Coordinates:55N3W

UnitedKingdom
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thisarticleisaboutthecountry.Fortheisland,seeGreatBritain.Forotheruses,seeUnitedKingdom(disambiguation)andUK(disambiguation).
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,commonlyknownastheUnitedKingdom(UK)orBritain,[nb5]isasovereignstateinEurope.Lyingoffthe
northwesterncoastoftheEuropeanmainland,thecountryincludestheislandofGreatBritainatermalsoappliedlooselytorefertothewholecountrythenortheasternpart
oftheislandofIrelandandmanysmallerislands.[8]NorthernIrelandistheonlypartoftheUKthatsharesalandborderwithanotherstate(theRepublicofIreland).[nb6]Apart
fromthislandborder,theUKissurroundedbytheAtlanticOcean,withtheNorthSeatoitseast,theEnglishChanneltoitssouthandtheCelticSeatoitssouthsouthwest.The
IrishSealiesbetweenGreatBritainandIreland.TheUKhasanareaof93,800squaremiles(243,000km2),makingitthe80thlargestsovereignstateintheworldandthe11th
largestinEurope.
TheUnitedKingdomisthe22ndmostpopulouscountry,withanestimated64.5millioninhabitants.[4]Itisaconstitutionalmonarchywithaparliamentarysystemof
governance.[9][10]ItscapitalcityisLondon,animportantglobalcityandfinancialcentrewithanurbanpopulationof10,310,000,thefourthlargestinEuropeandsecondlargest
intheEuropeanUnion.[11]Thecurrentmonarchsince6February1952isQueenElizabethII.TheUKconsistsoffourcountries:England,Scotland,Wales,andNorthern
Ireland.[12]Thelatterthreehavedevolvedadministrations,[13]eachwithvaryingpowers,[14][15]basedintheircapitals,Edinburgh,Cardiff,andBelfast,respectively.Thenearby
IsleofMan,BailiwickofGuernseyandBailiwickofJerseyarenotpartoftheUnitedKingdom,beingCrowndependencieswiththeBritishGovernmentresponsiblefordefence
andinternationalrepresentation.[16]

UnitedKingdomofGreat
BritainandNorthernIreland

Flag

Royalcoatofarms[nb1]

Anthem:"GodSavetheQueen"[nb2]
MENU

0:00

TherelationshipsamongthecountriesoftheUnitedKingdomhavechangedovertime.WaleswasannexedbytheKingdomofEnglandundertheActsofUnionof1536and
1543.AtreatybetweenEnglandandScotlandresultedin1707inaunifiedKingdomofGreatBritain,whichmergedin1801withtheKingdomofIrelandtoformtheUnited
KingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.In1922,fivesixthsofIrelandsecededfromthecountry,leavingthepresentformulationoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand
NorthernIreland.[nb7]TheUKhasfourteenOverseasTerritories.[17]ThesearetheremnantsoftheBritishEmpirewhich,atitsheightinthe1920s,encompassedalmosta
quarteroftheworld'slandmassandwasthelargestempireinhistory.Britishinfluencecanbeobservedinthelanguage,culture,andlegalsystemsofmanyofitsformer
colonies.
TheUnitedKingdomisadevelopedcountryandhastheworld'sfifthlargesteconomybynominalGDPandtenthlargesteconomybypurchasingpowerparity.TheUKis
consideredtohaveahighincomeeconomyandiscategorisedasveryhighintheHumanDevelopmentIndex,currentlyranking14thintheworld.Itwastheworld'sfirst
industrialisedcountryandtheworld'sforemostpowerduringthe19thandearly20thcenturies.[18][19]TheUKremainsagreatpowerwithconsiderableeconomic,cultural,
military,scientific,andpoliticalinfluenceinternationally.[20][21]Itisarecognisednuclearweaponsstateanditsmilitaryexpenditureranksfifthorsixthintheworld.[22][23]The
UKhasbeenapermanentmemberoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilsinceitsfirstsessionin1946.IthasbeenamemberstateoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)andits
predecessor,theEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC),since1973itisalsoamemberoftheCommonwealthofNations,theCouncilofEurope,theG7financeministers,the
G7forum,theG20,NATO,theOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),andtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO).

Contents
1Etymologyandterminology
2History
2.1Before1707
2.2SincetheActsofUnionof1707and1801
3Geography
3.1Climate
3.2Administrativedivisions
4Dependencies
5Politics

Locationofthe UnitedKingdom ( darkgreen )

inEurope( green&darkgrey )
intheEuropeanUnion ( green )

Capital
andlargestcity

London

Officiallanguage
andnationallanguage

English

Recognisedregional
languages[nb3]

ScotsUlsterScots
WelshCornish
ScottishGaelicIrish

Ethnicgroups
(2011)

Demonym

5130N07W

87.1%White
7.0%Asian
3.0%Black
2.0%Mixed
0.9%others
BritishBriton

5Politics
5.1Government
5.2Devolvedadministrations
5.3Lawandcriminaljustice
5.4Foreignrelations
5.5Military
6Economy
6.1Scienceandtechnology
6.2Transport
6.3Energy
6.4Watersupplyandsanitation
7Demographics
7.1Ethnicgroups
7.2Languages
7.3Religion
7.4Migration
7.5Education
7.6Healthcare
8Culture
8.1Literature
8.2Music
8.3Visualart
8.4Cinema
8.5Media
8.6Philosophy
8.7Sport
8.8Symbols
9Seealso
10Notes
11References
12Furtherreading
13Externallinks

Etymologyandterminology
Seealso:Britain(placename)andTerminologyoftheBritishIsles
The1707ActsofUniondeclaredthatthekingdomsofEnglandandScotlandwere"UnitedintoOneKingdombytheNameofGreatBritain",thoughthenewstateisalso
referredtointheActsasthe"KingdomofGreatBritain","UnitedKingdomofGreatBritain"and"UnitedKingdom".[24][25][nb8]However,theterm"UnitedKingdom"isonly
foundininformaluseduringthe18thcenturyandthecountrywasonlyoccasionallyreferredtoasthe"UnitedKingdomofGreatBritain"itsfullofficialname,from1707to
1800,beingmerelyGreatBritain,withouta"longform".[26][27][28][29][30]TheActsofUnion1800unitedtheKingdomofGreatBritainandtheKingdomofIrelandin1801,
formingtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.Thename"UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland"wasadoptedfollowingtheindependenceofthe
IrishFreeState,andthepartitionofIreland,in1922,whichleftNorthernIrelandastheonlypartoftheislandofIrelandwithintheUK.[31]
AlthoughtheUnitedKingdom,asasovereignstate,isacountry,England,Scotland,Wales,andtoalesserdegree,NorthernIreland,arealsoregardedascountries,thoughthey
arenotsovereignstates.[32][33]Scotland,WalesandNorthernIrelandhavedevolvedselfgovernment.[34][35]TheBritishPrimeMinister'swebsitehasusedthephrase"countries
withinacountry"todescribetheUnitedKingdom.[12]Somestatisticalsummaries,suchasthoseforthetwelveNUTS1regionsoftheUK,alsorefertoScotland,Walesand

Government
Monarch
PrimeMinister

Unitaryparliamentary
constitutionalmonarchy
ElizabethII
DavidCameron

Legislature
Upperhouse
Lowerhouse

Parliament
HouseofLords
HouseofCommons

History
ActsofUnionof
Englandand
Scotland
ActsofUnionof
GreatBritainand
Ireland
IrishFreeState
ConstitutionAct
EEC
accession[nb4]
Area
Total

1May1707
1January1801
5December1922
1January1973

Water(%)

242,495km2[3](80th)
93,628sqmi
1.34

Population
2014estimate

64,511,000[4](22nd)

2011census

63,181,775[5](22nd)

Density

255.6/km2(51st)
661.9/sqmi

GDP(PPP)
Total
Percapita

2014estimate
$2.549trillion(10th)

GDP(nominal)
Total
Percapita

2014estimate
$2.945trillion(5th)

Gini(2012)

32.8[6]
medium33rd

HDI(2013)

0.892[7]
veryhigh14th

Currency

Poundsterling()(GBP)

Timezone
Summer(DST)

GMT(UTC
)
BST(UTC+1)

Dateformat

dd/mm/yyyy(AD)

Drivesonthe

left

Callingcode

+44

$39,510[4](28th)

$45,653[4](19th)

NorthernIrelandas"regions".[36][37]NorthernIrelandisalsoreferredtoasa"province".[32][38]WithregardtoNorthernIreland,thedescriptivenameused"canbecontroversial,
withthechoiceoftenrevealingone'spoliticalpreferences."[39]

ISO3166code

GB

InternetTLD

.uk

ThetermBritainisoftenusedassynonymfortheUnitedKingdom.ThetermGreatBritain,bycontrast,refersconventionallytotheislandofGreatBritain,orpoliticallytoEngland,ScotlandandWalesin
combination.[40][41][42]However,itissometimesusedasaloosesynonymfortheUnitedKingdomasawhole.[43][44]GBandGBRarethestandardcountrycodesfortheUnitedKingdom(seeISO31662andISO31661alpha
3)andareconsequentlyusedbyinternationalorganisationstorefertotheUnitedKingdom.Additionally,theUnitedKingdom'sOlympicteamcompetesunderthename"GreatBritain"or"TeamGB".[45][46]
TheadjectiveBritishiscommonlyusedtorefertomattersrelatingtotheUnitedKingdom.Thetermhasnodefinitelegalconnotation,butisusedinlawtorefertoUKcitizenshipandmatterstodowithnationality.[47]Peopleof
theUnitedKingdomuseanumberofdifferenttermstodescribetheirnationalidentityandmayidentifythemselvesasbeingBritishorasbeingEnglish,Scottish,Welsh,NorthernIrish,orIrish[48]orasbeingboth.[49]
In2006,anewdesignofBritishpassportwasintroduced.ItsfirstpageshowsthelongformnameofthestateinEnglish,WelshandScottishGaelic.[50]InWelsh,thelongformnameofthestateis"TeyrnasUnedigPrydain
FawraGogleddIwerddon"with"TeyrnasUnedig"beingusedasashortformnameongovernmentwebsites.[51](Howeveritisusuallyabbreviatedto"DU"forthemutatedform"YDeyrnasUnedig".)InScottishGaelic,the
longformis"RoghachdAonaichteBhreatainnisireannaTuath"andtheshortform"RoghachdAonaichte".

History
Seealso:HistoryoftheBritishIsles

Before1707
Mainarticles:HistoryofEngland,HistoryofWales,HistoryofScotland,HistoryofIrelandandHistoryoftheformationoftheUnitedKingdom
SettlementbyanatomicallymodernhumansofwhatwastobecometheUnitedKingdomoccurredinwavesbeginningbyabout30,000yearsago.[52]Bytheendoftheregion'sprehistoric
period,thepopulationisthoughttohavebelonged,inthemain,toaculturetermedInsularCeltic,comprisingBrythonicBritainandGaelicIreland.[53]TheRomanconquest,beginningin
43AD,andthe400yearruleofsouthernBritain,wasfollowedbyaninvasionbyGermanicAngloSaxonsettlers,reducingtheBrythonicareamainlytowhatwastobecomeWalesand
thehistoricKingdomofStrathclyde.[54]MostoftheregionsettledbytheAngloSaxonsbecameunifiedastheKingdomofEnglandinthe10thcentury.[55]Meanwhile,Gaelicspeakersin
northwestBritain(withconnectionstothenortheastofIrelandandtraditionallysupposedtohavemigratedfromthereinthe5thcentury)[56][57]unitedwiththePictstocreatethe
KingdomofScotlandinthe9thcentury.[58]
In1066,theNormansinvadedEnglandfromFranceandafteritsconquest,seizedlargepartsofWales,conqueredmuchofIrelandandwereinvited
tosettleinScotland,bringingtoeachcountryfeudalismontheNorthernFrenchmodelandNormanFrenchculture.[59]TheNormanelitesgreatly
Stonehenge,inWiltshire,waserected
[60]
around2500BC.
influenced,buteventuallyassimilatedwith,eachofthelocalcultures. SubsequentmedievalEnglishkingscompletedtheconquestofWalesand
madeanunsuccessfulattempttoannexScotland.FollowingtheDeclarationofArbroath,Scotlandmaintaineditsindependence,albeitinnear
constantconflictwithEngland.TheEnglishmonarchs,throughinheritanceofsubstantialterritoriesinFranceandclaimstotheFrenchcrown,werealsoheavilyinvolvedinconflictsin
France,mostnotablytheHundredYearsWar,whiletheKingsofScotswereinanalliancewiththeFrenchduringthisperiod.[61]

TheBayeuxTapestrydepictsthe
BattleofHastings,1066,andthe
eventsleadingtoit.

TheearlymodernperiodsawreligiousconflictresultingfromtheReformationandtheintroductionofProtestantstatechurchesineachcountry.[62]Waleswasfullyincorporatedintothe
KingdomofEngland,[63]andIrelandwasconstitutedasakingdominpersonalunionwiththeEnglishcrown.[64]InwhatwastobecomeNorthernIreland,thelandsoftheindependent
CatholicGaelicnobilitywereconfiscatedandgiventoProtestantsettlersfromEnglandandScotland.[65]
In1603,thekingdomsofEngland,ScotlandandIrelandwereunitedinapersonalunionwhenJamesVI,KingofScots,inheritedthecrownsofEnglandandIrelandandmovedhiscourt
fromEdinburghtoLondoneachcountryneverthelessremainedaseparatepoliticalentityandretaineditsseparatepolitical,legal,andreligiousinstitutions.[66][67]

Inthemid17thcentury,allthreekingdomswereinvolvedinaseriesofconnectedwars(includingtheEnglishCivilWar)whichledtothetemporaryoverthrowofthemonarchyandtheestablishmentoftheshortlivedunitary
republicoftheCommonwealthofEngland,ScotlandandIreland.[68][69]Duringthe17thand18thcenturies,Britishsailorswereinvolvedinactsofpiracy(privateering),attackingandstealingfromshipsoffthecoastofEurope
andtheCaribbean.[70]
Althoughthemonarchywasrestored,theInterregnumensured(withtheGloriousRevolutionof1688andthesubsequentBillofRights1689,andtheClaimofRightAct1689)that,unlikemuchoftherestofEurope,royal
absolutismwouldnotprevail,andaprofessedCatholiccouldneveraccedetothethrone.TheBritishconstitutionwoulddeveloponthebasisofconstitutionalmonarchyandtheparliamentarysystem.[71]Withthefoundingofthe
RoyalSocietyin1660,sciencewasgreatlyencouraged.Duringthisperiod,particularlyinEngland,thedevelopmentofnavalpower(andtheinterestinvoyagesofdiscovery)ledtotheacquisitionandsettlementofoverseas
colonies,particularlyinNorthAmerica.[72][73]

SincetheActsofUnionof1707and1801
Mainarticle:HistoryoftheUnitedKingdom
On1May1707,theunitedKingdomofGreatBritaincameintobeing,theresultofActsofUnionbeingpassedbytheparliamentsofEnglandandScotlandtoratifythe1706Treatyof
Unionandsounitethetwokingdoms.[74][75][76]
Inthe18thcentury,cabinetgovernmentdevelopedunderRobertWalpole,inpracticethefirstprimeminister(17211742).AseriesofJacobiteUprisingssoughttoremovetheProtestant
HouseofHanoverfromtheBritishthroneandrestoretheCatholicHouseofStuart.TheJacobiteswerefinallydefeatedattheBattleofCullodenin1746,afterwhichtheScottish
Highlanderswerebrutallysuppressed.TheBritishcoloniesinNorthAmericathatbrokeawayfromBritainintheAmericanWarofIndependencebecametheUnitedStatesofAmericain
1783.Britishimperialambitionturnedelsewhere,particularlytoIndia.[77]
Duringthe18thcentury,BritainwasinvolvedintheAtlanticslavetrade.Britishshipstransportedanestimated2millionslavesfromAfricatotheWestIndiesbeforebanningthetradein
1807,banningslaveryin1833,andtakingaleadingroleinthemovementtoabolishslaveryworldwidebypressingothernationstoendtheirtradewithaseriesoftreaties,andthenformed
theworld'soldestinternationalhumanrightsorganisation,AntiSlaveryInternational,inLondonin1839.[78][79][80]Theterm"UnitedKingdom"becameofficialin1801whenthe
parliamentsofBritainandIrelandeachpassedanActofUnion,unitingthetwokingdomsandcreatingtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.[81]

TheTreatyofUnionledtoasingle
unitedkingdomencompassingall
GreatBritain.

