895291 Contributors: Smack, Arteitle, Royce, Radiojon, UtherSRG,
Giftlite, DavidCary, Fleminra, Funvill, MementoVivere, Mjuarez, CanisRufus, Femto, Frodet, M7, Lectonar, Wdfarmer, Marianocecowski, Velella, Wtshymanski, Gene Nygaard, Isnow, LinkTiger, FlaBot, Homo stannous, Chobot, Bgwhite, Roboto de Ajvol, Wavelength, DMahalko, Armistej, Chris Capoccia, Shaddack, RussNelson, Voidxor, Zwobot, Jeh, Deville, Jzap, Back ache, Kevin, Nelson50,
ViperSnake151, SmackBot, Commander Keane bot, Elronxenu, Charlierichmond, Sfxtd, Chris the speller, Bluebot, EncMstr, Yozi66,
MaxSem, Frap, AlexBadea, Adamarthurryan, Littleman TAMU, SlayerK, Dicklyon, Petr Matas, Ronaldvd, CmdrObot, Wsmarz, Gogo
Dodo, Alaibot, Mtpaley, Electron9, Andrew sh, Tom dl, JAnDbot, The Tarnz, SEREGA784, Rhdv, MagicBobert, Dbrunner, J.delanoy,
Molly-in-md, STBotD, Deor, VolkovBot, Oshwah, Intchanter, Gri6507, Jhawkinson, Biscuittin, Ronaldesmith, Fahidka, OsamaBinLogin,
Lightmouse, Fratrep, Frappucino, CiudadanoGlobal, Foxj, Jacques.boudreau, Arjayay, Dekisugi, Jonverve, Joel Saks, XLinkBot, Addbot,
Mortense, Cst17, Download, Rchard2scout, Lightbot, Vanuan, Yobot, Nallimbot, Birdy1982~enwiki, AnomieBOT, 4k05, Kristen Eriksen, Pyrrhus16, JoshuaJohnston, LilHelpa, Helothm, Lionblue, Bon21, GrouchoBot, Kyng, I2so4, Thaas00, Teuxe, Trappist the monk,
Thrownshadows, ZroBot, Wagner, Freetoseetheworld, Electron18, Dmlmax, RonWessels, Stndle, ClueBot NG, Cybercluster, BG19bot,
Nagilum15, Hmpeople, , EE JRW, 331dot, Bad Dryer and Anonymous: 163
Physical layer Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_layer?oldid=677757993 Contributors: Amillar, Europrobe, MartinHarper,
Alo, Looxix~enwiki, EdH, Emperorbma, Andrewman327, Dtgm, SatyrTN, Grendelkhan, Itai, Robbot, Tomchiukc, Jredmond, Yacht,
Giftlite, Harp, Itpastorn, Tagishsimon, Kevin Rector, Ta bu shi da yu, DcoetzeeBot~enwiki, Sietse Snel, Giraedata, Guy Harris, Marianocecowski, Rick Sidwell, Alai, CONFIQ, ScottDavis, Scootey, BD2412, Phoenix-forgotten, Welsley, DeadlyAssassin, Amire80, Vegaswikian, FlaBot, Arnero, RexNL, BjKa, Lmatt, Amaurea, Borgx, Hede2000, Yyy, Grafen, Arastcp, BertK, Hosterweis, Deville, Extraordinary, Crost, Rwwww, Linkminer, Bouquet, SmackBot, John Silvestri, AGruntsJaggon, KelleyCook, Carl.bunderson, Grassynoel,
Nbarth, Mosca, UU, Ibarrere, Acdx, Butko, Dicklyon, Doczilla, Dominio~enwiki, Kvng, Phantasee, Hetar, Dkovacs, Eastlaw, IntrigueBlue,
Luckyherb, Clovis Sangrail, Underpants, Epbr123, Kubanczyk, Kaaveh Ahangar~enwiki, WinBot, Widefox, James smith2, ImpossibleEcho, JAnDbot, CosineKitty, Enjoi4586, VoABot II, Stdazi, DerHexer, Gary63, Chriscandy, RockMFR, Mange01, Violask81976, Brest,
Tsuite, Harobikes34, Inomyabcs, Inwind, Mlewis000, Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, Pepsi Lite, Kremso, PaulTanenbaum, Kbrose, SieBot, Nubiatech, Shashiranjan18, Marketsnipers, Fahidka, EnOreg, Iain99, Digisus, Martarius, ClueBot, NyAp, Lawrence Cohen, Johnuniq, Dgtsyb,
