ORGANISMO

Pseudomonas spp

QUIMICOS TOXICOS
Benceno, antraceno, hidrocarburos, PCB

REFERENCIA
Kapley et al.,
1999; Cybulski
et al, 2003

NOMBRE DEL ARTICULO

a) Osmotolerance and
hydrocarbon
degradation by a
genetically engineered
microbial consortium
b) The Influence of
Emulsifiers on
Hydrocarbon
Biodegradation by
Pseudomonadacea and
Bacillacea Strains

Alcaligenes spp

Hidrocarburos halogenados, alquilbenceno lineal

sulfonatos, aromticos policclicos, bifenilos policlorados

Lal & Khanna,

1996

Arthrobacter spp

Jogdand, 1995

Bacillus spp

El benceno, hidrocarburos, pentaclorofenol,

fenoxiacetato, policclicos aromticos
Compuestos aromticos, alcanos de cadena larga, fenol, cresol

Degradation of crude oil by

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
and Alcaligenes odorans.
Enviromental Biotechnology

Corynebacterium spp
Flavobacterium spp
Azotobacter spp
Rhodococcus spp

Hidrocarburos halogenados, fenoxiacetatos

Aromticos
Aromticos
El naftaleno, bifenilo

Jogdand, 1995
Jogdand, 1995
Jogdand, 1995
Dean-Ross et
al., 2002

Mycobacterium spp

Los hidrocarburos aromticos, hidrocarburos ramificados, benceno,

cicloparafinas

Sunggyu, 1995

Cybulski et al.,
2003

The Influence of Emulsifiers on

Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
by Pseudomonadacea and
Bacillacea Strains
Enviromental Biotechnology
Enviromental Biotechnology
Enviromental Biotechnology
Utilization of mixtures of
polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons by bacteria
isolated from contaminated
sediment.
Bioremediation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarboncontaminated soil

Nocardia spp

Hidrocarburos

Park et al., 1998

Methosinus sp
Methanogens
Methanogens

Aromticos
Aromticos
Hidrocarburos, hidrocarburos policclicos

Jogdand, 1995
Jogdand, 1995
Jogdand, 1995
Ljah, 1998

Methanogens
Candida tropicalis

Fenoxiacetato, hidrocarburo halogenado, Diazinn

PCB, formaldehdo

Jogdand, 1995
Ljah, 1998

Cunniughamela elegans

PCB, compuestos aromticos policclicos, bifenilos

Jogdand, 1995

Enhancing Solubilization of
Sparingly Soluble Organic
Compounds by Biosurfactants
Produced by Nocardia
erythropolis
Enviromental Biotechnology
Enviromental Biotechnology
a) Enviromental
Biotechnology
b) Studies on relative
capabilities of bacterial
and yeast isolates from
tropical soil in
degrading crude oil
Enviromental Biotechnology
Studies on relative capabilities
of bacterial and yeast isolates
from tropical soil in degrading
crude oil
Enviromental Biotechnology

Shishun
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO1995032278
A mixed bacteria culture for biodegrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants includes $i(Achromobacter sp.) and $i(Mycobacterium sp.) which have been grown together and gradually acclimated to utilize
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a primary food source. The mixed bacteria culture can be utilized for $i(in situ) or $i(ex situ) bioremediation of contaminated soil, or in any of various conventional bioreactors to treat
contaminated liquids such as landfill leachates, groundwater or industrial effluents. The bacteria, the nutrients used to sustain growth of the bacteria, and the products of the biodegradation of the polycyclic aromatic or
other hydrocarbons are all substantially harmless to the environment. The mixed bacteria can be utilized in the presence of oxygen, or hydrogen peroxide can be used alone or in combination with oxygen as an
effective alternative electron acceptor. The mixed bacteria culture of $i(Achromobacter sp.) and $i(Mycobacterium sp.) provides an environmentally safe and affordable means for rapidly and effectively eliminating a
variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants from the environment.
(FR)L'invention se rapporte une culture bactrienne contenant un mlange de bactries permettant la biodgradation de substances contaminantes base d'hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques. Cette culture
contient l'$i(Achromobacter sp.) et le $i(Mycobacterium sp.) que l'on a cultiv ensemble et acclimat graduellement pour qu'elles utilisent les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques comme source alimentaire
principale. Cette culture bactrienne peut tre utilise pour la biodcontamination $i(in situ) ou $i(ex situ) de terrains contamins, ou dans diffrents types de bioracteurs classiques pour traiter les liquides contamins