Intheearly19thcentury,theBritishledIndustrialRevolutionbegantotransformthecountry.ItslowlyledtoashiftinpoliticalpowerawayfromtheoldToryandWhiglandowning
classestowardsthenewindustrialists.AnallianceofmerchantsandindustrialistswiththeWhigswouldleadtoanewparty,theLiberals,withanideologyoffreetradeandlaissezfaire.In1832ParliamentpassedtheGreat
ReformAct,whichbeganthetransferofpoliticalpowerfromthearistocracytothemiddleclasses.Inthecountryside,enclosureofthelandwasdrivingsmallfarmersout.Townsandcitiesbegantoswellwithanewurban
workingclass.Fewordinaryworkershadthevote,andtheycreatedtheirownorganisationsintheformoftradeunions.

TheBattleofWaterloomarkedthe
endoftheNapoleonicWarsandthe
startofPaxBritannica.

AfterthedefeatofFranceintheRevolutionaryandNapoleonicWars(17921815),theUKemergedastheprincipalnavalandimperialpowerofthe19thcentury(withLondonthelargest
cityintheworldfromabout1830).[82]Unchallengedatsea,BritishdominancewaslaterdescribedasPaxBritannica("BritishPeace"),aperiodofrelativepeaceinEuropeandtheworld
(18151914).[83][84]BythetimeoftheGreatExhibitionof1851,Britainwasdescribedasthe"workshopoftheworld".[85]TheBritishEmpirewasexpandedtoincludeIndia,largepartsof
Africaandmanyotherterritoriesthroughouttheworld.Alongsidetheformalcontrolitexertedoveritsowncolonies,Britishdominanceofmuchofworldtrademeantthatiteffectively
controlledtheeconomiesofmanycountries,suchasChina,ArgentinaandSiam.[86][87]Domestically,politicalattitudesfavouredfreetradeandlaissezfairepoliciesandagradual
wideningofthevotingfranchise.Duringthecentury,thepopulationincreasedatadramaticrate,accompaniedbyrapidurbanisation,causingsignificantsocialandeconomicstresses.[88]
After1875,theUK'sindustrialmonopolywaschallengedbyGermanyandtheUnitedStates.Toseeknewmarketsandsourcesofrawmaterials,theConservativePartyunderDisraeli
launchedaperiodofimperialistexpansioninEgypt,SouthAfrica,andelsewhere.Canada,Australia,andNewZealandbecameselfgoverningdominions.[89]

SocialreformandhomeruleforIrelandwereimportantdomesticissuesafter1900.TheLabourPartyemergedfromanallianceoftradeunionsandsmallSocialistgroupsin1900,and
suffragettescampaignedforwomen'srighttovotebefore1914.
TheUKfoughtwithFrance,Russiaand(after1917)theUS,againstGermanyanditsalliesinWorldWarI(191418).[90]TheUKarmedforceswereengagedacrossmuchoftheBritishEmpireandinseveralregionsofEurope,
particularlyontheWesternfront.[91]Thehighfatalitiesoftrenchwarfarecausedthelossofmuchofagenerationofmen,withlastingsocialeffectsinthenationandagreatdisruptioninthesocialorder.

Afterthewar,theUKreceivedtheLeagueofNationsmandateoveranumberofformerGermanandOttomancolonies.TheBritishEmpirereacheditsgreatestextent,coveringafifthof
theworld'slandsurfaceandaquarterofitspopulation.[92]However,theUKhadsuffered2.5millioncasualtiesandfinishedthewarwithahugenationaldebt.[91]TheriseofIrish
NationalismanddisputeswithinIrelandoverthetermsofIrishHomeRuleledeventuallytothepartitionoftheislandin1921,[93]andtheIrishFreeStatebecameindependentwith
Dominionstatusin1922.NorthernIrelandremainedpartoftheUnitedKingdom.[94]Awaveofstrikesinthemid1920sculminatedintheUKGeneralStrikeof1926.TheUKhadstillnot
recoveredfromtheeffectsofthewarwhentheGreatDepression(192932)occurred.Thisledtoconsiderableunemploymentandhardshipintheoldindustrialareas,aswellaspolitical
andsocialunrestinthe1930s.Acoalitiongovernmentwasformedin1931.[95]
TheUKenteredWorldWarIIbydeclaringwaronGermanyin1939,afterithadinvadedPolandandCzechoslovakia.In1940,WinstonChurchillbecameprimeministerandheadofa
coalitiongovernment.DespitethedefeatofitsEuropeanalliesinthefirstyearofthewar,theUKcontinuedthefightaloneagainstGermany.In1940,theRAFdefeatedtheGerman
LuftwaffeinastruggleforcontroloftheskiesintheBattleofBritain.TheUKsufferedheavybombingduringtheBlitz.TherewerealsoeventualhardfoughtvictoriesintheBattleofthe
Atlantic,theNorthAfricacampaignandBurmacampaign.UKforcesplayedanimportantroleintheNormandylandingsof1944,achievedwithitsallytheUS.AfterGermany'sdefeat,
theUKwasoneoftheBigFourpowers(theSovietUnion,theUnitedKingdom,theU.S.andChina)whomettoplanthepostwarworld[96][97]itwasanoriginalsignatorytothe
DeclarationoftheUnitedNations.TheUKbecameoneofthefivepermanentmembersoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil.However,thewarlefttheUKseverelyweakenedand
dependingfinanciallyontheMarshallPlanandloansfromtheUnitedStates.[98]

InfantryoftheRoyalIrishRifles
duringtheBattleoftheSomme.
Morethan885,000Britishsoldiers
diedonthebattlefieldsofWorldWar
I.

Intheimmediatepostwaryears,theLabourgovernmentinitiatedaradicalprogrammeofreforms,whichhadasignificanteffectonBritishsocietyinthefollowingdecades.[99]Major
industriesandpublicutilitieswerenationalised,aWelfareStatewasestablished,andacomprehensive,publiclyfundedhealthcaresystem,theNationalHealthService,was
created.[100]TheriseofnationalisminthecoloniescoincidedwithBritain'snowmuchdiminishedeconomicposition,sothatapolicyofdecolonisationwasunavoidable.
IndependencewasgrantedtoIndiaandPakistanin1947.[101]Overthenextthreedecades,mostcoloniesoftheBritishEmpiregainedtheirindependence.Manybecamemembersof
theCommonwealthofNations.[102]
Territoriesthatwereatonetimepartofthe
BritishEmpire.NamesofcurrentBritish
OverseasTerritoriesareunderlinedinred.

AlthoughtheUKwasthethirdcountrytodevelopanuclearweaponsarsenal(withitsfirstatomicbombtestin1952),thenewpostwarlimitsofBritain'sinternationalrolewere
illustratedbytheSuezCrisisof1956.TheinternationalspreadoftheEnglishlanguageensuredthecontinuinginternationalinfluenceofitsliteratureandculture.[103][104]Asaresultof
ashortageofworkersinthe1950s,theUKgovernmentencouragedimmigrationfromCommonwealthcountries.Inthefollowingdecades,theUKbecameamultiethnicsociety.[105]
Despiterisinglivingstandardsinthelate1950sand1960s,theUK'seconomicperformancewasnotassuccessfulasmanyofitscompetitors,suchasWestGermanyandJapan.In
1973,theUKjoinedtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC),andwhentheEECbecametheEuropeanUnion(EU)in1992,itwasoneofthe12foundingmembers.

Fromthelate1960s,NorthernIrelandsufferedcommunalandparamilitaryviolence(sometimesaffectingotherpartsoftheUK)conventionallyknownastheTroubles.Itisusually
consideredtohaveendedwiththeBelfast"GoodFriday"Agreementof1998.[107][108][109]
Followingaperiodofwidespreadeconomicslowdownandindustrialstrifeinthe1970s,theConservativeGovernmentofthe1980sinitiatedaradicalpolicyofmonetarism,
deregulation,particularlyofthefinancialsector(forexample,BigBangin1986)andlabourmarkets,thesaleofstateownedcompanies(privatisation),andthewithdrawalof
subsidiestoothers.[110]Thisresultedinhighunemploymentandsocialunrest,butultimatelyalsoeconomicgrowth,particularlyintheservicessector.From1984,theeconomywas
helpedbytheinflowofsubstantialNorthSeaoilrevenues.[111]
Aroundtheendofthe20thcenturythereweremajorchangestothegovernanceoftheUKwiththeestablishmentofdevolvedadministrationsforScotland,WalesandNorthern
Ireland.[13][112]ThestatutoryincorporationfollowedacceptanceoftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights.TheUKisstillakeyglobalplayerdiplomaticallyandmilitarily.It
playsleadingrolesintheEU,UNandNATO.However,controversysurroundssomeofBritain'soverseasmilitarydeployments,particularlyinAfghanistanandIraq.[113]
The2008globalfinancialcrisisseverelyaffectedtheUKeconomy.Thecoalitiongovernmentof2010introducedausteritymeasuresintendedtotacklethesubstantialpublicdeficits
whichresulted.[114]In2014theScottishGovernmentheldareferendumonScottishindependence,with55%ofvotersrejectingtheindependenceproposalandoptingtoremainwithin
theUnitedKingdom.[115]

Geography

Afterhavingitsmembershiptwicevetoed
byFrancein1961and1967,theUK
enteredtheEuropeanEconomic
Communityin1973.Inareferendumheld
in1975,67%ofvotersvotedtoremainin
theEEC. [106]

Mainarticle:GeographyoftheUnitedKingdom
ThetotalareaoftheUnitedKingdomisapproximately243,610squarekilometres(94,060sqmi).ThecountryoccupiesthemajorpartoftheBritishIsles[116]archipelagoandincludestheisland
ofGreatBritain,thenortheasternonesixthoftheislandofIrelandandsomesmallersurroundingislands.ItliesbetweentheNorthAtlanticOceanandtheNorthSeawiththesoutheastcoast
comingwithin22miles(35km)ofthecoastofnorthernFrance,fromwhichitisseparatedbytheEnglishChannel.[117]In199310%oftheUKwasforested,46%usedforpasturesand25%
cultivatedforagriculture.[118]TheRoyalGreenwichObservatoryinLondonisthedefiningpointofthePrimeMeridian.[119]
TheUnitedKingdomliesbetweenlatitudes49to61N,andlongitudes9Wto2E.NorthernIrelandsharesa224mile(360km)landboundarywiththeRepublicofIreland.[117]Thecoastline
ofGreatBritainis11,073miles(17,820km)long.[120]ItisconnectedtocontinentalEuropebytheChannelTunnel,whichat31miles(50km)(24miles(38km)underwater)isthelongest
underwatertunnelintheworld.[121]
EnglandaccountsforjustoverhalfofthetotalareaoftheUK,covering130,395squarekilometres(50,350sqmi).[122]Mostofthecountryconsistsoflowlandterrain,[118]withmountainous
terrainnorthwestoftheTeesExelineincludingtheCumbrianMountainsoftheLakeDistrict,thePenninesandlimestonehillsofthePeakDistrict,ExmoorandDartmoor.Themainriversand
estuariesaretheThames,SevernandtheHumber.England'shighestmountainisScafellPike(978metres(3,209ft))intheLakeDistrict.ItsprincipalriversaretheSevern,Thames,Humber,
Tees,Tyne,Tweed,Avon,ExeandMersey.[118]
ThetopographyoftheUK

ScotlandaccountsforjustunderathirdofthetotalareaoftheUK,covering78,772squarekilometres(30,410sqmi)[123]andincludingnearlyeighthundredislands,[124]predominantlywestand
northofthemainlandnotablytheHebrides,OrkneyIslandsandShetlandIslands.ThetopographyofScotlandisdistinguishedbytheHighlandBoundaryFaultageologicalrockfracturewhichtraversesScotlandfromArran
inthewesttoStonehavenintheeast.[125]ThefaultlineseparatestwodistinctivelydifferentregionsnamelytheHighlandstothenorthandwestandthelowlandstothesouthandeast.ThemoreruggedHighlandregioncontains
themajorityofScotland'smountainousland,includingBenNeviswhichat1,343metres(4,406ft)isthehighestpointintheBritishIsles.[126]LowlandareasespeciallythenarrowwaistoflandbetweentheFirthofClydeand
theFirthofForthknownastheCentralBeltareflatterandhometomostofthepopulationincludingGlasgow,Scotland'slargestcity,andEdinburgh,itscapitalandpoliticalcentre.
WalesaccountsforlessthanatenthofthetotalareaoftheUK,covering20,779squarekilometres(8,020sqmi).[127]Walesismostlymountainous,thoughSouthWalesisless
mountainousthanNorthandmidWales.ThemainpopulationandindustrialareasareinSouthWales,consistingofthecoastalcitiesofCardiff,SwanseaandNewport,andtheSouth
WalesValleystotheirnorth.ThehighestmountainsinWalesareinSnowdoniaandincludeSnowdon(Welsh:YrWyddfa)which,at1,085metres(3,560ft),isthehighestpeakin
Wales.[118]The14,orpossibly15,Welshmountainsover3,000feet(914m)highareknowncollectivelyastheWelsh3000s.Waleshasover2,704kilometres(1,680miles)of
coastline.[120]SeveralislandslieofftheWelshmainland,thelargestofwhichisAnglesey(YnysMn)inthenorthwest.
NorthernIreland,separatedfromGreatBritainbytheIrishSeaandNorthChannel,hasanareaof14,160squarekilometres(5,470sqmi)andismostlyhilly.ItincludesLoughNeagh
which,at388squarekilometres(150sqmi),isthelargestlakeintheBritishIslesbyarea.[128]ThehighestpeakinNorthernIrelandisSlieveDonardintheMourneMountainsat852
metres(2,795ft).[118]

Climate

BenNevis,inScotland,isthehighest
pointintheBritishIsles

Mainarticle:ClimateoftheUnitedKingdom
TheUnitedKingdomhasatemperateclimate,withplentifulrainfallallyearround.[117]Thetemperaturevarieswiththeseasonsseldomdroppingbelow11C(12F)orrisingabove35C(95F).[129]Theprevailingwindis
fromthesouthwestandbearsfrequentspellsofmildandwetweatherfromtheAtlanticOcean,[117]althoughtheeasternpartsaremostlyshelteredfromthiswindsincethemajorityoftherainfallsoverthewesternregionsthe
easternpartsarethereforethedriest.Atlanticcurrents,warmedbytheGulfStream,bringmildwinters[130]especiallyinthewestwherewintersarewetandevenmoresooverhighground.Summersarewarmestinthesouth
eastofEngland,beingclosesttotheEuropeanmainland,andcoolestinthenorth.Heavysnowfallcanoccurinwinterandearlyspringonhighground,andoccasionallysettlestogreatdepthawayfromthehills.