Addbot, Jafeluv, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jaczuk, CarsracBot, Kisbesbot, TaBOT-zerem, Gerixau, 1exec1, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Mhby87, TimothyJKeller, Savannah Kaylee, IMC Networks, Itusg15q4user, Slamminheads, Pinethicket, HRoestBot, Drieken,
TobeBot, SchreyP, Alph Bot, Salvio giuliano, Slon02, EmausBot, RA0808, CannonR, Gcharsle, Donner60, ClueBot NG, Henry Stanley,
Lord Chamberlain, the Renowned, Wbm1058, Green8907, MusikAnimal, CitationCleanerBot, Group9 tele, Afoo5, Triestsun, Ginsuloft,
Dastoger Bashar, User26954344524345, Goodreasontobemad and Anonymous: 133
Ethernet physical layer Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_physical_layer?oldid=682545997 Contributors: Leandrod, Conti,
Mrand, Giftlite, Antandrus, Guy Harris, Rd232, Stephan Leeds, RJFJR, Boscobiscotti, Woohookitty, Armando, MarcoTolo, Rjwilmsi,
DougBurbidge, Mancini, Intgr, Lmatt, Celebere, Rosenbluh, Petri Krohn, SmackBot, Sam8, KelleyCook, Thumperward, Adamantios,
Radagast83, Zac67, Gobonobo, Bezenek, The emm, Kvng, Lee Carre, Raysonho, Electron9, Alphachimpbot, Slidersv, SolarWind, Arch
dude, VoABot II, Think outside the box, JaGa, GermanX, Bobby the Lordd, Mange01, Peter Chastain, Peppergrower, Rwessel, Philip Trueman, Gareth8118, Mikachu42, Neophyrigian, Nitrooreo, Fahidka, Masgatotkaca, Editore99, Engineerism, ImageRemovalBot, Martarius,
ClueBot, Iandiver, PolarYukon, Sun Creator, Rswarbrick, Addbot, Tothwolf, Sawao, Jekader, Yobot, Jordsan, Crispmuncher, AnomieBOT,
HistPhd, GrouchoBot, FaTony, W Nowicki, StandardsNettle, Btilm, Conachlmrs09, Miracle Pen, RjwilmsiBot, Alph Bot, Dewritech,
Wbenton, Mikhail Ryazanov, ClueBot NG, 336, Like Budda, BattyBot, Aeroid and Anonymous: 50
65
10BASE2 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE2?oldid=671378137 Contributors: The Anome, Stephen Gilbert, B4hand, Roybadami, Mbecker, Edward, Emperorbma, Itai, Indefatigable, David.Monniaux, Rossumcapek, Merovingian, Dock, Alvestrand, Pritch,
Zondor, Guanabot, Pak21, Xezbeth, Alistair1978, Plugwash, Dennis Brown, Matt Britt, Guy Harris, Arthena, Zippanova, RoySmith,
Mswer, Cburnett, Markaci, Btornado, Smoke, Woohookitty, Ch'marr, Graham87, FlaBot, Srleer, Borgx, Retodon8, RussBot, Gunmetal, Vlad, Jeh, TransUtopian, Zzuuzz, Ninly, Allens, KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, Pgk, PDD, Bryanm, Thumperward, Fuhghettaboutit, Kntrabssi, M jurrens, Zac67, Nagle, Kvng, Ndvornk, Djg2006, Gorthus, Electron9, SupaDane, Cpl Syx, Alan U. Kennington, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Anna Lincoln, Ocolon, Andy Dingley, Haseo9999, Vitz-RS, Yintan, ClueBot, Liekmudkipz, Flightsoancy,
