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Compressor Demand
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December 2014
Featured Articles
16 2014 Engine Specs-At-A-Glance
18 CPI Develops Compressor Valve With Replaceable Seat Plate
34 Exterran Offers Highly Configurable Compressor Package
36 Revamp Of A Reciprocating Compressor Unit
40 2014 Year In Review
48 Cozzanis Stepless Capacity Control Tested
54 GEA Gradually Expands Compression Range
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Industrial engines rarely rest, pumping out power hour after hour.
That 1,000 hp engine would have filled the USS Macon airship of
1933 with 6 1/2 million cubic feet of helium in just 20 hours.
But of course power isnt the only thing these engines put out. To handle the resulting
emissions demands a catalyst of equal durability, one that can remove 6 tons of Carbon
Monoxide and Oxides of Nitrogen every 1000 hours.
It is not surprising, then, that more and more companies are turning to the global leader in
the research, design, engineering and manufacturing of advanced emission
control technologies: DCL International. And thats not just hot air either.
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Global Perspective
BY ROBERTO CHELLINI
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
uch has been said about Russia shutting off pipeline shipments of natural gas to Ukraine and Europe
to counteract the U.S. and European sanctions.
But in reality nobody has an interest in altering the status quo. Russia needs the money Gazprom collects for gas
sales. Europe is its major customer. Ukraine, on the edge of
bankruptcy, has problems paying Gazproms invoices from
last winter. So at the end of the day, the parties needed to
sit at a table and try to resolve their problems and that is
what happened.
Russia and Ukraine have finalized an agreement that will
see the resumption of natural gas supplies to Ukraine. The
gas price was negotiated at US$378/1000 m3 until the end
of the year, then US$365 until the end of next March. Beyond that, no secure deal is in place.
The accord is also dependent on Ukraine paying the first
tranche of its gas arrears US$1.45 billion before supplies are restarted. The European Commission acted as a
third party signatory, guaranteeing both sides would fulfill
the obligations of the document, essentially ensuring Russia will receive payment.
The agreement should eradicate fears of gas shortages
in Europe this winter, particularly in the central and southeastern European nations that are dependent on Ukraine
as a transit route for gas deliveries. The deal also comes
just in time for the start of the winter heating season, when
countries begin to draw down on gas storage.
The deal is crucial for Russia and Gazprom, which have
been impacted by lower revenues from the loss of the
Ukrainian gas market over the summer, compounding the
impact of European Union and U.S. sanctions on the ability
of oil and gas companies to borrow money.
Gazproms profits fell in the first half of 2014 due to the
lower prices it charged Ukraine over the winter just
US$285/1000 m3. Gazprom cut supplies to Ukraine comDECEMBER 2014
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FEBRUARY
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Feb. 18-19
*Gas/Electric Partnership
Conference Cypress, Texas
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Dec. 10-12
International Petroleum Technology
Conference Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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kualalumpur
Feb. 22-25
Laurance Reid Gas Conditioning
Conference Norman, Oklahoma
Tel: +1 (405) 325-3891
Web: www.ou.edu/outreach/engr/
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JANUARY 2015
MARCH
March 11-13
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Jan. 20-22
Offshore West Africa Lagos, Nigeria
DECEMBER 2014
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*Middle East Turbomachinery
Symposium Doha, Qatar
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For a complete listing of upcoming events, please visit our website at www.compressortech2.com/events/
March 25-27
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Georgian International Oil, Gas,
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Tbilisi, Georgia
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March 31-April 2
Offshore Asia Conference & Exhibition
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APRIL
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*Gas Processors Association
DECEMBER 2014
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MAY
May 4-7
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Houston
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May 12-14
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Roundtable Moon Township,
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May 12-14
Oil & Gas Uzbekistan
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COMPRESSORtech2
11/19/14 8:51 AM
By Norm shade
or the past four years, while natural gas prices stagnated, strong oil and gas liquids prices have fueled
growth in domestic shale development. That has
driven exceptional demand for compressors, especially for
gas lift, gathering and processing applications, as well as
for vapor recovery.
The Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported that
U.S. oil production in October was at the highest level since
the 1980s. It expects that U.S. shale oil production in December will increase by 125,000 bbl/d from November. Almost all
of this growth will come from the Permian Basin, Bakken and
Eagle Ford plays. The Eagle Ford alone has grown 42% in
the past year. The long-term growth outlook remains bullish,
and Platts recently projected that the U.S. could soon surpass Saudi Arabia as the top global oil producer.