Administrativedivisions
Mainarticle:AdministrativegeographyoftheUnitedKingdom

EachcountryoftheUnitedKingdomhasitsownsystemofadministrativeandgeographicdemarcation,whoseoriginsoftenpredatetheformationoftheUnitedKingdom.Thusthere
is"nocommonstratumofadministrativeunitencompassingtheUnitedKingdom".[131]Untilthe19thcenturytherewaslittlechangetothosearrangements,buttherehassincebeena
constantevolutionofroleandfunction.[132]ChangedidnotoccurinauniformmannerandthedevolutionofpoweroverlocalgovernmenttoScotland,WalesandNorthernIreland
meansthatfuturechangesarealsounlikelytobeuniform.
TheorganisationoflocalgovernmentinEnglandiscomplex,withthedistributionoffunctionsvaryingaccordingtolocalarrangements.Legislationconcerninglocalgovernmentin
EnglandistheresponsibilityoftheUKparliamentandtheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom,asEnglandhasnodevolvedparliament.TheuppertiersubdivisionsofEnglandarethe
nineGovernmentofficeregionsorEuropeanUniongovernmentofficeregions.[133]Oneregion,GreaterLondon,hashadadirectlyelectedassemblyandmayorsince2000following
popularsupportfortheproposalinareferendum.[134]Itwasintendedthatotherregionswouldalsobegiventheirownelectedregionalassemblies,butaproposedassemblyinthe
NorthEastregionwasrejectedbyareferendumin2004.[135]Belowtheregionaltier,somepartsofEnglandhavecountycouncilsanddistrictcouncilsandothershaveunitary
authoritieswhileLondonconsistsof32LondonboroughsandtheCityofLondon.Councillorsareelectedbythefirstpastthepostsysteminsinglememberwardsorbythemulti
memberpluralitysysteminmultimemberwards.[136]
Forlocalgovernmentpurposes,Scotlandisdividedinto32councilareas,withwidevariationinbothsizeandpopulation.ThecitiesofGlasgow,Edinburgh,AberdeenandDundeeare
separatecouncilareas,asistheHighlandCouncilwhichincludesathirdofScotland'sareabutonlyjustover200,000people.Localcouncilsaremadeupofelectedcouncillors,of
whomtherearecurrently1,223[137]theyarepaidaparttimesalary.Electionsareconductedbysingletransferablevoteinmultimemberwardsthatelecteitherthreeorfour
councillors.EachcouncilelectsaProvost,orConvenor,tochairmeetingsofthecouncilandtoactasafigureheadforthearea.Councillorsaresubjecttoacodeofconductenforced
bytheStandardsCommissionforScotland.[138]TherepresentativeassociationofScotland'slocalauthoritiesistheConventionofScottishLocalAuthorities(COSLA).[139]
LocalgovernmentinWalesconsistsof22unitaryauthorities.TheseincludethecitiesofCardiff,SwanseaandNewportwhichareunitaryauthoritiesintheirownright.[140]Elections
areheldeveryfouryearsunderthefirstpastthepostsystem.[140]ThemostrecentelectionswereheldinMay2012,exceptfortheIsleofAnglesey.TheWelshLocalGovernment
AssociationrepresentstheinterestsoflocalauthoritiesinWales.[141]

Scotland

Northern
Ireland
England
Wales

ThefourcountriesoftheUnitedKingdom.

LocalgovernmentinNorthernIrelandhassince1973beenorganisedinto26districtcouncils,eachelectedbysingletransferablevote.Theirpowersarelimitedtoservicessuchas
collectingwaste,controllingdogsandmaintainingparksandcemeteries.[142]On13March2008theexecutiveagreedonproposalstocreate11newcouncilsandreplacethepresentsystem.[143]Thenextlocalelectionswere
postponeduntil2016tofacilitatethis.[144]

Dependencies
Mainarticles:BritishOverseasTerritories,CrowndependenciesandBritishIslands
TheUnitedKingdomhassovereigntyoverseventeenterritorieswhichdonotformpartoftheUnitedKingdomitself:fourteenBritishOverseasTerritories[17]andthreeCrowndependencies.[17][147]
ThefourteenBritishOverseasTerritoriesare:AnguillaBermudatheBritishAntarcticTerritorytheBritishIndianOceanTerritorytheBritishVirginIslandstheCaymanIslandstheFalklandIslandsGibraltarMontserrat
SaintHelena,AscensionandTristandaCunhatheTurksandCaicosIslandsthePitcairnIslandsSouthGeorgiaandtheSouthSandwichIslandsandSovereignBaseAreasonCyprus.[148]BritishclaimsinAntarcticaarenot
universallyrecognised.[149]CollectivelyBritain'soverseasterritoriesencompassanapproximatelandareaof1,727,570squarekilometres(667,018sqmi)andapopulationofapproximately260,000people.[150]Theyarethe
remnantsoftheBritishEmpireandseveralhavespecificallyvotedtoremainBritishterritories(Bermudain1995,Gibraltarin2002andtheFalklandIslandsin2013).[151]
TheCrowndependenciesarepossessionsoftheCrown,asopposedtooverseasterritoriesoftheUK.[152]Theycomprisethreeindependentlyadministeredjurisdictions:theChannelIslandsofJerseyandGuernseyintheEnglish
Channel,andtheIsleofManintheIrishSea.Bymutualagreement,theBritishGovernmentmanagestheislands'foreignaffairsanddefenceandtheUKParliamenthastheauthoritytolegislateontheirbehalf.However,
internationally,theyareregardedas"territoriesforwhichtheUnitedKingdomisresponsible".[153]Thepowertopasslegislationaffectingtheislandsultimatelyrestswiththeirownrespectivelegislativeassemblies,withthe
assentoftheCrown(PrivyCouncilor,inthecaseoftheIsleofMan,incertaincircumstancestheLieutenantGovernor).[154]Since2005eachCrowndependencyhashadaChiefMinisterasitsheadofgovernment.[155]

Politics

Mainarticles:PoliticsoftheUnitedKingdom,MonarchyoftheUnitedKingdomandElectionsintheUnitedKingdom
TheUnitedKingdomisaunitarystateunderaconstitutionalmonarchy.QueenElizabethIIistheheadofstateoftheUKaswellasmonarchoffifteenother
independentCommonwealthcountries.Themonarchhas"therighttobeconsulted,therighttoencourage,andtherighttowarn".[156]TheConstitutionof
theUnitedKingdomisuncodifiedandconsistsmostlyofacollectionofdisparatewrittensources,includingstatutes,judgemadecaselawandinternational
treaties,togetherwithconstitutionalconventions.[157]Asthereisnotechnicaldifferencebetweenordinarystatutesand"constitutionallaw",theUK
Parliamentcanperform"constitutionalreform"simplybypassingActsofParliament,andthushasthepoliticalpowertochangeorabolishalmostany
writtenorunwrittenelementoftheconstitution.However,noParliamentcanpasslawsthatfutureParliamentscannotchange.[158]

Government
Mainarticle:GovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom

ElizabethIIisQueenofthe
UnitedKingdomandeachof
theotherCommonwealth
realms.

TheUKhasaparliamentarygovernmentbasedontheWestminstersystemthathasbeenemulatedaroundtheworld:alegacyoftheBritishEmpire.The
parliamentoftheUnitedKingdommeetsinthePalaceofWestminsterandhastwohouses:anelectedHouseofCommonsandanappointedHouseof
Lords.AllbillspassedaregivenRoyalAssentbeforebecominglaw.

AviewoftheCaribbeanSeafromthe
CaymanIslands,oneoftheworld's
foremostinternationalfinancial
centres[145]andtourist
destinations. [146]

Thepositionofprimeminister,[nb9]theUK'sheadofgovernment,[159]belongstothepersonmostlikelytocommandtheconfidenceoftheHouseofCommonsthisindividualistypicallythe
leaderofthepoliticalpartyorcoalitionofpartiesthatholdsthelargestnumberofseatsinthatchamber.Theprimeministerchoosesacabinetanditsmembersareformallyappointedbythe
monarchtoformHerMajesty'sGovernment.Byconvention,theQueenrespectstheprimeminister'sdecisionsofgovernment.[160]

Thecabinetistraditionallydrawnfrommembersoftheprimeminister'spartyorcoalitionandmostlyfromtheHouseofCommonsbutalwaysfrombothlegislativehouses,thecabinet
beingresponsibletoboth.Executivepowerisexercisedbytheprimeministerandcabinet,allofwhomareswornintothePrivyCounciloftheUnitedKingdom,andbecomeMinistersof
theCrown.ThecurrentPrimeMinisterisDavidCameron,whohasbeeninofficesince11May2010.[161]CameronistheleaderoftheConservativeParty.ForelectionstotheHouseof
Commons,theUKiscurrentlydividedinto650constituencies,[162]eachelectingasinglememberofparliament(MP)bysimpleplurality.Generalelectionsarecalledbythemonarch
whentheprimeministersoadvises.PriortotheFixedtermParliamentsAct2011,theParliamentActs1911and1949requiredthatanewelectionmustbecallednolaterthanfiveyears
afterthepreviousgeneralelection.[163]

ThePalaceofWestminster,seatof
bothhousesoftheParliamentofthe
UnitedKingdom

TheConservativeParty,theLabourPartyandtheLiberalDemocrats(formerlyastheLiberalParty)have,inmoderntimes,beenconsideredtheUK'sthreemajorpoliticalparties,[164]
representingtheBritishtraditionsofconservatism,socialismandsocialliberalism,respectively.However,atthe2015generalelection,theScottishNationalPartybecamethethirdlargest
partybynumberofseatswon,aheadoftheLiberalDemocrats.MostoftheremainingseatswerewonbypartiesthatcontestelectionsonlyinonepartoftheUK:PlaidCymru(Walesonly)andtheDemocraticUnionistParty,
UlsterUnionistParty,SocialDemocraticandLabourPartyandSinnFin(NorthernIrelandonly[nb10]).[165]Inaccordancewithpartypolicy,noelectedSinnFinmembersofparliamenthaveeverattendedtheHouseof
Commonstospeakonbehalfoftheirconstituentsbecauseoftherequirementtotakeanoathofallegiancetothemonarch.[166]

Devolvedadministrations
Mainarticles:DevolutionintheUnitedKingdom,NorthernIrelandExecutive,ScottishGovernmentandWelshGovernment
Scotland,WalesandNorthernIrelandeachhavetheirowngovernmentorexecutive,ledbyaFirstMinister(or,inthecaseofNorthernIreland,adiarchalFirstMinisteranddeputyFirstMinister),andadevolvedunicameral
legislature.England,thelargestcountryoftheUnitedKingdom,hasnosuchdevolvedexecutiveorlegislatureandisadministeredandlegislatedfordirectlybytheUKgovernmentandparliamentonallissues.Thissituationhas
givenrisetothesocalledWestLothianquestionwhichconcernsthefactthatmembersofparliamentfromScotland,WalesandNorthernIrelandcanvote,sometimesdecisively,[167]onmattersthatonlyaffectEngland.[168]The
McKayCommissionreportedonthismatterinMarch2013recommendingthatlawsaffectingonlyEnglandshouldneedsupportfromamajorityofEnglishmembersofparliament.[169]
TheScottishGovernmentandParliamenthavewiderangingpowersoveranymatterthathasnotbeenspecificallyreservedtotheUKparliament,includingeducation,healthcare,Scotslawandlocalgovernment.[170]Atthe
2011electionstheScottishNationalPartywonreelectionandachievedanoverallmajorityintheScottishparliament,withitsleader,AlexSalmond,asFirstMinisterofScotland.[171][172]In2012,theUKandScottish
governmentssignedtheEdinburghAgreementsettingoutthetermsforareferendumonScottishindependencein2014,whichwasdefeated55%to45%.

TheWelshGovernmentandtheNationalAssemblyforWaleshavemorelimitedpowersthanthosedevolvedtoScotland.[173]TheAssemblyisabletolegislateondevolvedmatters
throughActsoftheAssembly,whichrequirenopriorconsentfromWestminster.The2011electionsresultedinaminorityLabouradministrationledbyCarwynJones.[174]
TheNorthernIrelandExecutiveandAssemblyhavepowerssimilartothosedevolvedtoScotland.TheExecutiveisledbyadiarchyrepresentingunionistandnationalistmembersofthe
Assembly.Currently,PeterRobinson(DemocraticUnionistParty)andMartinMcGuinness(SinnFin)areFirstMinisteranddeputyFirstMinisterrespectively.[175]Devolutionto
NorthernIrelandiscontingentonparticipationbytheNorthernIrelandadministrationintheNorthSouthMinisterialCouncil,wheretheNorthernIrelandExecutivecooperatesand
developsjointandsharedpolicieswiththeGovernmentofIreland.TheBritishandIrishgovernmentscooperateonnondevolvedmattersaffectingNorthernIrelandthroughtheBritish
IrishIntergovernmentalConference,whichassumestheresponsibilitiesoftheNorthernIrelandadministrationintheeventofitsnonoperation.

TheScottishParliamentBuildingin
HolyroodistheseatoftheScottish
Parliament.

TheUKdoesnothaveacodifiedconstitutionandconstitutionalmattersarenotamongthepowersdevolvedtoScotland,WalesorNorthernIreland.Underthedoctrineofparliamentary
sovereignty,theUKParliamentcould,intheory,therefore,abolishtheScottishParliament,WelshAssemblyorNorthernIrelandAssembly.[176][177]Indeed,in1972,theUKParliament
unilaterallyproroguedtheParliamentofNorthernIreland,settingaprecedentrelevanttocontemporarydevolvedinstitutions.[178]Inpractice,itwouldbepoliticallydifficultfortheUK
ParliamenttoabolishdevolutiontotheScottishParliamentandtheWelshAssembly,giventhepoliticalentrenchmentcreatedbyreferendumdecisions.[179]Thepoliticalconstraintsplaced
upontheUKParliament'spowertointerferewithdevolutioninNorthernIrelandareevengreaterthaninrelationtoScotlandandWales,giventhatdevolutioninNorthernIrelandrests
uponaninternationalagreementwiththeGovernmentofIreland.[180]

Lawandcriminaljustice
Mainarticle:LawoftheUnitedKingdom
TheUnitedKingdomdoesnothaveasinglelegalsystem,asArticle19ofthe1706TreatyofUnionprovidedforthecontinuationofScotland'sseparatelegalsystem.[181]TodaytheUK
hasthreedistinctsystemsoflaw:Englishlaw,NorthernIrelandlawandScotslaw.AnewSupremeCourtoftheUnitedKingdomcameintobeinginOctober2009toreplacetheAppellate
CommitteeoftheHouseofLords.[182][183]TheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil,includingthesamemembersastheSupremeCourt,isthehighestcourtofappealforseveral
independentCommonwealthcountries,theBritishOverseasTerritoriesandtheCrownDependencies.[184]
BothEnglishlaw,whichappliesinEnglandandWales,andNorthernIrelandlawarebasedoncommonlawprinciples.[185]Theessenceofcommonlawisthat,subjecttostatute,thelawis
developedbyjudgesincourts,applyingstatute,precedentandcommonsensetothefactsbeforethemtogiveexplanatoryjudgementsoftherelevantlegalprinciples,whicharereported
andbindinginfuturesimilarcases(staredecisis).[186]ThecourtsofEnglandandWalesareheadedbytheSeniorCourtsofEnglandandWales,consistingoftheCourtofAppeal,theHigh
CourtofJustice(forcivilcases)andtheCrownCourt(forcriminalcases).TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtinthelandforbothcriminalandcivilappealcasesinEngland,Wales
andNorthernIrelandandanydecisionitmakesisbindingoneveryothercourtinthesamejurisdiction,oftenhavingapersuasiveeffectinotherjurisdictions.[187]

