Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Instrumentation
Amplifier
By
Dr Ravi Kumar Jatoth
Asst Professor
ECE Department
Objectives
Upon completion of this experiment you will be
able to:
measure the differential gain for a basic
differential amplifier.
measure the common- mode gain and
calculate the CMRR for a basic differential
amplifier.
build and test a discrete three op amp
instrumentation amplifier.
add an offset voltage to the reference
terminal of the instrumentation amplifier
Ideal Characteristics of an
Amplifier
High
Acquisition
Medical Instrumentation Monitor and
control Electronics
Software-Programmable Applications .
Audio Applications High Speed Signal
conditioning Video Applications
Power control Applications
Instrumentation Amplifiers
Passive Transducer Measurement Configuration:
For passive transducers in a bridge configuration the voltage of interest is the
differential voltage e = VB - VA
Therefore need a difference amplifier with a committed adjustable gain Ad
Want Vo = Ad(VB - VA) = Ad e
VCM =
VA VB
E
2
2
R+DR
R
IA
Vo = Ad
e
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Vo = Ad e
IA
Vo = Ad e
Differential Amplifier:
V p+V n
V cm=
2
-
Vn
Common-Mode
Voltage
For a differential input amplifier, common-mode voltage is defined as
+
-
Vo
Vp
IOP1
Vid
+
+
-
Vid/2
Vid/2
Vcm
V p+V n
V cm=
2
w here
V id
V p=V cm+
2
V id
V n=V cm2
Vout
Common-Mode Voltage
2
V-
Vid 0V
+
V-
V+
Vb 0
+
+
-
V+
Vs- 5
OP1
6
Vid 1000uV
OP1
Vs+ 5
V-
Vo 3.826745V
Vo 0V
Vb 0
Va 0
Va 1m
V2
Vcm 0
V+
Ideally a differential input amplifier only responds to a differential input voltage, not
a common-mode voltage.
Vid 0V
V+
Vb 0
Vcm 1
OP1
Vo 0V
Va 0
Vcm 1
10
Adm
CMRR
Acm
11
Source
Load
Ro
Rs
+
Vs
Vi
Ri
VCVS
+
+
Vi
Vo
Rload
A dm->Infinity
CMRRidealOA
Adm Adm
Acm
Acm
12
Ri1
R1
R2
Ro
V1
Ri2
+
-
R3
Vo
R4
V2
14
Ri1 R1
Ri 2 R3 R4
Resistances seen by thesources
are finite and not necessaril y
equal. If input sources have
output resistances Rs1 and Rs 2
then
Ri1 R1 Rs1
Ri 2 R3 R4 Rs 2
R1 R2
2
DA Derivation
R2
Vo 2 V p 1
R1
R2
Vp
Ri2
Ro
+
-
R4
V p V2
R3 R4
So,
R1
R3
Vo2
R4
V2
R4 R2
1
Vo 2 V2
R3 R4 R1
18
DA Derivation
V2 off
Inverting amplifier
R2
Vo1 V1
R1
R1
R2
Ri1
Ro
V1
Ri2
+
-
R3
Vo1
R4
19
DA Derivation
Vo Vo1 Vo 2
R4 R2
R2
1
V2
Vo V1
Re-arranging yields R1
R3 R4 R1
R
1 1
R
R2
Vo 2 V2 V1
R3
R1
1
R4
R
R
If 1 3 then
R2 R4
R2
V2 V1
Vo
R1
20
DA
CMRR
Lets replace V1 and V2 with our alternate definition of the inputs (in terms
of differential-mode and common-mode signals)
Vdm
2
V
V2 Vcm dm
2
R
Vo 2 V2 V1
R1
V1 Vcm
Vdm/2
+
R1
R2
+
+
-
Vcm
+
Vdm/2
R1
R2
Vo
Vo
V
V
R2
Vcm dm Vcm dm
R1
2
2
Vo
R2
Vdm
R1
24
DA
CMRR
This assumes that the operational amplifier is ideal and that the resistors
are balanced.
Keeping the assumption that the operational amplifier is ideal, lets see
what happens when an imbalance factor () is introduced.