Finndo, ChrisHodgesUK, Thingg, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Mortense, Kimmymarie24, Tothwolf, Ronhjones, Suwa, Yobot, Dylansm21, Materialscientist, Minnesota Mike, Almabot, Recognizance, Unixstu, Merlion444, John of Reading, TuHan-Bot, Gmdoan, ClueBot NG,
Izkhandar, MadGuy7023, Briancarlton, Dacut and Anonymous: 80
Fast Ethernet Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Ethernet?oldid=674716855 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Robert Merkel,
The Anome, Aldie, Ellmist, Edward, Baylink, Crissov, Oakad, Mrand, Ed g2s, Ktims, Chealer, Giftlite, Fudoreaper, Lupin, EJDyksen,
Onco p53, Plugwash, Pilatus, Femto, Rjamorim, Guy Harris, Wtshymanski, Cburnett, Gene Nygaard, Armando, Andybryant, Mendaliv,
Rjwilmsi, Intgr, Srleer, Borgx, NTBot~enwiki, Bachrach44, Voidxor, Pok148, Petri Krohn, SmackBot, Cavenba, MeiStone, KelleyCook, MonteChristof, Frap, Ultra-Loser, Adamantios, UU, Ryan Roos, A5b, Zac67, ThurnerRupert, Cychoi, Kvng, Lee Carre, Kthemank, Requestion, T23c, Spoxox, ST47, Epbr123, Electron9, James086, NocNokNeo, Bluedustmite, Nicolaasuni, Plamoa, VoABot II,
JamesBWatson, Gary63, Kmwiki, Conquerist, MartinBot, Lhbts~enwiki, Gurchzilla, A aberdeen, STBotD, Idioma-bot, Philip Trueman,
Rednectar.chris, Soccerman58, Pjoef, AlleborgoBot, VVVBot, Lightmouse, Engineerism, Svick, Anchor Link Bot, Grazfather, Martarius, Wysprgr2005, WarKosign, MystBot, Dsimic, Addbot, SamatBot, Konryd, Ettrig, Peizo, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, DynamoDegsy, SassoBot, W Nowicki, HRoestBot, MastiBot, Megya, Ripchip Bot, AngieZou, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mz7, ZroBot, Mikhail
Ryazanov, ClueBot NG, Widr, JJohnston2, Helpful Pixie Bot, Johnny C. Morse, Lowercase sigmabot, Graphium, BurritoBazooka, Redeyed demon, Ugog Nizdast, TB Rich and Anonymous: 107
Ethernet over twisted pair Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair?oldid=671882488 Contributors: The
Anome, Stephen Gilbert, Amillar, B4hand, Roybadami, Liftarn, MartinHarper, Mac, Julesd, Crissov, Wikiborg, Timc, Itai, Indefatigable,
Chealer, Jakohn, Merovingian, Zxmaster, Lzur, Giftlite, DavidCary, Mintleaf~enwiki, Karn, ZeroJanvier, Dock, Justzisguy, PenguiN42,
Hilarleo, R, Alistair1978, Billatq, Plugwash, Dpotter, Kop, El C, Sietse Snel, Lunaverse, Afed, Giraedata, Friviere, Guy Harris, RoySmith, Sligocki, Benhutchings, Wtshymanski, SteinbDJ, Boscobiscotti, Armando, CannibalSmith, Graham87, FreplySpang, Rjwilmsi,
Zbxgscqf, Dcsutherland, FlaBot, AttishOculus, Guanxi, Roboto de Ajvol, EdStau, Baccala@freesoft.org, Herbertxu, Bachrach44, Styrofoamcup, Voidxor, Yonidebest, Ninly, SmackBot, Gigglesworth, Royalguard11, HalfShadow, Apple2, Toddintr, Talinus, Snori, SeanWillard, E946, Frap, Rhodesh, UNHchabo, MitchellShnier, UU, Uldoon, Zac67, Slakr, Dicklyon, Kvng, Lee Carre, Chetvorno, Pumbaa80, Thundt, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, RichardBennett, Electron9, Ethernetextender, Sln3412, Ebeili, Jheiv, Piezocuttlesh, Jim.henderson,