tels que les lixiviats des dcharges publiques, les nappes phratiques ou les effluents industriels. Les bactries, les substances nutritives utilises pour entretenir la croissance des bactries, ainsi que les produits de la
biodgradation des hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques ou autres sont tous essentiellement inoffensifs pour l'environnement. Ces bactries mlanges peuvent tre utilises en prsence d'oxygne, ou le
peroxyde d'hydrogne peut tre utilis seul ou en combinaison avec l'oxygne comme accepteur d'lectrons alternatif efficace. Cette culture mixte d'$i(Achromobacter sp.) et de $i(Mycobacterium sp.) constitue un
moyen cologique et peu coteux permettant d'liminer rapidement et efficacement toute une varit de substances contaminantes base d'hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques.
Kaplia

Most bacteria characterized as hydrocarbon degrading are isolated from the terrestrial environment and have very limited or no application under
estuarine/hyper-saline conditions. The collective efforts of these hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria help in the preservation of the environment under manmade disasters. However, the process has a long lag phase, since the contaminated ecosystem undergoes a process of natural selection of efficient
hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. This paper uses a microbial consortium designed from a library of soil isolates, composed of four members; strain
Pseudomonas NCC.DSS6, P. NCC.DSS8, P. NCC.GSS3 and P. putida, which can attack various fractions of crude oil. To extend the capacity of the consortium
for degradation of hydrocarbons in marine environments or estuarine conditions the key is the requirement of an osmotolerance function. Hence, in the
present study, to provide osmotolerance to these soil isolates, the E.coli pro U operon was subcloned into a broad-host range vector and transferred into the
members of the microbial consortium. The non-specific basal expression of the pro U operon, under the control of tac-lac promoter was demonstrated by
the ability of the transformed organisms to grow under hyper-saline conditions. The degradation capacity of the engineered consortium was also studied
using a designed model petroleum mixture. The study underscores the potential of the osmoregulatory function for degradation of anthropogenic molecules
in marine niches.
Osmotolerance and hydrocarbon degradation by a genetically engineered microbial consortium. Bioresour. Technol. 67, 241-245. Available from:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/223426931_Osmotolerance_and_hydrocarbon_degradation_by_a_genetically_engineered_microbial_consortium._Bio
resour._Technol._67_241-245 [accessed Sep 22, 2015].
Ljal

Abstract
Two types of Indian crude oil (Bombay High and Gujarat) were tested for their biodegradability by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Alcaligenes odorans. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus S30 and Alc.
odorans P20 degraded Bombay High crude oil by 50% and 45%, while only 29% and 37% of Gujarat crude oil (heavy crude oil) was degraded by these isolates, respectively. Acinetobacter
calcoaceticus and Alc. odorans in combination degraded 58% and 40% of Bombay High and Gujarat crude oils, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of by individual cultures.
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus S30 degraded more of the alkanes fraction than the aromatics fraction of both crude oils. GC fingerprinting of alkane fraction showed major degradation of
heptadecane (C17), octadecane (C18), nonadecane (C19), eicosane (C20), docosane (C22), tricosane (C23) and tetracosane (C24) of crude oil, while the Alc. odorans P20 degraded alkanes and
aromatics equally. The asphaltenic component increased in both types of crude oil after biodegradation . The two strains grew very well on n-alkane up to C33 as well as on pristane (branchedchain alkane) but could not grow on cycloalkanes. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus S30 could not grow on pure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds except naphthalene but Alc. odorans
P20 could grow on anthracene, phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene, fluorene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X98000373