Vdm/2
+
R1
R2(1- )
+
-
Vcm
+
Vdm/2
R1
Vo
R2
25
DA CMRR
V R 1
V R2
R2 1
Vcm dm
1
Vo Vcm dm 2
2
R1
2 R1 R2 R1 R2 1
Vo AdmVdm AcmVcm
where
Adm
R2 R1 2 R2
1
R1
R1 R2 2
Acm
R2
R1 R2
DA CMRR
Since we have equations for Acm and Adm, lets look at CMR
R2
2
R
1
2
1
R1 R2 2
Adm
R1
20 log 10
CMR(dB ) 20 log 10
R
A
2
cm
R1 R2
R2
R1
CMR(dB) 20 log10
27
DA CMRR
1 2
R1
CMR(dB) 20 log10
Please remember that this just shows the effects of the resistor network
and assumes an ideal amplifier
28
DA
CMRR
Another possible source for CMRR degradation is the impedance at
the reference pin.
So far we have connected this pin to low-impedance ground.
Vdm/2
+
R1
R2
+
+
-
Vcm
+
Vdm/2
R1
Vo
R2
Placing and impedance here will disturb the voltage divider we come
across during superposition analysis.
This will negatively affect CMR
29
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Differential Amplifier:
Short input to v2
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Differential Amplifier:
Short input to v1
(Noninverting Configuration)
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Differential Amplifier:
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Differential Amplifier:
Zd = 2R1
Zd is limited
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Instrumentation Amplifier
Experiment
Variable Gain
Instrumentation Amplifiers
69
The AD620 is a low cost, high accuracy instrumentation amplifier which requires
only one external resistor to set gains of 1 to 1000. Furthermore, the AD620 offers
lower power (only 1.3 mA max supply current), making it a good fit for battery
powered, portable (or remote) applications.
The AD620, with its high accuracy of 40 ppm maximum nonlinearity, low offset
voltage of 50 V max and offset drift of 0.6 V/C max, is ideal for use in precision
data acquisition systems, such as weigh scales and transducer interfaces. The
low noise, low input bias current, and low power of the AD620 also make it well
suited for medical applications such as ECG and noninvasive blood pressure
monitors.
The low input bias current of 1.0 nA max is made possible with the use of
Superbeta processing in the input stage. The AD620 works well as a preamplifier
due to its low input voltage noise of 9 nV/Hz at 1 kHz, 0.28 V p-p in the 0.1 Hz to
10 Hz band, 0.1 pA/Hz input current noise. The AD620 is also well suited for
multiplexed applications with its settling time of 15 s to 0.01% and its cost is low
enough to enable designs with one in amp per channel.
70
AD620
Specifications
common-mode rejection ratio
(CMRR): The ratio of the
common-mode interference
voltage at the input of a
circuit, to the corresponding
interference voltage at the
output.
http://products.analog.com/products/info.asp?product=
71
AD620 vs opamp
72
73
Error Budget
The OP-07 has very low input offset voltage (25V max for
74
OP-07A) which is obtained by trimming at the wafer stage.
These low offset voltages generally eliminate any need for
external nulling. The OP-07 also features low input bias
current (2nA for OP-07A) and high open-loop gain
(300V/mV for the OP-07A). The low offsets and high openloop gain make the OP-07 particularly useful for high-gain
instrumentation applications.
The wide input voltage range of 13V minimum combined
with the high CMRR of 110dB (OP-07A) and high input
impedance provides high accuracy in the non-inverting
circuit configuration. Excellent linearity and gain accuracy
can be maintained even at high closed-loop gains.
The OP-07 is available in five standard performance grades.
Op07 vs LM741
Op07 vs 741
$1.25 for one Op07
$0.44 for one LM741
25 for $25
25 for $8
From Digikey
(Inexpensive
versions of each)
Input Offset
Voltage
Input Offset
Current
CMRR
Op07 (Analog
Devices)
30 to 75 uV
LM741 (National
Instruments)
6 to 7.5 mV
.4 to 2.8 nA
200 to 300 nA
110 dB Min
70 dB Min
Closed Loop BW
(gain = 1)
Slew Rate
.6 MHz
.437 MHz
.3 V/uSec
.5 V/uSec
75