ME200: Exam 3 Review Session

The Second Law

Jeff Engerer
Fall 2014

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

Overview
Three Key Points from Lectures 1-21
Entropy Balance Equation
Motivation for the Second Law
Ideal Thermodynamic Cycles (and Carnot)
State-Simplifying Assumptions for Entropy Calculations
Examples
Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

What We Learned in Lectures 1-21

Point 1: Identify the system, process, and states
Terms in equations defined by boundary location
Example: Heat Exchangers

Process and States

Point 2: Mass & Energy Balance and Simplifying Assumptions

Point 3: Properties and Simplifying Assumptions

Application: Solving First-Law Problems

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

Identify the System, Process, and States

State 1

Process occurring
over time

Process

Tcold
Plow

(typical of closed
systems)

heating

(typical of open systems)

In many cases (especially

thermodynamic cycles &
heat exchangers) this is
non-trivial!

Jeff Engerer

Thot
Phigh

Final Properties

Initial Properties

Process occurring
over space

State 2

Cold
Air In

Hot Air
Out

Heating

ME200- Thermodynamics I

Apply Equation-Simplifying Assumptions

dmCV
mi me
dt
i
e

dEcv
Qcv - Wcv - me h V 2 / 2 gz mi h V 2 / 2 gz
e
i
dt
e
i
Learned to simplify the equations by the following assumptions:

Closed System
Steady State
Adiabatic/Insulated
No Work
Change in Kinetic and/or Potential Energy Negligible

Also, learned to time-integrate equations when necessary (common

for closed systems)
Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

Apply State-Simplifying Assumptions

Liquid/Solid Property Approximation:
v and u are independent of pressure:
Can be used to find properties

= (, ) ()
= (, ) ()
, () + ()

Incompressible Assumption:

= =

Above assumption, plus v is constant

Pv RT

Ideal Gas Assumption

High Temperature, Low Pressure

= (, ) ()
h(T ) u (T ) RT

Constant Specific Heat:

Can be applied to any of the above (and more)
Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

=
=
6

How We Applied These Ideas

Connecting the dots
Apply first law to processes
between states
Find state from process
variables (work/heat)
Find process variables from
the states (beginning and end)

Use this technique to:

Solve a problem

Applying state principle tells us if

a state is known or unknown

Heat Out
(To Hot Reservoir)

Condenser

Expansion
(Throttling)
Valve
Compressor

Find information needed to

solve a problem

Work
In

Remember how we used this in

exam 2

Evaporator

1
Heat In
(From Cold Reservoir)

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

Entropy and The Second Law

When discussing entropy in class, we took a bottom-up
approach

Motivation for the Second Law

Irreversibilities
Reversible Processes and Cycles
Carnot Cycles
Calculating/Looking up Entropy Values
Entropy Balance Equation

To help tie this information together, today well look at this

from a top-down approach

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

The Entropy Balance Equation

Review Slide

Shown Schematically:

Qj
dSCV

mi si me se CV
dt
j Tj
i
e
Inlets

Generation

Outlets

Storage

Jeff Engerer

Via Heat
Transfer
ME200- Thermodynamics I

Applying the Entropy Balance Equation

Our second-law analysis will tie into our problem-solving
philosophy from the first weeks of the course
Point 1: Identify the system, process, and states
Terms in equations defined by boundary location
Example: Interaction with a reservoir

Process and States

Point 2: Entropy Balance and Simplifying Assumptions

Point 3: Properties and Simplifying Assumptions

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

10

Simplifying Assumptions for Entropy

Balance
Qj
dSCV

mi si me se CV
dt
j Tj
i
e
The entropy balance can also be simplified, using the following
assumptions:

Closed System
Steady State
Adiabatic/Insulated
Reversible

Also, learned to time-integrate this equation when necessary

(common for closed systems)
Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

11

Entropy as a Property
Recall how to use the tables:
Subcooled Liquid Data (water only, limited pressure data)
Saturated (Two-Phase) Data
Superheated Vapor Data
Ideal Gas Data
Involves using so values (discuss in more detail later)

Patterns in these tables reveal two general trends:

Entropy Tends to Increases as the Temperature of the Substance
Increases
Entropy Tends to Increase as the Specific Volume of the Substance
Increases

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

12

Review of Second Law Concepts

Next, we will look at second-law concepts with the entropy
balance equation in mind:
Motivation for the Second Law
Ideal Thermodynamic Cycles (and Carnot)
State-Simplifying Assumptions for Entropy Calculations

Examples

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

13

Motivation for the Second Law

Reason for the second law is very similar to the reason we use
the first law
What does the first law do?
Uses a fundamental property
Energy

Tells us what processes will and will not occur

Energy is conserved (neither generated nor destroyed)

Describes this mathematically for application to complex processes

dEcv
Qcv - Wcv - me h V 2 / 2 gz mi h V 2 / 2 gz
e
i
dt
e
i
Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

14

Possible vs Impossible: First Law

Possible Process:

Impossible Process:

Electrical Resistance Heater

Electrical Resistance Heater

+
Qout

Welec

*
Qout

Welec

ECV QCV WCV

ECV QCV WCV

Qout Welec

*
Qout
Welec

The violation of the first law (and our

intuition) tells us this is impossible!