Cybulsky
Leer completo
The purification of crude oil, contaminated water
and soil, is one of the most important problems yet to
be fully resolved. One scientific method that is useful
in pollutant degradation is biotechnology, this method
emphasises the use of microorganisms in roles relating
to industry, mineralization and function of the ecosystem.
The use of emulsifiers is also a familiar method
for the purification of water contaminated with crude
oil.
The literature (Foght & Westlake, 1988; Janiyani
et al., 1993; ebkowska et al., 1997) indicate the high
level of efficiency of the family strains Pseudomonadacea
and Bacillacea in removing crude oil and its
polluted derivatives from water. Strains of Bacillace
are widely spread because of the minimal nutritional
requirements necessary for growth. Such organisms
are found in water, effluent streams, soil and all places,

which are polluted by different fractions of oil. Analogous

situations are encountered when looking at
the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida
strains.
The aim of this research was to test the strains
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and
Bacillus laterosporus on an individual basis, as well as
Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, Vol. 8, Nos. 56, pp. 503507, 2003
2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Printed in Great Britain
1353-2561/$ - see front matter
doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00068-9
503
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +48-61-853-64-77.
E-mail addresses: dziurla@put.poznan.pl (E. Dziurla), kaczorek@put.poznan.pl
(E. Kaczorek), olszan@put.poznan.pl (A. Olszanowski).
1 Tel.: +48-61-665-36-86.
2 Tel.: +48-61-665-36-88.
3 Tel.: +48-61-665-36-71.

in a mixture, together as biological agents in a model

mixture of hydrocarbons both in the presence and
absence of the different emulsifiers for the biodegradation
process. The emulsifying agents are as follows:
AT 7, Tween-80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate),
L-10 (polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether) and
Lutensol GD 70 (polyglucosidases with C8C10 alkyl).
AT 7 was used as a preparate for cleaning contaminated
water from crude oil and other hydrocarbon
pollutants. Its composition is unknown and the producer
(ECO-Atlantol) states only that polyoxyethylene
alcohol is one of the components.
Materials and Methods
Microbiological analysis was done using the Bacillaceae
and Pseudomonadaceae bacteria. The bacteria
strains were isolated from biopreparate and a sample of
crude oil contaminated soil. Quantitative and qualitative
examinations of the bacteria were done.
Biodegradation tests with the hydrocarbons dodecane
and hexadecane (1:1 w/w) were done in aseptic

conditions using all aseptic solutions, as well as in

non-aseptic conditions using water from the Warta
River. Analogous tests were done with the addition of
2% of emulsifier containing AT 7, Tween-80, L-10 or
Lutensol GD 70.
The number of bacteria at the beginning of each
test was 106107 or 107108 cells/ml. Erlenmeyer flasks
having a 2 ml mixture of dodecane and hexadecane
(1:1 v/v), 100 ml of aseptic water or water from the
River Warta and 42 ml of bacterial suspension in
0.07% solution of (NH4)2HPO4, were closed and incubated
for seven days in a shaker with a water bath at
37 C. Analogous tests were done with the addition of
2% of an emulsifier.
Rhamnolipid produced by strain Pseudomonas
aeruginosa was isolated by extraction of ethyl acetate
in agreement with procedure described by Schenk et al.
(1995).
Results and Discussion
The best results of hydrocarbon biodegradation

