WORK SAFETY

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

Occupatioanal Safety and Health (OSH) is a cross disciplinary area concern
with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engage in work.
The purpose of OSH is include to create a working environment that is safe
and health.
OSH may also protect employers, co-workers, family members, customers,
and others who may be affected by he workplace environment.
OSH can be important for moral, legal reasons and finance.
1. Moral obligation would involve the protection of life and health of employee
2. Legal reasons related to OSH practice, lost prevention and compensation
affects of law that protect workers, safety and health.
OSH also can reduce employee injuries and illnesses related expense,
including medical care, sick and disability benefit costs.
History
1911 : The concept of occupational health and safety (OSH/K3) which first starts
of industry in
america. Failure/accident consider a fate thet must e accepted by the
company and the
workforce.
1911 : Labor victims do not receive attention from company both moriil and
materially. The company
Emphasize the accident is the fault of their own labor.
1931 : HW. Heinrich issued a consept known approach to the domino theory. This
concept had been
giving attention to the accident occure because of deficiencies found in the
work environment
and or fault of the workforce. The development of this concept is known as
unsafe condition and
unsafe act.

Three Studies Based on The Accident

1. First concept
Helnrich
Proposed ratio of 1:29:300
Each time a fatal accident, there were 29 minor incidents and 300
incidents without damage
Theory of Henrich
Accident consists of five interrelated factors :
a. Working conditions
b. Human negligence (kelalaian manusia)
c. Acts and unsafe condition
d. Accident
e. Injury
The five factors structured like a standing dominoes. If the cards fall,
then this card will be fall other cards until the fifh will collapse together.
2. The second concept
Bird Petersen
Propose ratio of 1:10:30:600
Any serious accidents also occure 10 minor incident, 30 property
damage and 600 incident
without loss
Theory of Frank E. Petersen Bird
Modify Henrich domino theory with management theory that propose
that contain five
factors in the sequence a accident such as:
a. Less management control, the main cause of source
b. the main cause of source
c. the immediate cause of symptoms (penyebab langsung), practice
below the standard
d. contact events (under standard condition)
e. loses disorder (body and property)
3. The third concept
Tye /pearson
propose rationof 1:3:50:80:400
Each time a fatal accident, there are three minor incident that the
victim would be absent 3 Days, there are 50 events that require p3k,
80 times property damage and 400 incident without any damage

Legal basis
1. UU no. 14 tahun 1969 ttg:
Ketentuan pokok mengenai tenaga kerja. Tiap tenaga kerja berhak
mendapat perlindungan atas keselamatan, kesehatan, kesusilaan dan
pemeliharaan moral kerja serta perlakuan yang sesuai dengan martabat
manusia dan moral agama.
2. UU no. 14 tahun 1969 mencakup ttg:
Ketentuan dan syarat-syarat keselamtan kerja dalam perencanaan,
pembuatan, pengangkutan, peredaran, perdagangan, pemakaian,
penggunaan, pemeliharaan, dan penyimpanan bahan, produk, teknis dan alat
produksi yang mengandung dan dapat menimbulkan bahaya kecelakan.
3. UU no. 1 tahun 1970 ttg:
Keselamatan kerja disegala tempat kerj, baik didarat, didalam tanah,
dipermukaan air, didalam air, maupun di udara yang berada di wilayah
kekuasaan hokum RI.
Whether the requirement have been met by the company?
It is necessary to prove by way of measuring health and safety performance, which
is part of the proses of accreditation and certification.
Some countries already require the application of quality management
system, environmental management systems, social accountability (social clause),
produk certification and system management OSH. Those requirement are intended
to meet standart of international regional and certification body.

Risk Management Concept

Management
Management

Hazard as a source of

Identificati

Calculate and priorities of the

Risk

OSH management with pattern of total loss control. That is a policy to

avoid losses for the company such as property, personnel and the environment.
By intregated human resource, material, equipment, environment, processes
and facilities where the application af management principle to the PDCI (Planning,
DO, Check, Improvement) pattern.
Problem Anlysis and
Solve Problems

Use PDCI

Standard

Improvement

Environmental problem affect work safety

1. Inadequate lighting (nderneath fuselage or wings)
2. Impact Noise (Riveting)
3. Ambient temperature (open floors association with hangar)
Command mistakes in aircraft maintenance
1. Incorrect installation of components
2. Fitting of wrong part
3. Electrical wiring discrepancies (including close connection)
4. Loose object in aircraft (tool, etc)
5. Inadequate lubricate
6. Cowling, access panels, fairing not secured
7. Landing gear ground lock pins not remove before departure
Fishbone analysis (Ishigawa, jepang)

Workplace environmental standard

ISO 14000 Enviromental Management
ISo 11041 ; 1996, Workplace air Determination of particulate arsenic and
arsenic compounds and arsenic trioxide vapor method by hydride
generation and atomic absorption spectrometri
ISO/TR 17737 ; 2012, workplace atmosphere guidelines for selecting
analyctical methods for sampling
Workplace stress
Mechanical hazard include:
By the type of agent
1. Impact force
Collisions (benturan)
Falls from height
2. Struck by object (pukulan)
3. Confined space (ruang terbatas)
4. Slips and strips (tergelincir)
5. Falling on the point object (jatuhnya benda tajam)
6. Compressed air (pressure fluids)
7. Entanglement (belitan)
8. Equipment (related injury)