Sephers, Carre, Algotr, Ken g6, 28bytes, TXiKiBoT, Rednectar.chris, Tfdb, SteinAlive, Drtimmcguinness, Masgatotkaca, Lightmouse,
ClueBot, Binksternet, Aashish.59, Mild Bill Hiccup, Atlaslin, MarkJL, Sarsaparilla, Bjdehut, Thatguyint, Addbot, Tothwolf, Adrian
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Ethernet Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet?oldid=681436110 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Mav, The Anome, Amillar,
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butcher, KasparBot and Anonymous: 757
Category 5 cable Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cable?oldid=682103336 Contributors: The Anome, Amillar, Aldie,
Maury Markowitz, Heron, BryceHarrington, Mtmsmile, Norm, Ee79, Pagingmrherman, Ahoerstemeier, Darkwind, Julesd, Grin, Samw,
Crissov, Fuzheado, Radiojon, Wernher, Indefatigable, Finlay McWalter, Robbot, Chealer, Tonsofpcs, Misterrick, Auric, Caknuck, Kd4ttc,
Giftlite, Johnjosephbachir, DocWatson42, DavidCary, Fudoreaper, Lethe, Fo0bar, AJim, Bobblewik, Neilc, Chowbok, Utcursch, Pgan002,
Plp~enwiki, Ctachme, Salasks, WhiteDragon, Elembis, Mysidia, Mike Rosoft, Discospinster, Zombiejesus, ArnoldReinhold, Vinko,
Mwm126, Nharmon, Plugwash, Billlion, Dpotter, Purplefeltangel, Alereon, Defsac, Giraedata, Jerryseinfeld, Kjkolb, Slambo, Jason
One, Alansohn, T4bits, Jhertel, Interiot, RobertStar20, Wtshymanski, Rick Sidwell, Stephan Leeds, Luspari, Voxadam, Dismas, Brycen,
Boothy443, Mindmatrix, Easyas12c, Jhartmann, Meneth, Wayward, A3r0, Miken32, GrundyCamellia, G-RaZoR, Snaekid, Casey Abell,
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Dude, Woseph, Adjensen, SpuriousQ, Pvasiliadis, Daniel15, Dugosz, Howcheng, Dureo, Voidxor, Kenguest, Jonas Viper, Super Rad!,
Ninly, KGasso, Museo8bits, Mike1024, Azrael81, PaulWright, Otheus, SmackBot, Gigs, Roofus, Matthuxtable, KelleyCook, Zephyris,
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JonHarder, GeorgeMoney, Addshore, Fuhghettaboutit, Nakon, Valenciano, Aditsu, Drphilharmonic, Harryboyles, BorisFromStockdale,
Xandi, Dark Lazer, BasementTrix, IronGargoyle, XP528, Infofarmer, Peter Horn, Kvng, Akaase~enwiki, DouglasCalvert, White Ash,
Ilikefox34, CapitalR, Guardianangelz, AdemarReis, FatalError, Tiny green, Hamish2k, Raysonho, Randalllin, Shandris, MetalGearLiquid,
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Skyboy m2002, RenewableBob, Makecat-bot, Cerabot~enwiki, B.ware86, TwoTwoHello, Little green rosetta, Greatuser, I am One of
Many, Sjrct, UnTrueOrUnSimplied, Emdioh, Jimgerbig, Lagoset, LoveKurtI, Rickett151, SSolheim and Anonymous: 498
Category 6 cable Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_6_cable?oldid=681480811 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, The Anome,