and emulsified hydrocarbons over seven days of experiments

with various strains of the Bacillaceae and
Pseudomonadacea families and their mixtures were
obtained for the P. aeruginona strain (Table 1). The
degree of hydrocarbon biodegradation was 56% and
was almost the same (56%) for emulsified hydrocarbons
(using AT 7). For a single strain of the Bacillaceae
family, the best percentage of biodegradation of
hydrocarbons was observed with the B. subtilis strain
at 35% and 48%, respectively. The highest level of
hydrocarbon degradation was achieved for the mixtures
of strains P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis (48%),
P. aeruginosa and P. putida (38%) and B. cereus and
B. laterosporus (38%). Also, for hydrocarbons emulsified
with AT 7, there was a high degree of biodegradation
when the mixture of B. cereus, B. licheniformis
and B. laterosporus strains (52%) or the mixture of
P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis (50%) were used.
Analysis of the quantity of bacteria after seven days
showed that considerable bacterial growth was observed

for B. cereus and B. laterosporus and for all mixtures of

bacteria in hydrocarbons and in emulsified hydrocarbons
(Table 2). The best results were obtained using
the mixture of B. cereus, B. licheniformis and B. laterosporus
in both systems. The growth of bacteria was
also observed in tests where AT 7 was the only source
of carbon. This implies that AT 7 is biodegradable.
Experiments in non-aseptic conditions were also
carried out using water samples from the Warta River
in combination with the strain mixtures (Table 3). The
degree of hydrocarbon biodegradation was 4767%
and was found to be higher in the non-aseptic medium
than in the aseptic condition. When experiments were
done for hydrocarbons emulsified by AT 7, the degree
of biodegradation was 7691% using mixtures of
bacterial strains.
The bacterial turbidity of probes indicated substantial
growth of both microbes, including those introduced
and those natural existing. The high degree
of hydrocarbons biodegradation in the non-aseptic

medium may be caused by the presence of natural

microflora having a synergy with the introduced bacteria,
as well as by the presence of various compounds
which are a culture medium for bacteria (mainly
compounds containing phosphorus and nitrogen).
Water from the Warta River was sterilised to eliminate
the influence of natural microflora. The obtained results
show a marginally higher degree of hydrocarbon
biodegradation (by a few percent) compared to probes
in aseptic water tested both with and without an

emulsifier. The biodegradation obtained in sterilised river water was lower by a little more than 10% than non-aseptic river water. It is worth noticing that
the presence of AT 7 emulsifier in water from the Warta River significantly aided in hindering hydrocarbon biodegradation of natural river microflora. The
results of the effectiveness of hydrocarbons biodegradation for various emulsifiers (Table 4) do not allow for simple conclusions. Each of the tested
emulsifier has a different influence on the effectiveness of the each bacteria strain. The increase in hydrocarbons biodegradation is observed for B. subtilis
when AT 7 or L-10 was used. Both emulsifiers have a polyoxyethylene alcohol as a component. Tween 80 was the most effective emulsifier for P. putida. In
the case of P. aeruginosa, AT 7 did not reduce the degree of hydrocarbon biodegradation. None of the emulsifiers created better conditions of
biodegradation than the P. aeruginosa strain alone. The structure of the emulsifier is only one of the reasons why such big differences were observed. It is
necessary to recall the capacity of some microorganisms to produce biosurfactants, which accelerate the process of biodegradation. Single bacterial strains
of P. aeruginosa, P. putida, B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were used and tested in order to produce biosurfactant. The sample of bacteria in the
concentration of 108109 cells/ml was placed in xylene and shaken. The stability of the emulsion was controlled 24 h a day. Favourable results were
obtained only for the Pseudomonas family stability of the emulsion was obtained a few months (Table 5). The results confirmed the theory that
microorganisms of the Pseudomonas family can produce biosurfactants. In the case of the P. aeruginosa strain used in our experiments, (biochemical profile
20573067072), the same group of biosurfactant was isolated by extraction as described previously (Janiyani et al., 1993). The obtained HPLC chromatogram
(Fig. 1) and spectral data (UV Fig. 2, IR Fig. 3) indicates that the isolated biosurfactant is similar to one of the biosurfactants produced by P. aeruginosa