TheRoyalCourtsofJusticeof
EnglandandWales

Scotslawisahybridsystembasedonbothcommonlawandcivillawprinciples.ThechiefcourtsaretheCourtofSession,forcivilcases,[188]andtheHighCourtofJusticiary,for
criminalcases.[189]TheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedKingdomservesasthehighestcourtofappealforcivilcasesunderScotslaw.[190]Sheriffcourtsdealwithmostcivilandcriminalcasesincludingconductingcriminaltrials
withajury,knownassheriffsolemncourt,orwithasheriffandnojury,knownassheriffsummaryCourt.[191]TheScotslegalsystemisuniqueinhavingthreepossibleverdictsforacriminaltrial:"guilty","notguilty"and"not
proven".Both"notguilty"and"notproven"resultinanacquittal.[192]
CrimeinEnglandandWalesincreasedintheperiodbetween1981and1995,thoughsincethatpeaktherehasbeenanoverallfallof48%inrecordedcrimefrom1995to2007/08,[193]accordingtocrimestatistics.Theprison
populationofEnglandandWaleshasalmostdoubledoverthesameperiod,toover80,000,givingEnglandandWalesthehighestrateofincarcerationinWesternEuropeat147per100,000.[194]HerMajesty'sPrisonService,
whichreportstotheMinistryofJustice,managesmostoftheprisonswithinEnglandandWales.CrimeinScotlandfelltoitslowestrecordedlevelfor32yearsin2009/10,fallingbytenpercent.[195]AtthesametimeScotland's
prisonpopulation,atover8,000,[196]isatrecordlevelsandwellabovedesigncapacity.[197]TheScottishPrisonService,whichreportstotheCabinetSecretaryforJustice,managesScotland'sprisons.[198]

Foreignrelations
Mainarticle:ForeignrelationsoftheUnitedKingdom

TheUKisapermanentmemberoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil,amemberofNATO,theCommonwealthofNations,theG7financeministers,theG7forum(previouslytheG8forum),
theG20,theOECD,theWTO,theCouncilofEurope,theOSCE,andisamemberstateoftheEuropeanUnion.TheUKissaidtohavea"SpecialRelationship"withtheUnitedStatesandaclose
partnershipwithFrancethe"Ententecordiale"andsharesnuclearweaponstechnologywithbothcountries.[199][200]TheUKisalsocloselylinkedwiththeRepublicofIrelandthetwo
countriesshareaCommonTravelAreaandcooperatethroughtheBritishIrishIntergovernmentalConferenceandtheBritishIrishCouncil.Britain'sglobalpresenceandinfluenceisfurther
amplifiedthroughitstradingrelations,foreigninvestments,officialdevelopmentassistanceandmilitaryengagements.[201]

Military
Mainarticle:BritishArmedForces

TheHighCourtofJusticiary
thesupremecriminalcourt
ofScotland.

ThearmedforcesoftheUnitedKingdomofficially,HerMajesty'sArmedForcesconsistofthreeprofessionalservicebranches:theRoyalNavyandRoyal
Marines(formingtheNavalService),theBritishArmyandtheRoyalAirForce.[202]TheforcesaremanagedbytheMinistryofDefenceandcontrolledbythe
DefenceCouncil,chairedbytheSecretaryofStateforDefence.TheCommanderinChiefistheBritishmonarch,ElizabethII,towhommembersoftheforces
swearanoathofallegiance.[203]TheArmedForcesarechargedwithprotectingtheUKanditsoverseasterritories,promotingtheUK'sglobalsecurityinterestsand
supportinginternationalpeacekeepingefforts.TheyareactiveandregularparticipantsinNATO,includingtheAlliedRapidReactionCorps,aswellastheFive
PowerDefenceArrangements,RIMPACandotherworldwidecoalitionoperations.OverseasgarrisonsandfacilitiesaremaintainedinAscensionIsland,Belize,
Brunei,Canada,Cyprus,DiegoGarcia,theFalklandIslands,Germany,Gibraltar,Kenya,QatarandSingapore.[204][205]

TheBritisharmedforcesplayedakeyroleinestablishingtheBritishEmpireasthedominantworldpowerinthe18th,19thandearly20thcenturies.ThroughoutitsuniquehistorytheBritish
forceshaveseenactioninanumberofmajorwars,suchastheSevenYears'War,theNapoleonicWars,theCrimeanWar,WorldWarIandWorldWarIIaswellasmanycolonialconflicts.By
emergingvictoriousfromsuchconflicts,Britainhasoftenbeenabletodecisivelyinfluenceworldevents.SincetheendoftheBritishEmpire,theUKhasnonethelessremainedamajormilitary
power.FollowingtheendoftheColdWar,defencepolicyhasastatedassumptionthat"themostdemandingoperations"willbeundertakenaspartofacoalition.[206]Settingasidetheintervention
inSierraLeone,recentUKmilitaryoperationsinBosnia,Kosovo,Afghanistan,Iraqand,mostrecently,Libya,havefollowedthisapproach.ThelasttimetheBritishmilitaryfoughtalonewasthe
FalklandsWarof1982.

TroopersoftheBluesand
Royalsduringthe2007
TroopingtheColour
ceremony

Accordingtovarioussources,includingtheStockholmInternationalPeaceResearchInstituteandtheInternationalInstituteforStrategicStudies,theUnitedKingdomhasthefifthorsixthhighestmilitaryexpenditureinthe
world.Totaldefencespendingcurrentlyaccountsforaround2.4%oftotalnationalGDP.[22][23]

Economy
Mainarticle:EconomyoftheUnitedKingdom
TheUKhasapartiallyregulatedmarketeconomy.[207]BasedonmarketexchangeratestheUKistodaythefifthlargesteconomyintheworldandthesecondlargestinEuropeafter
Germany.HMTreasury,ledbytheChancelloroftheExchequer,isresponsiblefordevelopingandexecutingtheBritishgovernment'spublicfinancepolicyandeconomicpolicy.The
BankofEnglandistheUK'scentralbankandisresponsibleforissuingnotesandcoinsinthenation'scurrency,thepoundsterling.BanksinScotlandandNorthernIrelandretaintheright
toissuetheirownnotes,subjecttoretainingenoughBankofEnglandnotesinreservetocovertheirissue.Poundsterlingistheworld'sthirdlargestreservecurrency(aftertheUSDollar
andtheEuro).[208]Since1997theBankofEngland'sMonetaryPolicyCommittee,headedbytheGovernoroftheBankofEngland,hasbeenresponsibleforsettinginterestratesatthe
levelnecessarytoachievetheoverallinflationtargetfortheeconomythatissetbytheChancelloreachyear.[209]

TheBankofEnglandthecentral
bankoftheUnitedKingdom

TheUKservicesectormakesuparound73%ofGDP.[210]Londonisoneofthethree"commandcentres"oftheglobaleconomy(alongsideNewYorkCityandTokyo),[211]itisthe
world'slargestfinancialcentrealongsideNewYork,[212][213][214]andithasthelargestcityGDPinEurope.[215]EdinburghisalsooneofthelargestfinancialcentresinEurope.[216]Tourism
isveryimportanttotheBritisheconomyand,withover27milliontouristsarrivingin2004,theUnitedKingdomisrankedasthesixthmajortouristdestinationintheworldandLondon
hasthemostinternationalvisitorsofanycityintheworld.[217][218]Thecreativeindustriesaccountedfor7%GVAin2005andgrewatanaverageof6%perannumbetween1997and
2005.[219]

TheIndustrialRevolutionstartedintheUKwithaninitialconcentrationonthetextileindustry,[220]followedbyotherheavyindustriessuchasshipbuilding,coalminingand
steelmaking.[221][222]Britishmerchants,shippersandbankersdevelopedoverwhelmingadvantageoverthoseofothernationsallowingtheUKtodominateinternationaltradeinthe19th
century.[223][224]Asothernationsindustrialised,coupledwitheconomicdeclineaftertwoworldwars,theUnitedKingdombegantoloseitscompetitiveadvantageandheavyindustry
declined,bydegrees,throughoutthe20thcentury.Manufacturingremainsasignificantpartoftheeconomybutaccountedforonly16.7%ofnationaloutputin2003.[225]
TheautomotiveindustryisasignificantpartoftheUKmanufacturingsectorandemploysover800,000people,withaturnoverofsome52billion,generating26.6billionof
exports.[226]
TheAirbusA350hasitswingsand
TheaerospaceindustryoftheUKisthesecondorthirdlargestnationalaerospaceindustryintheworlddependinguponthemethodofmeasurementandhasanannualturnoverofaround
enginesmanufacturedintheUK.
25billion.ThewingsfortheAirbusA380andtheA350XWBaredesignedandmanufacturedatAirbusUK'sworldleadingBroughtonfacility,whilstoveraquarterofthevalueofthe
Boeing787comesfromUKmanufacturersincludingEaton(fuelsubsystempumps),MessierBugattiDowty(thelandinggear)andRollsRoyce(theengines).Otherkeynamesinclude
GKNAerospaceanexpertinmetallicandcompositeaerostructuresthat'sinvolvedinalmosteverycivilandmilitaryfixedandrotarywingaircraftinproductionanddevelopmenttoday.[227][228][229][228][230][229][230]

BAESystemsplaysacriticalroleinsomeoftheworld'sbiggestdefenceaerospaceprojects.ThecompanymakeslargesectionsoftheTyphoonEurofighteratitssubassemblyplantinSalmesburyandassemblestheaircraftfor
theRAFatitsWartonPlant,nearPreston.ItisalsoaprincipalsubcontractorontheF35JointStrikeFightertheworld'slargestsingledefenceprojectforwhichitdesignsandmanufacturesarangeofcomponentsincluding
theaftfuselage,verticalandhorizontaltailandwingtipsandfuelsystem.AswellasthisitmanufacturestheHawk,theworld'smostsuccessfuljettrainingaircraft.[230]AirbusUKalsomanufacturesthewingsfortheA400m
militarytransporter.RollsRoyce,istheworld'ssecondlargestaeroenginemanufacturer.Itsenginespowermorethan30typesofcommercialaircraftandithasmorethan30,000enginescurrentlyinserviceacrossboththe
civilanddefencesectors.RollsRoyceisforecasttohavemorethan50%ofthewidebodymarketshareby2016,aheadofGeneralElectric.[231]AgustaWestlanddesignsandmanufacturescompletehelicoptersintheUK.[230]
TheUKspaceindustryisgrowingveryfast.Worth9.1bnin2011andemploying29,000people,itisgrowingatarateofsome7.5%annually,accordingtoitsumbrellaorganisation,theUKSpaceAgency.Government
strategyisforthespaceindustrytobea40bnbusinessfortheUKby2030,capturinga10%shareofthe$250bnworldmarketforcommercialspacetechnology.[230]On16July2013,theBritishgovernmentpledged60mto
theSkylonproject:thisinvestmentwillprovidesupportata"crucialstage"toallowafullscaleprototypeoftheSABREenginetobebuilt.
ThepharmaceuticalindustryplaysanimportantroleintheUKeconomyandthecountryhasthethirdhighestshareofglobalpharmaceuticalR&Dexpenditures(aftertheUnitedStatesandJapan).[232][233]
Agricultureisintensive,highlymechanisedandefficientbyEuropeanstandards,producingabout60%offoodneedswithlessthan1.6%ofthelabourforce(535,000workers).[234]Aroundtwothirdsofproductionisdevotedto
livestock,onethirdtoarablecrops.FarmersaresubsidisedbytheEU'sCommonAgriculturalPolicy.TheUKretainsasignificant,thoughmuchreducedfishingindustry.Itisalsorichinanumberofnaturalresourcesincluding
coal,petroleum,naturalgas,tin,limestone,ironore,salt,clay,chalk,gypsum,lead,silicaandanabundanceofarableland.
Inthefinalquarterof2008,asaresultoftheGreatRecession,theUKeconomyofficiallyenteredrecessionforthefirsttimesince1991.[235]Unemploymentincreasedfrom
5.2%inMay2008to7.6%inMay2009andbyJanuary2012theunemploymentrateamong18to24yearoldshadrisenfrom11.9%to22.5%,thehighestsincecurrent
recordsbeganin1992.[236][237]TotalUKgovernmentdebtrosefrom44.4%ofGDPin2007to82.9%ofGDPin2011.[238]FollowingthelikesoftheUnitedStates,France
andmanymajoreconomies,inFebruary2013,theUKlostitstopAAAcreditratingforthefirsttimesince1978withMoodysandFitchcreditagencywhile,unliketheother
majoreconomiesretainedtheirtripleAratingwiththelargestagencyStandard&Poor's.[239][240]
However,bytheendof2014,UKgrowthwasthefastestintheG7,thefastestinEurope.[241][242]
TheCityofLondonisoneoftheworld'slargest
financialcentres[212][213][214]

AsadirectresultoftheGreatRecessionbetween2010andthethirdquarterof2012wagesintheUKfellby3.2%[243]butby2014,realwageshadgrownby2%,movingout
andaboveinflationforthefirsttimesince2007.[244]Sincethe1980s,UKeconomicinequality,likeCanada,AustraliaandtheUnitedStateshasgrownfasterthaninother
developedcountries.[245][246]

ThepovertylineintheUKiscommonlydefinedasbeing60%ofthemedianhouseholdincome.[nb11]In2007200813.5millionpeople,or22%ofthepopulation,livedbelowthisline.Thisisahigherlevelofrelativepoverty
thanallbutfourotherEUmembers.[247]Inthesameyear4.0millionchildren,31%ofthetotal,livedinhouseholdsbelowthepovertylineafterhousingcostsweretakenintoaccount.Thisisadecreaseof400,000childrensince
19981999.[248]TheUKimports40%ofitsfoodsupplies.[249]TheOfficeforNationalStatisticshasestimatedthatin2011,14millionpeoplewereatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusion,andthatonepersonin20(5.1%)was
nowexperiencing"severematerialdepression",[250]upfrom3millionpeoplein1977.[251][252]

TheUKhasanexternaldebtof$9.6trilliondollarswhichissecondhighestintheworldaftertheUSwhichhasanexternaldebtof18.5trilliondollars.AsapercentageofGDP,externaldebtis408%whichisthirdhighestin
theworldafterLuxembourgandIceland.[253][254][255][256][257]

Scienceandtechnology
Mainarticle:ScienceandtechnologyintheUnitedKingdom
EnglandandScotlandwereleadingcentresoftheScientificRevolutionfromthe17thcentury[258]andtheUnitedKingdomledtheIndustrialRevolutionfromthe18thcentury,[220]andhas
continuedtoproducescientistsandengineerscreditedwithimportantadvances.[259]Majortheoristsfromthe17thand18thcenturiesincludeIsaacNewton,whoselawsofmotionandillumination
ofgravityhavebeenseenasakeystoneofmodernscience[260]fromthe19thcenturyCharlesDarwin,whosetheoryofevolutionbynaturalselectionwasfundamentaltothedevelopmentof
modernbiology,andJamesClerkMaxwell,whoformulatedclassicalelectromagnetictheoryandmorerecentlyStephenHawking,whohasadvancedmajortheoriesinthefieldsofcosmology,
quantumgravityandtheinvestigationofblackholes.[261]
Majorscientificdiscoveriesfromthe18thcenturyincludehydrogenbyHenryCavendish[262]fromthe20thcenturypenicillinbyAlexanderFleming,[263]andthestructureofDNA,byFrancis
Crickandothers.[264]FamousBritishengineersandinventorsoftheIndustrialRevolutionincludeJamesWatt,GeorgeStephenson,RichardArkwright,RobertStephensonandIsambardKingdom
Brunel.[265]OthermajorengineeringprojectsandapplicationsbypeoplefromtheUKincludethesteamlocomotive,developedbyRichardTrevithickandAndrewVivian[266]fromthe19th
centurytheelectricmotorbyMichaelFaraday,theincandescentlightbulbbyJosephSwan,[267]andthefirstpracticaltelephone,patentedbyAlexanderGrahamBell[268]andinthe20thcentury
theworld'sfirstworkingtelevisionsystembyJohnLogieBairdandothers,[269]thejetenginebyFrankWhittle,thebasisofthemoderncomputerbyAlanTuring,andtheWorldWideWebby
TimBernersLee.[270]
ScientificresearchanddevelopmentremainsimportantinBritishuniversities,withmanyestablishingscienceparkstofacilitateproductionandcooperationwithindustry.[271]Between2004and
2008theUKproduced7%oftheworld'sscientificresearchpapersandhadan8%shareofscientificcitations,thethirdandsecondhighestintheworld(aftertheUnitedStatesandChina,
respectively).[272]ScientificjournalsproducedintheUKincludeNature,theBritishMedicalJournalandTheLancet.[273]

CharlesDarwin(180982),
whosetheoryofevolutionby
naturalselectionisthe
foundationofmodern
biologicalsciences.