Head, Wernher, Pstudier, Sarexpert, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Wrolf, Inter, Fudoreaper, Karn, Rchandra, Bobblewik, Christopherlin, Mysidia, EagleOne, NightMonkey, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Magic5ball, Mecanismo, ArnoldReinhold, Alistair1978, Nharmon, Dpotter, Alereon, Erik456, Davidsmind, Alansohn, RobertStar20, Movax~enwiki, Cburnett, Stephan Leeds, NantonosAedui, Mindmatrix,
Miken32, Mandarax, Cuvtixo, Buxtehude, Snaekid, Sjakkalle, XP1, Leithp, AJR, Phantomsteve, Steeltoe, Dunerat, Wiki alf, Dwarfpower, InformationalAnarchist, DavidMarsh, Dogcow, Voidxor, CLW, Fsiler, SmackBot, Imsaguy, KelleyCook, Yamaguchi , Gilliam,
Bluebot, Flurry, EncMstr, Kimero, Nbarth, A. B., Mexcellent, Alphathon, Jsmethers, JonHarder, RedHillian, Pemu, Drphilharmonic,
Brian Gunderson, Kvng, Akaase~enwiki, HelloAnnyong, Bsdmanual, Tiny green, Hamish2k, Raysonho, Pumbaa80, Randall311, Lenilucho, Dr Zak, W.F.Galway, Cuhlik, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, DJSnuggles, NorwegianBlue, AntiVandalBot, Jonathan Williams, Mercury543210,
Markthemac, Kirrages, Thomas.Hedden, Brownout, Nrvn93, Email4mobile, Roastytoast, Tomcritchlow, J.delanoy, Dbacompany, Ibjoe,
Bigdumbdinosaur, ILoveFuturama, STBotD, Jdcarpe, Num1dgen, Jbond00747, Kkemp, Dwisecup, Redrey, Judgeice, Jdpf, SieBot,
Svtdave87, CultureDrone, Denisarona, ClueBot, GrandDrake, The Thing That Should Not Be, Jikdor, Grundig, Alexbot, Cochise7969,
Flashnolan, JulienDanjou, Frongle, Andrewcrawford, Kubek15, Scatter22, XLinkBot, Kurienmathew, Nepenthes, MichaelsProgramming,
Starlite528, Nickhoare, Addbot, Mortense, Fieldday-sunday, Jchap1590, Drhowarddrne, Swiveler, Cst17, LaaknorBot, MauriceTrainer,
Tide rolls, Yobot, Pradeep pn, AnomieBOT, Kristen Eriksen, IRP, Kingpin13, Dr.Drug.Dealer, Materialscientist, Installerone, Diego
67
Queiroz, Creativesoul8, Frosted14, Enduserx, Brayan Jaimes, Feneeth of Borg, Notveryhere, W Nowicki, Darr247, HamburgerRadio,
MJ94, Btilm, White Shadows, Golgot1, Coer22, Simplejacktard, Soundchaser78, Gardrek, Katkins84, X2a, WikitanvirBot, Profek,
RenamedUser01302013, Enviromet, Mccomfort, Andyjg13, Wozniak1337, Hanji, Amanisdude, Ocaasi, Tolly4bolly, Arman Cagle,
Bomazi, NatNapoletano, Socialservice, Athikalaker, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Gman546416,
Gijs007~enwiki, Luhaine, Furley85, Winston Chuen-Shih Yang, MahdiBot, Arcandam, Slick231, Db48026, Faizan, Tankman98, Someone
not using his real name, Monkbot, Ondes Nissa, Chrisblitz357 and Anonymous: 257
List of network buses Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_buses?oldid=650251775 Contributors: DougEngland,
TastyPoutine, Nhumfrey, Electron9, Widefox, Beefstu, R'n'B, Dmillimono, Andy Dingley, Lightmouse, Arizavi, TonyBallioni, Avoided,
Addbot, Lightbot, Crispmuncher, Anna Frodesiak, FrescoBot, Betsytimmer, Yoshi24517 and Anonymous: 13
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