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

*
Q
out Welec
15

Motivation for the Second Law

Reason for the second law is very similar to the reason we use
the first law
What does the second law do?
Uses a fundamental property
Entropy

Tells us what processes will and will not occur

Entropy cannot be destroyed (but can be generated)

Describes this mathematically for application to complex processes

Qj
dSCV

mi si me se CV
dt
j Tj
i
e
Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

16

Possible vs Impossible: Second Law

Possible Process:

Impossible Process:

Electrical Resistance Heater

Electrical Resistance Heater

+
Qout

Welec

Welec

Qin

ECV QCV WCV

ECV QCV WCV

Qout Welec

Qin Welec

First law is NOT violated, suggesting that

this process is possible (but our intuition
tells us that it isnt!)

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

18

Possible vs Impossible: Second Law

From previous slide, electrical generation by adding heat to a
resistor is impossible:
Requires 2nd Law to prove this

+
Welec

Qin

_
Second law shows that this is impossible for ANY device (not
just an electrical resistor)
We will develop this idea into the
more formal Kelvin-Planck Statement

Welec
Additional Requirement: The properties in the
control volume are not changing with time (i.e.
work is not coming from a storage term)

Jeff Engerer

Qin

ME200- Thermodynamics I

19

Three Statements of the Second Law

There are three different ways of viewing the second law (all of
which are equivalent)
Clausius Statement:

Kelvin-Planck Statement:

Entropy Statement:
Jeff Engerer

0
Entropy cannot
be destroyed
ME200- Thermodynamics I

20

Irreversible/Spontaneous Processes
Recall these are processes that occur on their own in one
direction, but not the other
Some commonly encountered examples (in ME200):
Depressurization
Gas flowing through a throttling valve

Transfer of Heat across a gradient

Heat transfer from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir

Direct conversion of work into heat

Electrical resistance heater
Paddle wheel

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

21

Applying to Irreversibilities:
Depressurization
Reversible, Irreversible, and Impossible: Turbine Example
dSCV

dt
For which,
we solved:

SS

Reversible Turbine
Pressure
Source

CV 0

Qj

T
j

Irreversible Case
Pressure
Source

CV 0

What if it was a
compressor?
Impossible Case
Pressure
Source

CV 0

1
No
Work

Turbine
Work

Jeff Engerer

Adiabatic

Turbine

Pressure
Sink

mi si me se CV

Turbine

2
Pressure
Sink

ME200- Thermodynamics I

Pressure
Sink

Turbine
Work
(too
large)

22

Entropy and the Heat Engine

This implies that there is some optimal thermodynamic cycle
for which the entropy production is zero
An Irreversible Cycle
Hot Reservoir

THE Reversible Cycle

Hot Reservoir

Hot Reservoir
TH

WORST

QH

An Impossible Cycle
TH

TH

Too
good to
be true!

QH

BEST

QC=QH

QH

Wcycle
QC

QC

Cold Reservoir

cv 0

Wcycle=QH

(Entropy
Generation)

Jeff Engerer

TC

QC=0

Cold Reservoir

cv 0

TC

(NO Entropy
Generation)

ME200- Thermodynamics I

Cold Reservoir

cv 0

TC

(Entropy
Destruction)
23

Entropy and Thermodynamic Cycles

Apply the second law to the reversible cycle

Qj
dSCV

mi si me se CV
dt
j Tj
i
e

THE Reversible Cycle

Hot Reservoir
TH
QH

Wcycle
QC

Cold Reservoir

cv 0
Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

TC

(NO Entropy
Generation)
24

Entropy and Thermodynamic Cycles

Apply the second law to the reversible cycle

Qj
dSCV

mi si me se CV
dt
j Tj
i
e
SS

Closed

THE Reversible Cycle

Reversible

Hot Reservoir
TH
QH

QH QC
0

TH TC
QC
TC

rev
TH
QH
cycle

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

Wcycle
QC

Cold Reservoir

cv 0

TC

(NO Entropy
Generation)
25

Maximum Performance
This relationship is the one we used to
Q
T
establish the maximum thermal efficiency and C C
rev
TH
coefficients of performance for thermodynamic QH cycle
cycles:
Heat Engine

Heat Pump

th,max

COPHP ,rev

Refrigerator

COPR ,rev
Jeff Engerer

Wcycle
QH

T
1 C
TH

Maximum
Performance,
Maximum Work

QH
TH

Wcycle TH TC

QC
TC

Wcycle TH TC

ME200- Thermodynamics I

Maximum
Performance,
Minimum Work

26

Carnot Cycle
The Carnot Cycle is a realization of these ideal thermodynamic
cycles:

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

27

Carnot Cycle
The Carnot Cycle can also take the form of a vapor-power
cycle:
Recall how this
varies from the
Rankine Cycle

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

28

Carnot Cycle on the T-S Diagram

For the Carnot Cycle:
Heat addition/removal occurs isothermally
Compression/expansion occurs isentropically
And, of course, all of which are reversible

What is the
significance of
the area under
the curves?

isentropic

Gas Piston
version
isothermal

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

29

Entropy and State-Simplifying Assumptions

As was shown in class, the T-ds Relations are:

Tds du Pdv

Tds dh vdP

For each state simplifying assumption, we can apply this

relationship to find the change in entropy for:
Incompressible Substance with constant specific heat
Ideal Gas Equation
With variable specific heat
With constant specific heat

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

30

Incompressible Substance
So for an incompressible substance:
=

= =

= (, ) ()

, () +

And for entropy:

If specific heat is variable:
Dont use this integral in class

If specific heat is constant:

DO use this relationship in ME200

Jeff Engerer

T2

c(T )
s2 s1
dT
T
T1

T2
s2 s1 c ln
T1

ME200- Thermodynamics I

31

Ideal Gas
For an Ideal Gas:

Pv RT
= (, ) ()
h(T ) u (T ) RT

And for entropy:

For variable specific heat:

P2
s2 s1 s(T2 ) s(T1 ) R ln
P1
Temperature dependent
portion (from tables)

Pressure dependent
portion (plug-in values)

For constant specific heat:

T2
v2
s2 s1 cv ln R ln
T1
v1
Jeff Engerer

OR

T2
P2
s2 s1 c p ln R ln
T1
P1

ME200- Thermodynamics I

32

Applying the Second Law to Problem

Each term in the entropy balance equation depends on where
the boundary for the control volume is placed
There is a special consideration for the entropy balance
equation:
What temperature is used to describe the heat transfer term if the
temperature of the heat source/sink is different from the temperature of
the system?

Qj
dSCV

mi si me se CV
dt
j Tj
i
e
Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

33

Where Do We Put the Boundary?

Review Slide

If the temperature of the system and the surroundings (i.e.

reservoir) are different, which temperature do we use?
In other words, where do we place the boundary?

Recall our discussion on internal irreversibilities:

Where we place the boundary determines:

The temperature of heat transfer term
The magnitude of the entropy generation term

CV 1

CV 1: External Irreversibility

CV

excludes

or

Tsys

Q
Tsurr

CV 2

Tsys
Tsurr

CV 2: Internal Irreversibility

CV

Jeff Engerer

includes

T
ME200- Thermodynamics I

Q
34

Where Do We Put the Boundary?

Isothermal System
Review Slide
An Isothermal Process:

Q
Q
S 2 S1 S system
gen
Tsat
Tsat

System temperature is
constant (no integral) and
entropy generation is
excluded (process is
internally reversible)

Thermal resv at TR
Jeff Engerer

Thermal resv at TR

ME200- Thermodynamics I

35

Where Do We Put the Boundary?

Non-isothermal System
Review Slide
A non-isothermal process:

2 Qj
S2 S1 S system
1 Tj
j
System temperature is not
constant, so to avoid
having to do an integral,
use the reservoir
temperature and include
the irreversibility

Q
gen
gen
TR

S reservoir

Q
TR

gen ,reservoir 0
Q

Thermal reservoir at TR
Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

36

Second Law Analysis of a Gas-Piston

Heating Process
Electrical work is applied to a resistor in a gas-cylinder. The
air is heated from 300 K to 400 K as the piston expands from
an initial volume of 0.3 m3 at a constant pressure of 5 MPa.
Find the entropy generation in the cylinder
Assume that the cylinder is well-insulated
Use Variable Specific Heat

Air

Welect
Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

37

Second Law Analysis of a Vapor Power

Cycle

A vapor power cycle consists of the following devices/processes:

1-2: Adiabatic Reversible Turbine

2-3: Reversible Condenser
3-4: Adiabatic Irreversible Pump
4-1: Irreversible Boiler

The following is known:

State 1: T1=356.2 C, P1=0.70 MPa

State 2: T2=25 C (two-phase)
State 3: T3=25 C (sat. liquid)
State 4: T4=30 C, P4=0.70 MPa
Mass flow rate: 10 kg/s

Find:

For each process, assume kinetic and

potential energy are negligible.
Liquid in pump is incompressible with
constant specific heat
Heat In
(From Hot Reservoir)

Boiler

Pump

Entropy Generation and Work for Pump

Entropy Generation in Boiler
Work produced by turbine
QC by applying first law to entire cycle
Show that condenser is reversible
Compare thermal efficiency to Carnot efficiency

4
Turbine

Pump
Work

Cycle
Work
2

Condenser

Heat Out
(To Cold Reservoir)

Jeff Engerer

ME200- Thermodynamics I

38