Transport
Mainarticle:TransportintheUnitedKingdom
Aradialroadnetworktotals29,145miles(46,904km)ofmainroads,2,173miles(3,497km)ofmotorwaysand213,750miles(344,000km)ofpavedroads.[117]TheM25,encircling
London,isthelargestandbusiestbypassintheworld.[276]In2009therewereatotalof34millionlicensedvehiclesinGreatBritain.[277]

HeathrowTerminal5building.
LondonHeathrowAirporthasthe
mostinternationalpassengertrafficof

TheUKhasarailwaynetworkof10,072miles(16,209km)inGreatBritainand189miles(304km)inNorthernIreland.RailwaysinNorthernIrelandareoperatedbyNIRailways,a
subsidiaryofstateownedTranslink.InGreatBritain,theBritishRailnetworkwasprivatisedbetween1994and1997.NetworkRailownsandmanagesmostofthefixedassets(tracks,
signalsetc.).About20privatelyowned(andforeignstateownedrailwaysincluding:DeutscheBahnSNCFandNederlandseSpoorwegen)TrainOperatingCompaniesoperatepassenger
trainsandcarryover18,000passengertrainsdaily.Therearealsosome1,000freighttrainsindailyoperation.[117]TheUKgovernmentistospend30billiononanewhighspeedrailway
line,HS2,tobeoperationalby2025.[278]Crossrail,underconstructioninLondon,IsEurope'slargestconstructionprojectwitha15billionprojectedcost.[279][280]

anyairportintheworld. [274][275]

IntheyearfromOctober2009toSeptember2010UKairportshandledatotalof211.4millionpassengers.[281]InthatperiodthethreelargestairportswereLondonHeathrowAirport
(65.6millionpassengers),GatwickAirport(31.5millionpassengers)andLondonStanstedAirport(18.9millionpassengers).[281]LondonHeathrowAirport,located15miles(24km)west
ofthecapital,hasthemostinternationalpassengertrafficofanyairportintheworld[274][275]andisthehubfortheUKflagcarrierBritishAirways,aswellasforBMIandVirginAtlantic.[282]

Energy
Mainarticle:EnergyintheUnitedKingdom

In2006,theUKwastheworld'sninthlargestconsumerofenergyandthe15thlargestproducer.[283]TheUKishometoanumberoflargeenergycompanies,includingtwoofthesixoil
andgas"supermajors"BPandRoyalDutchShellandBGGroup.[284][285]In2011,40%oftheUK'selectricitywasproducedbygas,30%bycoal,19%bynuclearpowerand4.2%by
wind,hydro,biofuelsandwastes.[286]
In2009,theUKproduced1.5millionbarrelsperday(bbl/d)ofoilandconsumed1.7millionbbl/d.[287]ProductionisnowindeclineandtheUKhasbeenanetimporterofoilsince
2005.[287]In2010theUKhadaround3.1billionbarrelsofprovencrudeoilreserves,thelargestofanyEUmemberstate.[287]In2009,66.5%oftheUK'soilsupplywasimported.[288]
In2009,theUKwasthe13thlargestproducerofnaturalgasintheworldandthelargestproducerintheEU.[289]ProductionisnowindeclineandtheUKhasbeenanetimporterof
naturalgassince2004.[289]In2009,halfofBritishgaswassuppliedfromimportsasdomesticreservesaredepleted.[286]

AnoilplatformintheNorthSea

CoalproductionplayedakeyroleintheUKeconomyinthe19thand20thcenturies.Inthemid1970s,130milliontonnesofcoalwasbeingproducedannually,notfallingbelow100milliontonnesuntiltheearly1980s.During
the1980sand1990stheindustrywasscaledbackconsiderably.In2011,theUKproduced18.3milliontonnesofcoal.[290]In2005ithadprovenrecoverablecoalreservesof171milliontons.[290]TheUKCoalAuthorityhas
statedthereisapotentialtoproducebetween7billiontonnesand16billiontonnesofcoalthroughundergroundcoalgasification(UCG)or'fracking',[291]andthat,basedoncurrentUKcoalconsumption,suchreservescould
lastbetween200and400years.[292]However,environmentalandsocialconcernshavebeenraisedoverchemicalsgettingintothewatertableandminorearthquakesdamaginghomes.[293][294]
Inthelate1990s,nuclearpowerplantscontributedaround25%oftotalannualelectricitygenerationintheUK,butthishasgraduallydeclinedasoldplantshavebeenshutdownandageingrelatedproblemsaffectplant
availability.In2012,theUKhad16reactorsnormallygeneratingabout19%ofitselectricity.Allbutoneofthereactorswillberetiredby2023.UnlikeGermanyandJapan,theUKintendstobuildanewgenerationofnuclear
plantsfromabout2018.[286]
Thetotalofallrenewableelectricitysourcesprovidedfor14.9%oftheelectricitygeneratedintheUnitedKingdomin2013,[295]reaching53.7TWhofelectricitygenerated.TheUKisoneofthebestsitesinEuropeforwind
energy,andwindpowerproductionisitsfastestgrowingsupply,in2014itgenerated9.3%oftheUK'stotalelectricity.[296][297][298]

Watersupplyandsanitation
Mainarticle:WatersupplyandsanitationintheUnitedKingdom
AccesstoimprovedwatersupplyandsanitationintheUKisuniversal.Itisestimatedthat97%ofhouseholdsareconnectedtothesewernetwork.[299]AccordingtotheEnvironmentAgency,totalwaterabstractionforpublic
watersupplyintheUKwas16,406megalitresperdayin2007.[300]InEnglandandWalestheeconomicregulatorofwatercompaniesistheWaterServicesRegulationAuthority(Ofwat).TheEnvironmentAgencyisresponsible
forenvironmentalregulation,andtheDrinkingWaterInspectorateforregulatingdrinkingwaterquality.TheeconomicwaterindustryregulatorinScotlandistheWaterIndustryCommissionforScotlandandtheenvironmental
regulatoristheScottishEnvironmentProtectionAgency.DrinkingwaterstandardsandwastewaterdischargestandardsintheUK,asinothercountriesoftheEuropeanUnion,aredeterminedbytheEU(seeWatersupplyand
sanitationintheEuropeanUnion).
InEnglandandWaleswaterandsewerageservicesareprovidedby10privateregionalwaterandseweragecompaniesand13mostlysmallerprivate"wateronly"companies.InScotlandwaterandsewerageservicesare
providedbyasinglepubliccompany,ScottishWater.InNorthernIrelandwaterandsewerageservicesarealsoprovidedbyasinglepublicentity,NorthernIrelandWater.

Demographics
Mainarticle:DemographyoftheUnitedKingdom
AcensusistakensimultaneouslyinallpartsoftheUKeverytenyears.[301]TheOfficeforNationalStatisticsisresponsibleforcollectingdataforEnglandandWales,theGeneralRegisterOfficeforScotlandandtheNorthern
IrelandStatisticsandResearchAgencyeachbeingresponsibleforcensusesintheirrespectivecountries.[302]Inthe2011censusthetotalpopulationoftheUnitedKingdomwas63,181,775.[303]Itisthethirdlargestinthe
EuropeanUnion,thefifthlargestintheCommonwealthandthe21stlargestintheworld.Inmid2014netlongterminternationalmigrationcontributedmoretopopulationgrowth,forthefirsttimesincemid2011.Inmid2012
andmid2013naturalchangecontributedthemosttopopulationgrowth.[304]Between2001and2011thepopulationincreasedbyanaverageannualrateofapproximately0.7%.[303]Thiscomparesto0.3%peryearintheperiod

1991to2001and0.2%inthedecade1981to1991.[305]The2011censusalsoconfirmedthattheproportionofthepopulationaged014hasnearlyhalved(31%in1911comparedto
18in2011)andtheproportionofolderpeopleaged65andoverhasmorethantripled(from5to16%).[303]Ithasbeenestimatedthatthenumberofpeopleaged100oroverwillrise
steeplytoreachover626,000by2080.[306]

Norway
AtlanticOcean

Glasgow

NorthSea
Newcastle

Leeds
Liverpool Manchester
Ireland
Netherlands
Birmingham
London
Belgium
CelticSea
Channel
France

England'spopulationin2011wasfoundtobe53million.[307]Itisoneofthemostdenselypopulatedcountriesintheworld,with417people
residentpersquarekilometreinmid2014.[308]withaparticularconcentrationinLondonandthesoutheast.[309]The2011censusput
Scotland'spopulationat5.3million,[310]Walesat3.06millionandNorthernIrelandat1.81million.[307]InpercentagetermsEnglandhas
hadthefastestgrowingpopulationofanycountryoftheUKintheperiodfrom2001to2011,withanincreaseof7.9%.
In2012theaveragetotalfertilityrate(TFR)acrosstheUKwas1.92childrenperwoman.[311]Whilearisingbirthrateiscontributingto
currentpopulationgrowth,itremainsconsiderablybelowthe'babyboom'peakof2.95childrenperwomanin1964,[312]belowthe
replacementrateof2.1,buthigherthanthe2001recordlowof1.63.[311]In2012,ScotlandhadthelowestTFRatonly1.67,followedby
Walesat1.88,Englandat1.94,andNorthernIrelandat2.03.[311]In2011,47.3%ofbirthsintheUKweretounmarriedwomen.[313]A
governmentfigureestimatedthatthereare3.6millionhomosexualpeopleinBritaincomprising6%ofthepopulation.[314]

ThelargestcitiesintheUKbyurban
population.

MapofpopulationdensityintheUKasat
the2011census.

Ethnicgroups
Mainarticle:EthnicgroupsintheUnitedKingdom
Historically,indigenousBritishpeoplewerethoughttobedescendedfromthevariousethnicgroupsthatsettledtherebeforethe11thcentury:theCelts,Romans,AngloSaxons,NorseandtheNormans.Welshpeoplecouldbe
theoldestethnicgroupintheUK.[318]A2006geneticstudyshowsthatmorethan50%ofEngland'sgenepoolcontainsGermanicYchromosomes.[319]Another2005geneticanalysisindicatesthat"about75%ofthetraceable
ancestorsofthemodernBritishpopulationhadarrivedintheBritishislesbyabout6,200yearsago,atthestartoftheBritishNeolithicorStoneAge",andthattheBritishbroadlyshareacommonancestrywiththeBasque
people.[320][321][322]
TheUKhasahistoryofsmallscalenonwhiteimmigration,withLiverpoolhavingtheoldestBlackpopulationinthecountrydatingbacktoatleastthe1730sduringtheperiodoftheAfricanslavetrade,[323]andtheoldest
ChinesecommunityinEurope,datingtothearrivalofChineseseameninthe19thcentury.[324]In1950therewereprobablyfewerthan20,000nonwhiteresidentsinBritain,almostallbornoverseas.[325]
Since1948substantialimmigrationfromAfrica,theCaribbeanandSouthAsiahasbeenalegacyoftiesforgedbytheBritishEmpire.[326]MigrationfromnewEUmemberstatesinCentralandEasternEuropesince2004has
resultedingrowthinthesepopulationgroups,althoughsomeofthismigrationhasbeentemporary.[327]Sincethe1990s,therehasbeensubstantialdiversificationoftheimmigrantpopulation,withmigrantstotheUKcoming
fromamuchwiderrangeofcountriesthanpreviouswaves,whichtendedtoinvolvelargernumbersofmigrantscomingfromarelativelysmallnumberofcountries.[328][329][330]

AcademicshavearguedthattheethnicitycategoriesemployedinBritishnationalstatistics,whichwerefirstintroducedinthe1991census,involveconfusionbetweentheconceptsof
ethnicityandrace.[331][332]In2011,87.2%oftheUKpopulationidentifiedthemselvesaswhite,meaning12.8%oftheUKpopulationidentifythemselvesasofoneofnumberof
ethnicminoritygroups.[333]Inthe2001census,thisfigurewas7.9%oftheUKpopulation.[334]
BecauseofdifferencesinthewordingofthecensusformsusedinEnglandandWales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland,dataontheOtherWhitegroupisnotavailablefortheUKasa
whole,butinEnglandandWalesthiswasthefastestgrowinggroupbetweenthe2001and2011censuses,increasingby1.1million(1.8percentagepoints).[335]Amongstgroupsfor
whichcomparabledataisavailableforallpartsoftheUKlevel,therewasconsiderablegrowthinthesizeoftheOtherAsiancategory,whichincreasedfrom0.4to1.4%ofthe
populationbetween2001and2011.[333][334]TherewasalsoconsiderablegrowthintheMixedcategory.In2001,peopleinthiscategoryaccountedfor1.2%oftheUKpopulation[334]
by2011,theproportionwas2%.[333]
EthnicdiversityvariessignificantlyacrosstheUK.30.4%ofLondon'spopulationand37.4%ofLeicester'swasestimatedtobenonwhitein2005,[336][337]whereaslessthan5%ofthe
populationsofNorthEastEngland,WalesandtheSouthWestwerefromethnicminorities,accordingtothe2001census.[338]In2011,26.5%ofprimaryand22.2%ofsecondary
pupilsatstateschoolsinEnglandweremembersofanethnicminority.[339]
Ethnicgroup

Population,2001[340] Population,2011 Percentageoftotalpopulation,2011[333]

White

54,153,898

55,010,359

87.1

63,193

0.1

1,053,411

1,451,862

2.3

Asian/AsianBritish:Pakistani

747,285

1,174,983

1.9

Asian/AsianBritish:Bangladeshi

283,063

451,529

0.7

Asian/AsianBritish:Chinese

247,403

433,150

0.7

Asian/AsianBritish:OtherAsian

247,664

861,815

1.4

1,148,738

1,904,684[nb13]

3.0

Mixed/multipleethnicgroups

677,117

1,250,229

2.0

Otherethnicgroup

230,615

580,374

0.9

58,789,194

63,182,178

100

White:Gypsy/Traveller/IrishTraveller[nb12]
Asian/AsianBritish:Indian

Black/African/Caribbean/BlackBritish

Total

Mapshowingthepercentageofthe
populationwhoarenotwhiteaccordingto
the2011census.