Meanwhile, despite less than spectacular prices, natural gas production has also grown, led by the Appalachian
Basin. EIA expects the Marcellus Shale flow to reach 16.04
Bcfd (4.5 x 108 m3/d) in December, with the Utica Shale
adding 1.67 Bcfd (0.47 x 108 m3/d).
This record gas production has pushed prices from above
US$4.50/Mcf in the first half of 2014, down to the US$3.80
to US$4 range since August. By mid-November, New York
Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) prices appeared to be drifting even lower.
Sooner or later, just like the natural gas industry, oil had
to recoil from its booming success. Production growth has
exceeded demand, causing oil and gas liquids prices to
plummet. Since early August, NYMEX West Texas Intermediate crude oil prices have fallen steadily from above
US$100/bbl to below US$80/bbl by early November. Gas
liquids prices have suffered similar declines.
As oil prices have fallen, the obvious question is: At
what price does shale oil become uneconomic to produce?
Some believe it begins at US$80/bbl; others see it as low
as US$50/bbl because shale oil extraction is getting more
efficient. According to the EIA, production per rig has in-
creased by more than 300% over the past four years. The
International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that about
98% of crude oil and condensate production in the U.S.
has a break-even price of below US$80 and 82% has a
break-even price of US$60 or lower. That may only temper
the shutdown of drilling operations but it will certainly put a
damper on expansion plans.
For the first time since 2010, domestic oil output is expected to grow at a slower rate than the year before. Some
producers, including Continental Resources, ConocoPhillips and Pioneer Natural Resources, have already announced postponements of their 2015 expansion plans.
Major oil companies, such as Chevron, ExxonMobil and
Shell, are also deferring expansions and scrapping operations that have narrow profit margins, according to The Wall
Street Journal.
Halliburton Chairman, President and CEO Dave Lesar
opined that the crude oil market should correct itself next
year. He said that shale operations are more responsive
to market signals than is conventional oil production, so an
oversupply can be erased more quickly. He also indicated
that demand is creeping up, albeit at a lower rate.
Some Marcellus gas producers are also re-evaluating
their operations because the surge in their output, which
has exceeded pipeline capacity, is driving gas prices lower.
For example, Cabot Oil & Gas intends to finish its pipeline
projects in the Marcellus Shale and then transfer investments to other fields until additional pipeline capacity becomes available in 2017.
As it did last year, the intensity of the winter will determine the near-term pricing levels for gas. Storage levels
were depleted last winter and their replenishment has
helped hold prices up in some regions. EIA reported that
working gas storage at the end of October was still 6.2%
less than a year ago and 6.8% below the five-year average, despite a record summer injection of 2749 Bcf (7.8
x 1010 m3).
All the signals suggest that compressor demand has
probably peaked already, and at least a temporary retreat
is a certainty for 2015. How steep and how long the decline
will be depends on whether oil and gas prices begin to recover without significant production cuts. CT2
december 2014 12
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Monitoring Government
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2014 ENGINE
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9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1000 to 5200
1000 to 2670
Caterpillar Global
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31 to 16,226
Caterpillar Marine
Power Systems
8 to 16,000
Cummins
37 to 3281
Daihatsu
1300
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Anglo Belgian Corp.
1000
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December 2014
CT501_Specs.indd 1
16
Compressortech2
11/19/14 10:33 AM
SPECS-AT-A-GLANCE
Diesel or Heavy Fuel
Dual Fuel
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6000
5000
4000
3000
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1200
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1000
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Gaseous Fuel
450 to 87,220
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1740 to 87,220
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30 to 4000
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1350 to 35,520
1350 to 35,520
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Moteurs Baudouin
MTU
Friedrichshafen GmbH
MWM
3760 to 15,400
3650 to 5500
60 to 883
75 to 10,000
200 to 2530
548 to 2061
400 to 4300
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500 to 13,768
Perkins
4 to 2000
1007 to 6032
322 to 1042
1685 to 12,000
Rolls-Royce
1425 to 9620
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corner
TECH
ogy (patent pending). Both combinations have achieved incremental reduction in exhaust emissions with large-bore,
slow-speed natural gas engines. The engine results of both
of these combinations have been previously published [7].