By
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Other physical hazards

1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Lighting
4. Ionizing radiation
5. Electricity
6. Cold stress (hypotermia)
7. Heat stress
8. Dehydration (due to sweating)

type of damage
Crushing (hancur)
Cutting (potongan)
Friction and abration (gesekan and kikisan)
Shearing (pencukuran)
Stabbing and puncture (menusuk dan tusukan)

Workplace environmental standard

Community Health and Safety :
1. Water quality and availability
2. Structural safety of project infrastructure
3. Life and fire safety (L and FS)
4. Traffic safety
5. Transport to hazardous material
6. Disease prevention
7. Emergency prepareness and safety

Hazard is something that can cause harm if not controlled.

A risk is a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will accur and
the severity of harm involved.
Hazard, risk , and outcome are used in other fields to describe e.g. environmental
damage, or damage to equipment.
Ergonomis
Is the study of designing equipment and device that fit the human body, its
movement and its cognitive ability
Is used to fulfil the two goals of health and productivity.
Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries,
which can develop over time and can lead to long term disability.
Ergonomis is concerned with
1. The harmonitation with the work of its workforce
2. Planning to use work without exceeding the limit of human capabilities

Emergency management
The process of emergency management involves four phases.
Preparedness (siap siaga)
Response (tanggap)
Recovery (pemulihan)
Mitigation (pencegahan)
Material fatique
Fatique is a kind of material cylcling landing, load wave, amplitude and
frequency determine the life of the material before its failure.
Fatique crack could be detected if the metal is exposed frequently to NonDestructive Testing (NDT) according to a pre-determine program.
What are the cause fatique?
Answer: cause are sometimes classified under several life style problem and/or
some broad disease entities.
Possible cause fatique
1. Mental health (psychiatric) grief (bereavement), eating disorders, alcohol
abuse, drug abuse, anxiety, moving home, boredome and divorced.
2. Sleep problems working till late at night, jet lag, slep apnea, narcolepsy,
insomnia, and reflux esophagities. Some jobs are more closely linked to a risk
of fatique than others.
3. Infectious disease, malaria, various tropical disease, TB, etc.
4. Chemical and subtance vitamin deficiencie, mineral deficiencies, poisoning.
Standard that can be used in a safety and health management system (SMK3) are:

HASAS 18000/18001 occupational health and safety management .

Voluntary protective program
BS 8800
Five star system
International safety rating system (ISRS)
Safety map
DP 96311
Aposho standar 1000
AS/N2s 4808
Peraturan menteri tenaga kerja no. per. 05/Men/1996 (SMK3 yang berbentuk
peraturan perundang undangan)

Theories of accident causation

Domino theory:
Herbert henrich Travelers insurance 1920s
Two control points
Accident
An occurance associated with the operation of an aircraft which take place
between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until
such time as all such persons have disembarkd, in which a person fatality or
seriously injure as a result of CASR Part 1 rev 1.
Incident
An occurance, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an
aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operations. CASR Part 1 rev 1.
Cost/benefit consideration
Typical common incident cost factors may be:
Operational
Technical
1. Flight delays
1. Aircraft recovery
2. Flight cancellations
2. Aircraft repair
3. Runway obstructions
3. Test flight
4. Alternate passenger
4. Incident investigation
transportation
5. Technical documentation
5. Passenger accommodation
6. Aircraft on ground
6. Passenger complain
7. Lease of technical facilities
7. Loss of revenue
8. Repair team
8. Ferry flight
9. Repair team accommodation
9. Crew change
10.Training/instruction
10.Training/Instruction
11.recertification
11.Loss of reputation

Safety requirements
1. Prevent and reduce accident

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Prevent, reduces and extinguish fires

Prevent and reduce the danger of xplosion
Gives the opportunity to save themselves at the time of fire
Giving aid to accident
Provide personal protective equipment to workers

Scope of OSH/K3
1. Every worker in the workplace
2. Within the family / household
3. In the community
4. Compensation for care due to an accident
Occupational safety and health effect to personal and work environment
1. Motivation
2. Productivity
3. Comfort
4. Passion
5. Suppress the occurance at accident
6. Ergonomis
7. Health
8. Maintain equipment/tools
9. Prevent fires
Preventive actions
1. Layout
2. Flow of work
3. SOP (Standar Operating Procedure)
4. Doctor
5. OSH training
6. Formation of section and special force
7. Planning of the building, room, workshop, workplace standard
8. Understanding of OSH
9. DIcipline, obedience and submission
10.Control, evaluation, and development
11.Preplacement
12.Periodical check
13.Short and long term planning
14.Education and training of potential occupational hazards

WORK SAFETY

CREATED BY : IRFANDI FIRMANSYAH

ID
: 83117563
BATCH
: BAM X