Languages
Mainarticle:LanguagesoftheUnitedKingdom
TheUK'sdefactoofficiallanguageisEnglish.[345][346]Itisestimatedthat95%oftheUK'spopulationaremonolingualEnglishspeakers.[347]5.5%ofthepopulationareestimatedtospeaklanguagesbroughttotheUKasa
resultofrelativelyrecentimmigration.[347]SouthAsianlanguages,includingPunjabi,Urdu,Hindi,Bengali,TamilandGujarati,arethelargestgroupingandarespokenby2.7%oftheUKpopulation.[347]Accordingtothe2011
census,PolishhasbecomethesecondlargestlanguagespokeninEnglandandhas546,000speakers.[348]
FourCelticlanguagesarespokenintheUK:WelshIrishScottishGaelicandCornish.Allarerecognisedasregionalorminoritylanguages,subjecttospecificmeasuresofprotectionandpromotionundertheEuropeanCharter
forRegionalorMinorityLanguages[2][349]andtheFrameworkConventionfortheProtectionofNationalMinorities.[350]Inthe2001Censusoverafifth(21%)ofthepopulationofWalessaidtheycouldspeakWelsh,[351]an
increasefromthe1991Census(18%).[352]Inadditionitisestimatedthatabout200,000WelshspeakersliveinEngland.[353]InthesamecensusinNorthernIreland167,487people(10.4%)statedthattheyhad"someknowledge
ofIrish"(seeIrishlanguageinNorthernIreland),almostexclusivelyinthenationalist(mainlyCatholic)population.Over92,000peopleinScotland(justunder2%ofthepopulation)hadsomeGaeliclanguageability,including
72%ofthoselivingintheOuterHebrides.[354]ThenumberofschoolchildrenbeingtaughtthroughWelsh,ScottishGaelicandIrishisincreasing.[355]AmongemigrantdescendedpopulationssomeScottishGaelicisstillspoken
inCanada(principallyNovaScotiaandCapeBretonIsland),[356]andWelshinPatagonia,Argentina.[357]

Scots,alanguagedescendedfromearlynorthernMiddleEnglish,haslimitedrecognitionalongsideitsregionalvariant,UlsterScotsinNorthernIreland,
withoutspecificcommitmentstoprotectionandpromotion.[2][358]
Itiscompulsoryforpupilstostudyasecondlanguageuptotheageof14inEngland,[359]anduptoage16inScotland.FrenchandGermanarethetwomost
commonlytaughtsecondlanguagesinEnglandandScotland.AllpupilsinWalesaretaughtWelshasasecondlanguageuptoage16,oraretaughtin
Welsh.[360]

Religion
Mainarticle:ReligionintheUnitedKingdom
FormsofChristianityhavedominatedreligiouslifeinwhatisnowtheUnitedKingdomforover1,400years.[361]Althougha
majorityofcitizensstillidentifywithChristianityinmanysurveys,regularchurchattendancehasfallendramaticallysincethe
middleofthe20thcentury,[362]whileimmigrationanddemographicchangehavecontributedtothegrowthofotherfaiths,most
notablyIslam.[363]ThishasledsomecommentatorstovariouslydescribetheUKasamultifaith,[364]secularised,[365]orpost
Christiansociety.[366]

WestminsterAbbeyisused
forthecoronationofBritish
monarchs

TheEnglishspeakingworld.Countriesindarkbluehaveamajority
ofnativespeakerscountrieswhereEnglishisanofficialbutnota
majoritylanguageareshadedinlightblue.Englishisoneofthe
officiallanguagesoftheEuropeanUnion[343]andtheUnited
Nations[344]

Inthe2001census71.6%ofallrespondentsindicatedthattheywereChristians,withthenextlargestfaiths(bynumberofadherents)beingIslam(2.8%),Hinduism(1.0%),Sikhism(0.6%),
Judaism(0.5%),Buddhism(0.3%)andallotherreligions(0.3%).[367]15%ofrespondentsstatedthattheyhadnoreligion,withafurther7%notstatingareligiouspreference.[368]ATearfund
surveyin2007showedonlyoneintenBritonsactuallyattendchurchweekly.[369]Betweenthe2001and2011censustherewasadecreaseintheamountofpeoplewhoidentifiedasChristianby
12%,whilstthepercentageofthosereportingnoreligiousaffiliationdoubled.Thiscontrastedwithgrowthintheothermainreligiousgroupcategories,withthenumberofMuslimsincreasingby
themostsubstantialmargintoatotalofabout5%.[370]TheMuslimpopulationhasincreasedfrom1.6millionin2001to2.7millionin2011,[371]makingitthesecondlargestreligiongroupinthe
UnitedKingdom.[372]
Ina2015surveyconductedbyBSA(BritishSocialAttitudes)onreligiousaffiliation49%ofrespondentsindicated'noreligion',while42%indicatedtheywereChristians,followedby8%who
affiliatedwithotherreligions(e.g.Islam,Hinduism,Judaismetc.).[373]

TheChurchofEnglandistheestablishedchurchinEngland.[374]ItretainsarepresentationintheUKParliamentandtheBritishmonarchisitsSupremeGovernor.[375]InScotlandthePresbyterianChurchofScotlandis
recognisedasthenationalchurch.Itisnotsubjecttostatecontrol,andtheBritishmonarchisanordinarymember,requiredtoswearanoathto"maintainandpreservetheProtestantReligionandPresbyterianChurch
Government"uponhisorheraccession.[376][377]The(Anglican)ChurchinWaleswasdisestablishedin1920and,asthe(Anglican)ChurchofIrelandwasdisestablishedin1870beforethepartitionofIreland,thereisno
establishedchurchinNorthernIreland.[378]AlthoughtherearenoUKwidedatainthe2001censusonadherencetoindividualChristiandenominations,ithasbeenestimatedthat62%ofChristiansareAnglican,13.5%
Catholic,6%Presbyterian,3.4%MethodistwithsmallnumbersofotherProtestantdenominationssuchasOpenBrethren,andOrthodoxchurches.[379]

Migration
Mainarticle:ModernimmigrationtotheUnitedKingdom
Seealso:ForeignbornpopulationoftheUnitedKingdom
TheUnitedKingdomhasexperiencedsuccessivewavesofmigration.TheGreatFamineinIreland,thenpartoftheUnitedKingdom,resultedinperhapsamillionpeoplemigratingtoGreatBritain.[380]Unabletoreturnto
PolandattheendofWorldWarII,over120,000PolishveteransremainedintheUKpermanently.[381]AfterWorldWarII,therewassignificantimmigrationfromthecoloniesandnewlyindependentformercolonies,partlyasa
legacyofempireandpartlydrivenbylabourshortages.ManyofthesemigrantscamefromtheCaribbeanandtheIndiansubcontinent.[382]In1841,0.25%ofthepopulationofEnglandandWaleswasborninaforeigncountry.
By1931,thisfigurehadrisento2.6%,andby1951itwas4.4%.[383]

In2014thenetincreasewas318,000:immigrationwas641,000,upfrom526,000in2013,whilethenumberofpeopleemigrating(formorethan12months)was323,000.[384]
OneofthemorerecenttrendsinmigrationhasbeenthearrivalofworkersfromthenewEUmemberstatesinEasternEurope,knownastheA8countries.[327]In2010,there
were7.0millionforeignbornresidentsintheUK,correspondingto11.3%ofthetotalpopulation.Ofthese,4.76million(7.7%)werebornoutsidetheEUand2.24million
(3.6%)wereborninanotherEUMemberState.[385]TheproportionofforeignbornpeopleintheUKremainsslightlybelowthatofmanyotherEuropeancountries.[386]
However,immigrationisnowcontributingtoarisingpopulation[387]witharrivalsandUKbornchildrenofmigrantsaccountingforabouthalfofthepopulationincrease
between1991and2001.AnalysisofOfficeforNationalStatistics(ONS)datashowsthatanettotalof2.3millionmigrantsmovedtotheUKinthe15yearsfrom1991to
2006.[388][389]In2008itwaspredictedthatmigrationwouldadd7milliontotheUKpopulationby2031,[390]thoughthesefiguresaredisputed.[391]TheONSreportedthatnet
migrationrosefrom2009to2010by21%to239,000.[392]

Estimatedforeignbornpopulationbycountryof
birth,April2007March2008

In2013,approximately208,000foreigncitizenswerenaturalisedasBritishcitizens,thehighestnumbersincerecordsbeganin1962.Thisfigurefelltoaround125,800in
2014.Between2009and2013,theaveragenumberofpeoplegrantedBritishcitizenshipperyearwas195,800.Themaincountriesofpreviousnationalityofthosenaturalisedin2014wereIndia,Pakistan,thePhilippines,
Nigeria,Bangladesh,Nepal,China,SouthAfrica,PolandandSomalia.[393]Thetotalnumberofgrantsofsettlement,whichconferspermanentresidenceintheUKwithoutgrantingBritishcitizenship,[394]wasapproximately
154,700in2013,comparedto241,200in2010and129,800in2012.[393]
Overaquarter(27.0%)oflivebirthsin2014weretomothersbornoutsidetheUK,accordingtoofficialstatisticsreleasedin2015.[395]
CitizensoftheEuropeanUnion,includingthoseoftheUK,havetherighttoliveandworkinanyEUmemberstate.[396]TheUKappliedtemporaryrestrictionstocitizensofRomaniaandBulgaria,whichjoinedtheEUin
January2007.[397]ResearchconductedbytheMigrationPolicyInstitutefortheEqualityandHumanRightsCommissionsuggeststhat,betweenMay2004andSeptember2009,1.5millionworkersmigratedfromthenewEU
memberstatestotheUK,twothirdsofthemPolish,butthatmanysubsequentlyreturnedhome,resultinginanetincreaseinthenumberofnationalsofthenewmemberstatesintheUKofsome700,000overthat
period.[398][399]Thelate2000srecessionintheUKreducedtheeconomicincentiveforPolestomigratetotheUK,[400]themigrationbecomingtemporaryandcircular.[401]In2009,forthefirsttimesinceenlargement,more
nationalsoftheeightcentralandeasternEuropeanstatesthathadjoinedtheEUin2004lefttheUKthanarrived.[402]In2011,citizensofthenewEUmemberstatesmadeup13%oftheimmigrantsenteringthecountry.[403]
TheUKgovernmenthasintroducedapointsbasedimmigrationsystemforimmigrationfromoutsidetheEuropeanEconomicAreatoreplaceformerschemes,includingthe
ScottishGovernment'sFreshTalentInitiative.[404]InJune2010theUKgovernmentintroducedatemporarylimitof24,000onimmigrationfromoutsidetheEU,aimingto
discourageapplicationsbeforeapermanentcapwasimposedinApril2011.[405]Thecaphascausedtensionwithinthecoalition:businesssecretaryVinceCablehasargued
thatitisharmingBritishbusinesses.[406]
EmigrationwasanimportantfeatureofBritishsocietyinthe19thcentury.Between1815and1930around11.4millionpeopleemigratedfromBritainand7.3millionfrom
Ireland.Estimatesshowthatbytheendofthe20thcenturysome300millionpeopleofBritishandIrishdescentwerepermanentlysettledaroundtheglobe.[407]Today,atleast
5.5millionUKbornpeopleliveabroad,[408][409][410]mainlyinAustralia,Spain,theUnitedStatesandCanada.[408][411]

EstimatednumberofBritishcitizenslivingoverseas
bycountry,2006

Education
Mainarticle:EducationintheUnitedKingdom
Seealso:EducationinEngland,EducationinNorthernIreland,EducationinScotlandandEducationinWales
EducationintheUnitedKingdomisadevolvedmatter,witheachcountryhavingaseparateeducationsystem.
WhilsteducationinEnglandistheresponsibilityoftheSecretaryofStateforEducation,thedaytodayadministrationandfundingofstateschoolsistheresponsibilityoflocalauthorities.[412]Universallyfreeofchargestate
educationwasintroducedpiecemealbetween1870and1944.[413][414]Educationisnowmandatoryfromagesfivetosixteen(15ifborninlateJulyorAugust).In2011,theTrendsinInternationalMathematicsandScience
Study(TIMSS)rated1314yearoldpupilsinEnglandandWales10thintheworldformathsand9thforscience.[415]Themajorityofchildrenareeducatedinstatesectorschools,asmallproportionofwhichselectonthe
groundsofacademicability.TwoofthetoptenperformingschoolsintermsofGCSEresultsin2006werestaterungrammarschools.OverhalfofstudentsattheleadinguniversitiesofCambridgeandOxfordhadattendedstate
schools.[416]DespiteafallinactualnumberstheproportionofchildreninEnglandattendingprivateschoolshasrisentoover7%.[417]In2010,morethan45%ofplacesattheUniversityofOxfordand40%attheUniversityof

Cambridgeweretakenbystudentsfromprivateschools,eventhoughtheyeducatejust7%ofthepopulation.[418]EnglandhasthetwooldestuniversitiesinEnglishspeakingworld,
UniversitiesofOxfordandCambridge(jointlyknownas"Oxbridge")withhistoryofovereightcenturies.TheUnitedKingdomhas9universitiesfeaturedintheTimesHigherEducation
top100rankings,makingitsecondtotheUnitedStatesintermsofrepresentation.[419]

King'sCollege,partoftheUniversity
ofCambridge,whichwasfoundedin
1209

EducationinScotlandistheresponsibilityoftheCabinetSecretaryforEducationandLifelongLearning,withdaytodayadministrationand
fundingofstateschoolstheresponsibilityofLocalAuthorities.TwonondepartmentalpublicbodieshavekeyrolesinScottisheducation.The
ScottishQualificationsAuthorityisresponsibleforthedevelopment,accreditation,assessmentandcertificationofqualificationsotherthandegrees
whicharedeliveredatsecondaryschools,postsecondarycollegesoffurthereducationandothercentres.[421]TheLearningandTeachingScotland
providesadvice,resourcesandstaffdevelopmenttoeducationprofessionals.[422]Scotlandfirstlegislatedforcompulsoryeducationin1496.[423]The
proportionofchildreninScotlandattendingprivateschoolsisjustover4%,andithasbeenrisingslowlyinrecentyears.[424]Scottishstudentswho
attendScottishuniversitiespayneithertuitionfeesnorgraduateendowmentcharges,asfeeswereabolishedin2001andthegraduateendowment
schemewasabolishedin2008.[425]

TheWelshGovernmenthasresponsibilityforeducationinWales.AsignificantnumberofWelshstudentsaretaughteitherwhollyorlargelyintheWelshlanguagelessonsinWelshare
compulsoryforalluntiltheageof16.[426]ThereareplanstoincreasetheprovisionofWelshmediumschoolsaspartofthepolicyofcreatingafullybilingualWales.