strains and identified as Rhamnolipid R1 (Fig. 4), (Schenk et al 1995; Hisatsuka et al., 1971; Guerra-Santos et al., 1984; Zhang & Miller, 1992). It is believed
that using synthetic detergent may reduce the activity of the biosurfactant in experiments with P. aeruginosa (Tables 1 & 3). The magnitude of the
detergents influence depends on the structure of both surfactants. It should also be noted that using some synthetic emulsifiers may adversely affect the
permeability of microbial cell membranes and thus limit their biodegradation capability. Emulsifiers which do not reduce biodegradation probably do not
exhibit such an effect. Conclusions The results of the experiments carried out in aseptic conditions indicate the high level of efficiency of P. aeruginosa and
lower efficiency for P. putida and strains of the Bacillus family (B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. laterosporus) for biodegradation of hydrocarbons
and hydrocarbons emulsified by AT 7. The degree of biodegradation in both systems is in the range of 2756%. For single strains of the bacteria from the
Bacillus and P. putida families, the degree of biodegradation of emulsified hydrocarbons was higher than those without emulsifier. The mixtures of bacteria
strains also yielded satisfactory results. The results when using water samples from the Warta River indicate a more complex process with a significantly
higher degree of biodegradation. For hydrocarbons, the degree of biodegradation was in the range of 4767%, while for emulsified hydrocarbons, values of
7691% were obtained. The best results were found when using Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Bacillus
subtilis mixtures. A comparison of the effectiveness of different emulsifiers used for hydrocarbon biodegradation indicates that the structure of an emulsifier
is only one of the factors which should be taken into account. The synergy between a type of bacterial strain and the structure of an emulsifier is very
important. It is possible it could change the degree of hydrocarbon biodegradation. The complexity of the biodegradation processes increases when
bacterial strains are used that are capable of producing their own biosurfactants.
Dean ross

Utilization of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria isolated from contaminated sediment.
Abstract The ability of sediment bacteria to utilize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) when present as components of mixtures was investigated. One strain, identified as Mycobacterium
flavescens, could utilize fluoranthene in the presence of pyrene, although utilization of pyrene was slower in the presence of fluoranthene than in its absence. The second strain, a Rhodococcus
species, could utilize fluoranthene in the presence of anthracene, although the presence of fluoranthene slowed the rate of utilization of anthracene. Cometabolism of fluoranthene in these strains
was confirmed by the isolation of metabolites of fluoranthene and by kinetic analysis of the rate of utilization of the growth substrate in the presence of fluoranthene. In both strains, metabolism of
fluoranthene occurred on the fused ring of the fluoranthene molecule, producing 9-fluorenone-1-carboxylic acid. In the Rhodococcus sp., a second metabolite, a-(carboxymethylene)fluorene-1carboxylic acid, was identified, indicating that this strain has the capacity to metabolize fluoranthene via ortho as well as meta cleavage. The presence of PAHs in a mixture produces interactive
effects which can either increase or decrease the rate of utilization of individual PAHs, results which need to be taken into account when estimating rates of degradation in contaminated.
environments.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19709233

Enviromental Biotechnology

Industrial progress which has contributed to comforts and luxuries of human life will become more respectable if it maintains due regard to nature and its equilibrium. Biotechnology which has number of applications in
fields of agriculture, medical, food, energy and industrial production has also its promises for environment protection. Apart from pollution control through biotreatment of wastes, eco-friendly products and processes
from biotechnology (as preventive approaches) will prove as effective options in future. This book aims to discuss 'Industrial Pollution Management' as area of most concern in the field of environmental biotechnology.
This book should prove useful to all students studying biotechnology's role in environmental science as a component under different disciplines of science and engineering. Biotreatment technologies useful for
treatment of wastes from different industries is relatively less discussed area and though references are desired by students they have difficult time on search. This book will certainly give necessary concise initial
information on this subject.
The earlier response to this book suggests the importance of the subject covered.

http://books.rediff.com/book/enviromental-biotechnology-/9789352024063?sc_cid=rediff_reco