In this paper, the continuation of the technology validation of
the combination of the high-energy ignition and the dual-stage
prechamber technology will be presented in terms of the complete engine test on an integral gas compressor engine.
While the dual-stage prechamber technology described
in this paper was tested on a legacy integral gas compressor engine, the concept is also believed to be applicable to
newer, high brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), large
bore two-stroke or four-stroke engines. The paper merely
intends to present the potential of this technology and calls
for the next step of generating specific production solutions
to address the industrys needs.
The information in the following section has been published previously [7] and is presented to provide an adequate
foundation for the new results presented later in this paper.
perators of lean-burn natural gas engines are constantly striving to meet emissions requirements in
the most cost effective way possible. More specifically, the conversions of legacy large-bore (greater than 9.8
in. [250 mm]) natural gas engines can easily reach in excess of US$100,000.
This approach still provides some cost savings over a
new engine installation, but is no longer necessary thanks
to recent breakthroughs in high-energy ignition systems
and the design of passive prechamber plugs via the use of
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [1-6].
This paper provides a summary of the advancements made
in the past year by coupling emerging technologies such as
the high-energy ignition and passive prechamber spark plug
technologies and applying them to large-bore gas engines.
Two different configurations are covered. The first is the
combination of the high-energy ignition technology with the
passive prechamber spark plug in an open-engine combustion chamber configuration. The second is the same
combination but this time the passive prechamber spark
plug is located inside a fuel-fed precombustion chamber
and referred to as the dual-stage prechamber technol-
David Lepley has a bachelors degree in electrical engineering from Youngstown State University. He is Product Manager
Ignition Systems for Altronic, with responsibility for developing and promoting advanced ignition technologies for gas
engines. Luigi Tozzi has a doctorate in mechanical engineering
from the University of Naples, Italy. His emphasis has been on
lean burn gas engine combustion since the early 1980s. As
president of Prometheus Applied Technologies, he leads the
development and commercialization of precombustion chamber systems for large lean burn gas engines. Emmanuella Sotiropoulou has a masters in electrical engineering from Colorado
State University. As vice president at Prometheus Applied
Technologies, she is in charge of the development of precombustion chamber systems for large lean burn gas engines.
This paper was presented at the Gas Machinery Research
Conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in October of 2013.
December 2014
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CompressorsTurbo & Recip / Steam Turbines / Gas Turbines / Engines / Control Systems / Expanders
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advantages resulting from using this ignition system compared to a conventional system are the subject of a previous publication [10].
Combustion pressure transducers are installed in all four
cylinders, allowing for high-speed combustion pressure
measurements via a high-speed data acquisition system
(HSDA). The HSDA was controlled by a National Instruments PXI-1002 system.
The software computed combustion parameters such as
peak cylinder pressure and location, heat release rate, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and cycle-to-cycle
variations. It was possible to monitor exhaust gas emissions of the entire engine.
The five-gas analyzer used for the test was a Rosemount
five-gas emissions analyzer that measures CO, CO2, THC,
NOx and O2 concentrations. Both measuring systems are
shown in Figure 3.
300
Bore (mm)
356
Stroke (mm)
356
CR
10
The specific advantages resulting from using an electronic fuel control valve compared to a mechanical check valve
have been discussed in a previous publication [9] and are
not addressed in this paper. However, the need to use this
type of fuel delivery system in this study was mainly to control the fuel amount delivered independently of the cylinder
pressure during the time of admission.
CT471.indd 2
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reply@prognost.com www.prognost.com
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n Figure 5. The lambda distribution of the two spark plug locations [7].
Due to the large variation in lambda distribution observed
in the CFD results, the two designs shown in Figure 6 were
developed. The prechamber plug designs were able to successfully trap some fuel during the direct injection event to
provide a richer environment than the conventional spark
plug for the initial flame development.
CT471.indd 3
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P E R F O R M A N C E. D E L I V E R Y. R E L I A B I L I T Y.
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n Figure 11. The lambda distribution in the conventional prechamber (left) and dual-stage prechamber (right) [7].
Ignition is initiated in the passive prechamber spark plug,
December 2014
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The most comprehensive picture of the combustion results is shown in Figure 13 in terms of the trade-off between
brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific (BS) NOx
emissions at 500 hp. All spark timings of the dual-stage prechamber produce a higher BTE with lower NOx emissions
compared to the baseline.