Queen'sUniversityBelfast,builtin
1849[420]

EducationinNorthernIrelandistheresponsibilityoftheMinisterofEducationandtheMinisterforEmploymentandLearning,althoughresponsibilityatalocallevelisadministeredby
fiveeducationandlibraryboardscoveringdifferentgeographicalareas.TheCouncilfortheCurriculum,Examinations&Assessment(CCEA)isthebodyresponsibleforadvisingthegovernmentonwhatshouldbetaughtin
NorthernIreland'sschools,monitoringstandardsandawardingqualifications.[427]
Agovernmentcommission'sreportin2014foundthatprivatelyeducatedpeoplecomprise7%ofthegeneralpopulationoftheUKbutmuchlargerpercentagesofthetopprofessions,themostextremecasequotedbeing71%of
seniorjudges.[428][429]

Healthcare
Mainarticle:HealthcareintheUnitedKingdom
HealthcareintheUnitedKingdomisadevolvedmatterandeachcountryhasitsownsystemofprivateandpubliclyfundedhealthcare,togetherwithalternative,holisticand
complementarytreatments.PublichealthcareisprovidedtoallUKpermanentresidentsandismostlyfreeatthepointofneed,beingpaidforfromgeneraltaxation.TheWorldHealth
Organization,in2000,rankedtheprovisionofhealthcareintheUnitedKingdomasfifteenthbestinEuropeandeighteenthintheworld.[430][431]
RegulatorybodiesareorganisedonaUKwidebasissuchastheGeneralMedicalCouncil,theNursingandMidwiferyCouncilandnongovernmentalbased,suchastheRoyalColleges.
However,politicalandoperationalresponsibilityforhealthcarelieswithfournationalexecutiveshealthcareinEnglandistheresponsibilityoftheUKGovernmenthealthcareinNorthern
IrelandistheresponsibilityoftheNorthernIrelandExecutivehealthcareinScotlandistheresponsibilityoftheScottishGovernmentandhealthcareinWalesistheresponsibilityofthe
WelshAssemblyGovernment.EachNationalHealthServicehasdifferentpoliciesandpriorities,resultingincontrasts.[432][433]
TheRoyalAberdeenChildren's
Hospital,anNHSScotlandspecialist
children'shospital

Since1979expenditureonhealthcarehasbeenincreasedsignificantlytobringitclosertotheEuropeanUnionaverage.[434]TheUKspendsaround8.4%ofitsgrossdomesticproducton
healthcare,whichis0.5percentagepointsbelowtheOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentaverageandaboutonepercentagepointbelowtheaverageoftheEuropean
Union.[435]

Culture
Mainarticle:CultureoftheUnitedKingdom

ThecultureoftheUnitedKingdomhasbeeninfluencedbymanyfactorsincluding:thenation'sislandstatusitshistoryasawesternliberaldemocracyandamajorpoweraswellasbeingapoliticalunionoffourcountrieswith
eachpreservingelementsofdistinctivetraditions,customsandsymbolism.AsaresultoftheBritishEmpire,Britishinfluencecanbeobservedinthelanguage,cultureandlegalsystemsofmanyofitsformercoloniesincluding
Australia,Canada,India,Ireland,NewZealand,Pakistan,SouthAfricaandtheUnitedStates.ThesubstantialculturalinfluenceoftheUnitedKingdomhasledittobedescribedasa"culturalsuperpower".[103][104]

Literature
Mainarticle:Britishliterature
'Britishliterature'referstoliteratureassociatedwiththeUnitedKingdom,theIsleofManandtheChannelIslands.MostBritishliteratureisintheEnglishlanguage.In2005,some206,000books
werepublishedintheUnitedKingdomandin2006itwasthelargestpublisherofbooksintheworld.[436]
TheEnglishplaywrightandpoetWilliamShakespeareiswidelyregardedasthegreatestdramatistofalltime,[437][438][439]andhiscontemporariesChristopherMarloweandBenJonsonhavealso
beenheldincontinuoushighesteem.MorerecentlytheplaywrightsAlanAyckbourn,HaroldPinter,MichaelFrayn,TomStoppardandDavidEdgarhavecombinedelementsofsurrealism,
realismandradicalism.
NotablepremodernandearlymodernEnglishwritersincludeGeoffreyChaucer(14thcentury),ThomasMalory(15thcentury),SirThomasMore(16thcentury),JohnBunyan(17thcentury)and
JohnMilton(17thcentury).Inthe18thcenturyDanielDefoe(authorofRobinsonCrusoe)andSamuelRichardsonwerepioneersofthemodernnovel.Inthe19thcenturytherefollowedfurther
innovationbyJaneAusten,thegothicnovelistMaryShelley,thechildren'swriterLewisCarroll,theBrontsisters,thesocialcampaignerCharlesDickens,thenaturalistThomasHardy,therealist
GeorgeEliot,thevisionarypoetWilliamBlakeandromanticpoetWilliamWordsworth.20thcenturyEnglishwritersincludethesciencefictionnovelistH.G.Wellsthewritersofchildren's
classicsRudyardKipling,A.A.Milne(thecreatorofWinniethePooh),RoaldDahlandEnidBlytonthecontroversialD.H.LawrencethemodernistVirginiaWoolfthesatiristEvelynWaugh
thepropheticnovelistGeorgeOrwellthepopularnovelistsW.SomersetMaughamandGrahamGreenethecrimewriterAgathaChristie(thebestsellingnovelistofalltime)[440]IanFleming
(thecreatorofJamesBond)thepoetsT.S.Eliot,PhilipLarkinandTedHughesthefantasywritersJ.R.R.Tolkien,C.S.LewisandJ.K.RowlingthegraphicnovelistsAlanMooreandNeil
Gaiman.

TheChandosportrait,
believedtodepictWilliam
Shakespeare

Scotland'scontributionsincludethedetectivewriterArthurConanDoyle(thecreatorofSherlockHolmes),romanticliteraturebySirWalterScott,thechildren'swriterJ.M.Barrie,theepic
adventuresofRobertLouisStevensonandthecelebratedpoetRobertBurns.MorerecentlythemodernistandnationalistHughMacDiarmidandNeilM.GunncontributedtotheScottish
Renaissance.AmoregrimoutlookisfoundinIanRankin'sstoriesandthepsychologicalhorrorcomedyofIainBanks.Scotland'scapital,Edinburgh,wasUNESCO'sfirstworldwideCityof
Literature.[441]

AphotographofVictorian
eranovelistCharlesDickens

Britain'soldestknownpoem,YGododdin,wascomposedinYrHenOgledd(TheOldNorth),mostlikelyinthelate6thcentury.ItwaswritteninCumbricorOldWelshandcontainstheearliest
knownreferencetoKingArthur.[442]Fromaroundtheseventhcentury,theconnectionbetweenWalesandtheOldNorthwaslost,andthefocusofWelshlanguagecultureshiftedtoWales,where
ArthurianlegendwasfurtherdevelopedbyGeoffreyofMonmouth.[443]Wales'smostcelebratedmedievalpoet,DafyddapGwilym(fl.13201370),composedpoetryonthemesincludingnature,
religionandespeciallylove.HeiswidelyregardedasoneofthegreatestEuropeanpoetsofhisage.[444]Untilthelate19thcenturythemajorityofWelshliteraturewasinWelshandmuchofthe
prosewasreligiousincharacter.DanielOweniscreditedasthefirstWelshlanguagenovelist,publishingRhysLewisin1885.ThebestknownoftheAngloWelshpoetsarebothThomases.
DylanThomasbecamefamousonbothsidesoftheAtlanticinthemid20thcentury.Heisrememberedforhispoetryhis"DonotgogentleintothatgoodnightRage,rageagainstthedyingof
thelight"isoneofthemostquotedcoupletsofEnglishlanguageverseandforhis"playforvoices",UnderMilkWood.TheinfluentialChurchinWales"poetpriest"andWelshnationalistR.S.
ThomaswasnominatedfortheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1996.LeadingWelshnovelistsofthetwentiethcenturyincludeRichardLlewellynandKateRoberts.[445][446]

Authorsofothernationalities,particularlyfromCommonwealthcountries,theRepublicofIrelandandtheUnitedStates,havelivedandworkedintheUK.Significantexamplesthroughthe
centuriesincludeJonathanSwift,OscarWilde,BramStoker,GeorgeBernardShaw,JosephConrad,T.S.Eliot,EzraPoundandmorerecentlyBritishauthorsbornabroadsuchasKazuoIshiguroandSirSalmanRushdie.[447][448]

Music
Mainarticle:MusicoftheUnitedKingdom
Seealso:Britishrock

VariousstylesofmusicarepopularintheUKfromtheindigenousfolkmusicofEngland,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandtoheavymetal.Notablecomposersofclassicalmusicfromthe
UnitedKingdomandthecountriesthatprecededitincludeWilliamByrd,HenryPurcell,SirEdwardElgar,GustavHolst,SirArthurSullivan(mostfamousforworkingwiththelibrettistSirW.S.
Gilbert),RalphVaughanWilliamsandBenjaminBritten,pioneerofmodernBritishopera.SirPeterMaxwellDaviesisoneoftheforemostlivingcomposers.TheUKisalsohometoworld
renownedsymphonicorchestrasandchorusessuchastheBBCSymphonyOrchestraandtheLondonSymphonyChorus.NotableconductorsincludeSirSimonRattle,JohnBarbirolliandSir
MalcolmSargent.SomeofthenotablefilmscorecomposersincludeJohnBarry,ClintMansell,MikeOldfield,JohnPowell,CraigArmstrong,DavidArnold,JohnMurphy,MontyNormanand
HarryGregsonWilliams.GeorgeFridericHandelbecameanaturalisedBritishcitizenandwrotetheBritishcoronationanthem,whilesomeofhisbestworks,suchasMessiah,werewritteninthe
Englishlanguage.[452][453]AndrewLloydWebberisaprolificcomposerofmusicaltheatre.HisworkshavedominatedLondon'sWestEndsincethelate20thcenturyandhavealsobeena
commercialsuccessworldwide.[454]
TheBeatleshaveinternationalsalesofoveronebillionunitsandarethebiggestsellingandmostinfluentialbandinthehistoryofpopularmusic.[449][450][451][455]OtherprominentBritish
contributorstohaveinfluencedpopularmusicoverthelast50yearsincludeTheRollingStones,LedZeppelin,PinkFloyd,Queen,theBeeGees,andEltonJohn,allofwhomhaveworldwide
recordsalesof200millionormore.[456][457][458][459][460][461]TheBritAwardsaretheBPI'sannualmusicawards,andsomeoftheBritishrecipientsoftheOutstandingContributiontoMusic
awardincludeTheWho,DavidBowie,EricClapton,RodStewartandThePolice.[462]MorerecentUKmusicactsthathavehadinternationalsuccessincludeColdplay,Radiohead,Oasis,Spice
Girls,RobbieWilliams,AmyWinehouseandAdele.[463]

TheBeatlesarethemost
commerciallysuccessfuland
criticallyacclaimedbandin
popularmusic,sellingovera
billionrecords. [449][450][451]

AnumberofUKcitiesareknownfortheirmusic.ActsfromLiverpoolhavehadmoreUKchartnumberonehitsinglespercapita(54)thananyothercityworldwide.[464]Glasgow'scontribution
tomusicwasrecognisedin2008whenitwasnamedaUNESCOCityofMusic,oneofonlythreecitiesintheworldtohavethishonour.[465]

Visualart
Mainarticle:ArtoftheUnitedKingdom
ThehistoryofBritishvisualartformspartofwesternarthistory.MajorBritishartistsinclude:theRomanticsWilliamBlake,JohnConstable,SamuelPalmerandJ.M.W.Turnertheportrait
paintersSirJoshuaReynoldsandLucianFreudthelandscapeartistsThomasGainsboroughandL.S.LowrythepioneeroftheArtsandCraftsMovementWilliamMorristhefigurativepainter
FrancisBaconthePopartistsPeterBlake,RichardHamiltonandDavidHockneythecollaborativeduoGilbertandGeorgetheabstractartistHowardHodgkinandthesculptorsAntony
Gormley,AnishKapoorandHenryMoore.Duringthelate1980sand1990stheSaatchiGalleryinLondonhelpedtobringtopublicattentionagroupofmultigenreartistswhowouldbecome
knownasthe"YoungBritishArtists":DamienHirst,ChrisOfili,RachelWhiteread,TraceyEmin,MarkWallinger,SteveMcQueen,SamTaylorWoodandtheChapmanBrothersareamongthe
betterknownmembersofthislooselyaffiliatedmovement.
TheRoyalAcademyinLondonisakeyorganisationforthepromotionofthevisualartsintheUnitedKingdom.MajorschoolsofartintheUKinclude:thesixschoolUniversityoftheArts
London,whichincludestheCentralSaintMartinsCollegeofArtandDesignandChelseaCollegeofArtandDesignGoldsmiths,UniversityofLondontheSladeSchoolofFineArt(partof
UniversityCollegeLondon)theGlasgowSchoolofArttheRoyalCollegeofArtandTheRuskinSchoolofDrawingandFineArt(partoftheUniversityofOxford).TheCourtauldInstituteof
Artisaleadingcentrefortheteachingofthehistoryofart.ImportantartgalleriesintheUnitedKingdomincludetheNationalGallery,NationalPortraitGallery,TateBritainandTateModern
(themostvisitedmodernartgalleryintheworld,witharound4.7millionvisitorsperyear).[466]
J.M.W.Turnerself
portrait,oiloncanvas,c.
1799

Cinema
Mainarticle:CinemaoftheUnitedKingdom

TheUnitedKingdomhashadaconsiderableinfluenceonthehistoryofthecinema.TheBritishdirectorsAlfredHitchcock,whosefilmVertigoisconsideredbysomecriticsasthebestfilmofalltime,[468]andDavidLeanare
amongthemostcriticallyacclaimedofalltime.[469]OtherimportantdirectorsincludingCharlieChaplin,[470]MichaelPowell,[471]CarolReed[472]andRidleyScott.[473]ManyBritishactorshaveachievedinternationalfameand
criticalsuccess,including:JulieAndrews,[474]RichardBurton,[475]MichaelCaine,[476]CharlieChaplin,[477]SeanConnery,[478]VivienLeigh,[479]DavidNiven,[480]LaurenceOlivier,[481]PeterSellers,[482]KateWinslet,[483]
AnthonyHopkins,[484]andDanielDayLewis.[485]SomeofthemostcommerciallysuccessfulfilmsofalltimehavebeenproducedintheUnitedKingdom,includingtwoofthehighestgrossingfilmfranchises(HarryPotterand
JamesBond).[486]EalingStudioshasaclaimtobeingtheoldestcontinuouslyworkingfilmstudiointheworld.[487]

Despiteahistoryofimportantandsuccessfulproductions,theindustryhasoftenbeencharacterisedbyadebateaboutitsidentityandthelevelofAmericanandEuropeaninfluence.British
producersareactiveininternationalcoproductionsandBritishactors,directorsandcrewfeatureregularlyinAmericanfilms.ManysuccessfulHollywoodfilmshavebeenbasedonBritish
people,storiesorevents,includingTitanic,TheLordoftheRings,PiratesoftheCaribbean.
In2009,Britishfilmsgrossedaround$2billionworldwideandachievedamarketshareofaround7%globallyand17%intheUnitedKingdom.[488]UKboxofficetakingstotalled944millionin
2009,witharound173millionadmissions.[488]TheBritishFilmInstitutehasproducedapollrankingofwhatitconsiderstobethe100greatestBritishfilmsofalltime,theBFITop100British
films.[489]TheannualBritishAcademyFilmAwardsarehostedbytheBritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts.[490]

Media
Mainarticle:MediaoftheUnitedKingdom

AlfredHitchcockisoften
rankedthegreatestBritish

TheBBC,foundedin1922,istheUK'spubliclyfundedradio,televisionandInternetbroadcastingcorporation,andistheoldestandlargestbroadcasterinthe
filmmaker. [467]
world.[491][492][493]ItoperatesnumeroustelevisionandradiostationsintheUKandabroadanditsdomesticservicesarefundedbythetelevisionlicence.[494][495]
OthermajorplayersintheUKmediaincludeITVplc,whichoperates11ofthe15regionaltelevisionbroadcastersthatmakeuptheITVNetwork,[496]andNews
Corporation,whichownsanumberofnationalnewspapersthroughNewsInternationalsuchasthemostpopulartabloidTheSunandthelongestestablisheddaily"broadsheet"TheTimes,[497]as
wellasholdingalargestakeinsatellitebroadcasterBritishSkyBroadcasting.[498]LondondominatesthemediasectorintheUK:nationalnewspapersandtelevisionandradioarelargelybased
there,althoughManchesterisalsoasignificantnationalmediacentre.EdinburghandGlasgow,andCardiff,areimportantcentresofnewspaperandbroadcastingproductioninScotlandandWales
respectively.[499]TheUKpublishingsector,includingbooks,directoriesanddatabases,journals,magazinesandbusinessmedia,newspapersandnewsagencies,hasacombinedturnoverof
around20billionandemploysaround167,000people.[500]

BroadcastingHousein
London,headquartersofthe
BBC,theoldestandlargest
broadcasterinthe
world. [491][492][493]

In2009,itwasestimatedthatindividualsviewedameanof3.75hoursoftelevisionperdayand2.81hoursofradio.InthatyearthemainBBCpublicservicebroadcastingchannelsaccountedfor
anestimated28.4%ofalltelevisionviewingthethreemainindependentchannelsaccountedfor29.5%andtheincreasinglyimportantothersatelliteanddigitalchannelsfortheremaining
42.1%.[501]Salesofnewspapershavefallensincethe1970sandin201041%ofpeoplereportedreadingadailynationalnewspaper.[502]In2010,82.5%oftheUKpopulationwereInternetusers,
thehighestproportionamongstthe20countrieswiththelargesttotalnumberofusersinthatyear.[503]

Philosophy
Mainarticle:Britishphilosophy

TheUnitedKingdomisfamousforthetraditionof'BritishEmpiricism',abranchofthephilosophyofknowledgethatstatesthatonlyknowledgeverifiedbyexperienceisvalid,and'ScottishPhilosophy',sometimesreferredto
asthe'ScottishSchoolofCommonSense'.[504]ThemostfamousphilosophersofBritishEmpiricismareJohnLocke,GeorgeBerkeleyandDavidHumewhileDugaldStewart,ThomasReidandWilliamHamiltonweremajor
exponentsoftheScottish"commonsense"school.TwoBritonsarealsonotableforatheoryofmoralphilosophyutilitarianism,firstusedbyJeremyBenthamandlaterbyJohnStuartMillinhisshortwork
Utilitarianism.[505][506]OthereminentphilosophersfromtheUKandtheunionsandcountriesthatprecededitincludeDunsScotus,JohnLilburne,MaryWollstonecraft,SirFrancisBacon,AdamSmith,ThomasHobbes,
WilliamofOckham,BertrandRussellandA.J."Freddie"Ayer.ForeignbornphilosopherswhosettledintheUKincludeIsaiahBerlin,KarlMarx,KarlPopperandLudwigWittgenstein.

