PROPERTIES of MATERIALS

Machine elements are often made of the following metal or metal alloys:
a) steel
d) zinc
b) aluminum
e) titanium
c) cast iron
f) bronze

Ductility
- is the degree to which a material will deform before the ultimate fracture
and the opposite of brittleness.
- measure in percent elongation
% Elongation = Lf -Li x 100%
Li

Ductile > 5%
Brittle 5%

Creep
- progressive elongation of a material over time especially if operating at
elevated temperatures.
Strain rate, r =
t

UNIFIED NUMBERING SYSTEM

Responsible

Number Series

Non-ferrous metals and

Alloys
A00001-A99999
C00001-C99999
E00001-E99999
L00001-L99999
M00001-M99999
N00001-N99999
P00001-P99999
R00001-R99999
Z00001-Z99999
Ferrous metals and alloys
D00001-D99999
F00001-F99999
G00001-G99999
H00001-H99999
J00001-J99999
K00001-K99999
S00001-S99999
T00001-T99999

Types of Metals and Alloys

Organizatio
n

Aluminum and Aluminum alloys

Copper and Copper alloys
Rare earth metals and alloys
Low-melting metals and alloys
Miscellaneous non-ferrous metals
and alloys
Nickel and Nickel alloys
Precious metals and alloys
Reactive and refractory metals and
alloys
Zinc and zinc alloys

AA
CDA
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
SAE
ASTM
SAE
ASTM

Steels; mechanical properties

specified
Cast irons and cast steels
Carbon and alloy steels(including
SAE)
H-steels; specified hardenability
Cast steels (except tool steels)
Miscellaneous steels and ferrous
alloys
Heat and corrosion
resistant(stainless)steels
Tool steels

SAE
ASTM
AISI
AISI
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
AISI

Carbon and Alloy Steels

Carbon has the strong effect on the strength, hardness and ductility of any
steel alloy.
Other elements affect hardenability, toughness, corrosion resistance,
machinability and strength retention at high temperatures.
Designation System
AISI X X XX
carbon content
Specific alloy in the group
Alloy group: indicates major alloying element
Importance of Carbon
As carbon content increases, strength and hardness also increases under the
same conditions of processing and heat treatment.
Low carbon steel: 0-0.30% C content
Medium carbon steel: 0.30%-0.50% C content
High carbon steel: 0.50%-0.95% C content
Bearing steel nominally contains 1.0% C. Common grades: 50100, 51100 and
52100

AISI Alloy Groups Numbering System

10xx
11xx
12xx
12Lx
x
13xx
15xx
23xx
25xx
31xx
33xx
40xx
41xx
43xx
44xx
46xx
48xx
5xxx
51xx
511
00
521
00
61xx
86xx
87xx
92xx
93xx

Plain carbon steel; carbon and less than 1.0% Mn; nonresulfurized
Free-cutting steel; resulfurized. S 0.10%
Free-cutting steel; resulfurized and rephosphorized
Free-cutting steel; Lead added
Manganese steel 1.75% Mn; non-resulfurized
Carbon steel: nonresulfurized; Mn > 1.0%
Nickel steel: nominally 3.5% Ni
Nickel steel: nominally 5.0% Ni
Nickel-chromium steel: nominally 1.25%Ni; 0.65% Cr
Nickel-chromium steel: nominally 3.4%Ni; 1.5% Cr
Molybdenum steel: 0.25% Mo
Chromium-Molybdenum steel: 0.95% Cr; 0.2% Mo
Ni-Cr-Mo steel: 1.8%Ni; 0.5%-0.8% Cr; 0.25% Mo
Molybdenum steel: 0.5% Mo
Ni-Mo steel: 1.8% Ni; 0.25% Mo
Ni-Mo steel: 3.5% Ni; 0.25% Mo
Chromium steel: 0.40% Cr
Chromium steel: 0.80% Cr
Chromium steel: 1.0% Cr; bearing steel, 1.0% C
Chromium steel: 1.45% Cr; bearing steel, 1.0% C
Chromium-Vanadium steel: 0.50%-1.10% Cr; 0.15% V
Ni-Cr-M- steel: 0.55% Ni; 0.50% Cr; 0.20% Mo
Ni-Cr-Mo steel: 0.55% Ni; 0.50% Cr; 0.25% Mo
Silicon steel: 2.0% Silicon
Ni-Cr-Mo steel: 3.25% Ni; 1.2% Cr; 0.12% Mo

Stainless Steel
- characterized with high level of corrosion resistance, chromium 10%
- AISI designation from 200, 300 to 400 series
Strainless steel grouping:
Austenitic falls in AISI 200-300 series; general purpose grades,
non-heat-treatable and non-magnetic
Ferritic belong to the AISI 400 series [ 405, 409, 430, 446, etc];
non-heat-treatable but magnetic
Martensitic AISI 400 series: 403,410,414,416,420,431 and 440
types; can be teat-treated, magnetic and higher strength than the
200-300 series
Tool Steels

used for cutting tools, punches, dies, shearing blades, chisels and similar
uses.

Types:
a) High Speed
o M molybdenum: AISI M2 (UNS: T11302), M10(T11310), M42(T11342)
o T tungsten: T1(T12001), T15(T12015)
b) Hot-worked
o H Chromium: H10(T20810); Tungsten-H21(T20821); Mo-H42(T20842)
c) Cold-worked
TYPICAL SECTIONS OF VARIOUS STRUCTURAL STEEL APPLICATIONS

Figure 1- round pipes

Figure 2- rectangular tubing

Structural Steel
- ASTM designated number system
Name of
Shape

Symb
ol

Angle

Channel

Wide flange
beam

Example Designation (English system)

L4 x 3 x [ L-shape; 4- length of longer leg; 3- length of

shorter leg; - thickness of the legs]
C15 x 50 [ C-standard C shape; 15- nominal depth of web
vertical;
50-weight per unit length]
W14 x 43 [ W-shape; 14- nominal depth; 43-weight per unit
length]

American
standard
beam
Structural
tubingsquare
Tubingrectangular
Pipe

S10 x 35 [S-shape; 10-nomial depth; 35-weight per unit

length]
All in inches
4 x 4 x [4-depth; 4-width; -wall thickness]
6 x 4 x [6-depth of the longer side; 4-width of the shorter
side;
-wall thickness, all in inches]
4 standard weight, 4 schedule 40