Sport
Mainarticle:SportintheUnitedKingdom
Majorsports,includingassociationfootball,tennis,rugbyunion,rugbyleague,golf,boxing,rowingandcricket,originatedorweresubstantiallydevelopedintheUKandthestatesthatprecededit.Withtherulesandcodesof
manymodernsportsinventedandcodifiedinlate19thcenturyVictorianBritain,in2012,thePresidentoftheIOC,JacquesRogge,stated"Thisgreat,sportslovingcountryiswidelyrecognizedasthebirthplaceofmodern
sport.Itwasherethattheconceptsofsportsmanshipandfairplaywerefirstcodifiedintoclearrulesandregulations.Itwasherethatsportwasincludedasaneducationaltoolintheschoolcurriculum".[508][509]

Inmostinternationalcompetitions,separateteamsrepresentEngland,ScotlandandWales.NorthernIrelandandtheRepublicofIrelandusuallyfieldasingleteamrepresentingallof
Ireland,withnotableexceptionsbeingassociationfootballandtheCommonwealthGames.Insportingcontexts,theEnglish,Scottish,WelshandIrish/NorthernIrishteamsareoften
referredtocollectivelyastheHomeNations.TherearesomesportsinwhichasingleteamrepresentsthewholeofUnitedKingdom,includingtheOlympics,wheretheUKisrepresented
bytheGreatBritainteam.The1908,1948and2012SummerOlympicswereheldinLondon,makingitthefirstcitytohostthegamesthreetimes.Britainhasparticipatedineverymodern
OlympicGamestodateandisthirdinthemedalcount.
A2003pollfoundthatfootballisthemostpopularsportintheUnitedKingdom.[510]EnglandisrecognisedbyFIFAasthebirthplaceofclubfootball,andTheFootballAssociationisthe
oldestofitskind,withtherulesoffootballfirstdraftedin1863byEbenezerCobbMorley.[511][512]EachoftheHomeNationshasitsownfootballassociation,nationalteamandleague
system.TheEnglishtopdivision,thePremierLeague,isthemostwatchedfootballleagueintheworld.[513]ThefirsteverinternationalfootballmatchwascontestedbyEnglandand
Scotlandon30November1872.[514]England,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIrelandcompeteasseparatecountriesininternationalcompetitions.[515]AGreatBritainOlympicfootball
teamwasassembledforthefirsttimetocompeteintheLondon2012OlympicGames.However,theScottish,WelshandNorthernIrishfootballassociationsdeclinedtoparticipate,
fearingthatitwouldunderminetheirindependentstatusafearconfirmedbyFIFA.[516]

WembleyStadium,London,homeof
theEnglandnationalfootballteam,is
oneofthemostexpensivestadiaever
built. [507]

In2003,rugbyunionwasrankedthesecondmostpopularsportintheUK.[510]ThesportwascreatedinRugbySchool,Warwickshire,andthefirst
rugbyinternationaltookplaceon27March1871betweenEnglandandScotland.[517][518]England,Scotland,Wales,Ireland,FranceandItalycompeteintheSixNationsChampionship
thepremierinternationaltournamentinthenorthernhemisphere.SportgoverningbodiesinEngland,Scotland,WalesandIrelandorganiseandregulatethegameseparately.[519]Ifanyof
theBritishteamsortheIrishteambeattheotherthreeinatournament,thenitisawardedtheTripleCrown.[520]

TheMillenniumStadium,Cardiff,
openedforthe1999RugbyWorld
Cup.

CricketwasinventedinEngland,anditslawswereestablishedbyMaryleboneCricketClubin1788.[521]TheEnglandcricketteam,controlledbytheEnglandandWalesCricket
Board,[522]istheonlynationalteamintheUKwithTeststatus.Teammembersaredrawnfromthemaincountysides,andincludebothEnglishandWelshplayers.Cricketisdistinctfrom
footballandrugbywhereWalesandEnglandfieldseparatenationalteams,althoughWaleshadfieldeditsownteaminthepast.IrishandScottishplayershaveplayedforEnglandbecause
neitherScotlandnorIrelandhaveTeststatusandhaveonlyrecentlystartedtoplayinOneDayInternationals.[523][524]Scotland,England(andWales),andIreland(includingNorthern
Ireland)havecompetedattheCricketWorldCup,withEnglandreachingthefinalsonthreeoccasions.Thereisaprofessionalleaguechampionshipinwhichclubsrepresenting17English
countiesand1Welshcountycompete.[525]

ThemoderngameoftennisoriginatedinBirmingham,Englandinthe1860s,beforespreadingaroundtheworld.[526]Theworld'soldesttennis
tournament,theWimbledonchampionships,firstoccurredin1877,andtodaytheeventtakesplaceovertwoweeksinlateJuneandearlyJuly.[527]
Thoroughbredracing,whichoriginatedunderCharlesIIofEnglandasthe"sportofkings",ispopularthroughouttheUKwithworldfamousracesincludingtheGrandNational,the
EpsomDerby,RoyalAscotandtheCheltenhamNationalHuntFestival(includingtheCheltenhamGoldCup).TheUKhasprovedsuccessfulintheinternationalsportingarenainrowing.
TheUKiscloselyassociatedwithmotorsport.ManyteamsanddriversinFormulaOne(F1)arebasedintheUK,andthecountryhaswonmoredrivers'andconstructors'titlesthanany
other.TheUKhostedthefirstF1GrandPrixin1950atSilverstone,thecurrentlocationoftheBritishGrandPrixheldeachyearinJuly.[528]TheUKhostslegsoftheGrandPrix
motorcycleracing,WorldRallyChampionshipandFIAWorldEnduranceChampionship.ThepremiernationalautoracingeventistheBritishTouringCarChampionship.Motorcycle
roadracinghasalongtraditionwithracessuchastheIsleofManTTandtheNorthWest200.
Golfisthesixthmostpopularsport,byparticipation,intheUK.AlthoughTheRoyalandAncientGolfClubofStAndrewsinScotlandisthesport'shomecourse,[530]theworld'soldest
golfcourseisactuallyMusselburghLinks'OldGolfCourse.[531]In1764,thestandard18holegolfcoursewascreatedatStAndrewswhenmembersmodifiedthecoursefrom22to18
holes.[529]Theoldestgolftournamentintheworld,andthefirstmajorchampionshipingolf,TheOpenChampionship,isplayedannuallyontheweekendofthethirdFridayinJuly.[532]

Wimbledon,theoldestGrandSlam
tennistournament,isheldin
Wimbledon,LondoneveryJuneand
July.

RugbyleagueoriginatedinHuddersfield,WestYorkshirein1895andisgenerallyplayedinNorthernEngland.[533]Asingle'GreatBritainLions'teamhadcompetedintheRugbyLeagueWorldCupandTestmatchgames,but
thischangedin2008whenEngland,ScotlandandIrelandcompetedasseparatenations.[534]GreatBritainisstillretainedasthefullnationalteam.SuperLeagueisthehighestlevelofprofessionalrugbyleagueintheUKand
Europe.Itconsistsof11teamsfromNorthernEngland,1fromLondon,1fromWalesand1fromFrance.[535]

The'Queensberryrules',thecodeofgeneralrulesinboxing,wasnamedafterJohnDouglas,9thMarquessofQueensberryin1867,thatformedthebasisofmodernboxing.[536]Snookeris
anotheroftheUK'spopularsportingexports,withtheworldchampionshipsheldannuallyinSheffield.[537]InNorthernIrelandGaelicfootballandhurlingarepopularteamsports,bothin
termsofparticipationandspectating,andIrishexpatriatesintheUKandtheUSalsoplaythem.[538]Shinty(orcamanachd)ispopularintheScottishHighlands.[539]Highlandgamesare
heldinspringandsummerinScotland,celebratingScottishandcelticcultureandheritage,especiallythatoftheScottishHighlands.[540]

Symbols
StAndrews,Scotland,thehomeof
golf.Thestandard18holegolf
coursewascreatedatStAndrewsin

Mainarticle:SymbolsoftheUnitedKingdom,theChannelIslandsandtheIsleofMan

TheflagoftheUnitedKingdomistheUnionFlag(alsoreferredtoastheUnionJack).Itwascreatedin1606bythesuperimpositionoftheFlagofEngland
ontheFlagofScotlandandupdatedin1801withtheadditionofSaintPatrick'sFlag.WalesisnotrepresentedintheUnionFlag,asWaleshadbeen
[529]
conqueredandannexedtoEnglandpriortotheformationoftheUnitedKingdom.ThepossibilityofredesigningtheUnionFlagtoincluderepresentationof
1764.
Waleshasnotbeencompletelyruledout.[541]ThenationalanthemoftheUnitedKingdomis"GodSavetheKing",with"King"replacedwith"Queen"in
thelyricswheneverthemonarchisawoman.
BritanniaisanationalpersonificationoftheUnitedKingdom,originatingfromRomanBritain.[542]Britanniaissymbolisedasayoungwomanwithbrownorgoldenhair,wearingaCorinthian
helmetandwhiterobes.SheholdsPoseidon'sthreeprongedtridentandashield,bearingtheUnionFlag.Sometimessheisdepictedasridingonthebackofalion.SincetheheightoftheBritish
Empireinthelate19thcentury,BritanniahasoftenbeenassociatedwithBritishmaritimedominance,asinthepatrioticsong"Rule,Britannia!".Upuntil2008,thelionsymbolwasdepicted
behindBritanniaontheBritishfiftypencecoinandonthebackoftheBritishtenpencecoin.ItisalsousedasasymbolonthenonceremonialflagoftheBritishArmy.Thebulldogissometimes
usedasasymboloftheUnitedKingdomandhasbeenassociatedwithWinstonChurchill'sdefianceofNaziGermany.[543]

Seealso
OutlineoftheUnitedKingdom
WalkingintheUnitedKingdom

TheStatueofBritanniain
Plymouth.Britanniaisa
nationalpersonificationof
theUK.

Notes
1. AnalternativevariantoftheRoyalcoatofarmsisusedinScotland:[clicktoviewimage].
2. Thereisnoauthorisedversionofthenationalanthemasthewordsareamatteroftraditiononlythefirstverseisusuallysung.[1]Nolawwaspassedmaking"GodSavetheQueen"theofficialanthem.IntheEnglishtradition,suchlawsarenot
necessaryproclamationandusagearesufficienttomakeitthenationalanthem."GodSavetheQueen"alsoservesastheRoyalanthemforcertainCommonwealthrealms.
3. UndertheCouncilofEurope'sEuropeanCharterforRegionalorMinorityLanguages,Scotsincl.UlsterScots,Welsh,Cornish,IrishandScottishGaelic,areofficiallyrecognisedasregionalorminoritylanguagesbytheBritishgovernmentfor
thepurposesoftheCharter.SeealsoLanguagesoftheUnitedKingdom.[2]
4. EuropeanUnionsince1993.
5. IPAtranscriptions
"UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland"
Standard:/junatdkdmvretbrtnnnrrnarlnd/
RP: i /junatdkdmvretbrtnnnnalnd/

6.
7.
8.
9.

"UK"/juke/
"Britain" i /brtn/
AlthoughNorthernIrelandistheonlypartoftheUKthatsharesalandborderwithanotherstate,twoofitsOverseasTerritoriesalsosharelandborderswithotherstates.GibraltarsharesaborderwithSpain,whiletheSovereignBaseAreasof
AkrotiriandDhekeliashareborderswiththeRepublicofCyprus,TurkishRepublicofNorthernCyprusandUNbufferzoneseparatingthetwoCypriotpolities.
TheAngloIrishTreatywassignedon6December1921toresolvetheIrishWarofIndependence.Effectiveoneyearlater,itestablishedtheIrishFreeStateasaseparatedominionwithintheCommonwealth.TheUK'scurrentnamewasadoptedin
1927toreflectthechange.
Comparetosection1ofbothofthe1800ActsofUnionwhichreads:theKingdomsofGreatBritainandIrelandshall...beunitedintooneKingdom,bytheNameof"TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland"
SincetheearlytwentiethcenturytheprimeministerhasheldtheofficeofFirstLordoftheTreasury,andinrecentdecadeshasalsoheldtheofficeofMinisterfortheCivilService.

10. SinnFin,anIrishrepublicanparty,alsocontestselectionsintheRepublicofIreland.
11. In20072008,thiswascalculatedtobe115perweekforsingleadultswithnodependentchildren199perweekforcoupleswithnodependentchildren195perweekforsingleadultswithtwodependentchildrenunder14and279perweek
forcoupleswithtwodependentchildrenunder14.
12. The2011CensusrecordedGypsies/Travellersasaseparateethnicgroupforthefirsttime.
13. Inthe2011Census,forthepurposeofharmonisingresultstomakethemcomparableacrosstheUK,theONSincludesindividualsinScotlandwhoclassifiedthemselvesinthe"African"category(29,638people),whichintheScottishversionof
thecensusisseparatefrom"CaribbeanorBlack"(6,540people),[341]inthisgrouping.TheONSnotethat"theAfricancategoriesusedinScotlandcouldpotentiallycaptureWhite/Asian/OtherAfricaninadditiontoBlackidentities".[342]

References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
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18.
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22.
23.
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25.
26.
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36.

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WestminsterandBelfasthassimilaritieswithdivisionsspecifiedinthewrittenconstitutionsoffederalstates...AlthoughtheAgreementmakesthegeneralprovisothatWestminster's'powerstomakelegislationforNorthernIreland'remains
'unaffected',withoutanexplicitcategoricalreferencetoreservedmatters,itmaybemoredifficultthaninScotlandorWalesfordevolvedpowerstoberepatriated.TheretractionofdevolvedpowerswouldnotmerelyentailconsultationinNorthern
Irelandbackedimplicitlybytheabsolutepowerofparliamentarysovereigntybutalsotherenegotiationofanintergovernmentalagreement."
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Furtherreading
Hitchens,Peter(2000).TheAbolitionofBritain:FromWinstonChurchilltoPrincessDiana.Seconded.SanFrancisco,Calif.:EncounterBooks.xi,332pp.ISBN189355418X.
Lambert,RichardS.(1964).TheGreatHeritage:AHistoryofBritainforCanadians.HouseofGrant,1964(andearliereditionsandprintings).

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