At 0.75 g/bhp-hr of BS NOx emissions, the efficiency gain
ranges from approximately 0.5% points to 1.5% points. It
was expected that the dual-stage prechamber would require
more advance timing than the baseline due to the leaner second stage and to the time delay introduced by the first stage.
The dual-stage prechamber achieves a BTE range between 30.6 and 31.8% at 0.5 g/bhp-hr. It was not possible to
obtain any data points at leaner than 0.35 g/bhp-hr because
the engine had reached the airflow limit.
n Figure 13. The 500 hp BTE/NOx trade-off comparison of the conventional precombustion chamber (baseline) and the dual-stage
prechamber.
The improved trade-off between BTE and NOx emissions
can be attributed mostly to the leaner conditions occurring inside the second stage and to the enhanced flame propagation
resulting from the flame jet ignition of the rich first stage. It
can be further confirmed by comparing the mass of fuel in the
second stage at 4.85 mg per injection to that of the baseline
at 20.2 mg per injection (approximately 76% reduction in fuel).
Another contributing factor for this gain in efficiency is the
increased engine stability due to the more efficient design
of the second stage producing three flame jets instead of
one (Figure 10), increasing the main chamber turbulence
and, therefore, flame propagation. The engine stability is
measured in terms of the coefficient of variation of indicated
mean effective pressure (COV of IMEP). A comparison between the baseline and the dual stage is shown in Figure
14. The results indicate that the baseline has an acceptable
COV of IMEP of less than 5% at NOx levels higher than 0.75
g/bhp-hr. In contrast, the dual-stage prechamber is able to
operate at a comparable COV of IMEP of less than 5% at
a NOx level of less than 0.4 g/bhp-hr and is limited by the
engines airflow limit. Another observation can be made at
the same emissions of 0.75 g/bhp-hr, where the dual-stage
December 2014
CT471.indd 5
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11/19/14 9:23 AM
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References
[1] Lepley, J. M., et al, A New Technology Electronic Ignition Which Eliminates the Limitations of Traditional Ignition
Systems, CIMAC Congress 2010, Bergen, Paper No. 173.
[2] Yasueda, S., et al, Predicting Autoignition caused by
Lubricating Oil in Gas Engines, CIMAC Congress 2013,
Shanghai, Paper No. 37.
[3] Sotiropoulou, E., et al, A Method for Predicting Knock
in Gas Engines by means of Chemical Precursors from Detailed Chemistry CFD, Proceedings of the Eighth Dessau
Gas Engine Conference, 2013.
[4] Tozzi, L., et al, Passive prechamber spark plugs:
Then and now, Proceedings of the Seventh Dessau Gas
Engine Conference, 2011, pp. 157-168.
[5] Martinez-Morett, D., et al, A Reduced Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for CFD Simulations of High BMEP, LeanBurn Natural Gas Engines, Proceedings of the ASME
Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, 2012, ICES2012-81109
[6] Convergent Science Inc. website: http://convergecfd.
com/.
[7] Sotiropoulou, E., et al, Solutions for Meeting Low
Emission Requirements in Large Bore Natural Gas Engines, CIMAC Congress 2013, Shanghai, Paper No. 278.
[8] Altronic Inc., website: http://www.altronicinc.com/pdf/
HVT Sales Sheets/ePCC_6-12.pdf.
[9] Lepley, D.T., et al, Development and Performance
Analysis of an Advanced Combustion Control System on a
Fuel-Admitted High-Speed Natural Gas Engine, Gas Machinery Conference, 2012.
[10] Bell, D.E., et al, Field Validation of a Directed Energy Ignition System on Large Bore Natural Gas-Fueled
Reciprocating Engines, Gas Machinery Conference, 2012.
CT471.indd 6
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1:35 PM
AM
Revamp Of A Reciprocating
study details work for
Compressor Unit > Case
Eastern European refinery
By Andreas Hahn
This verifies that the compressor ful
fills the designated process conditions
without deviations and avoids general
mechanical or performance problems.
Following this, a calculation is made
with new operating conditions.
In a first step, a pre-check is made in
order to see if an adaptation of the com
pressor for the new operating condi
tions is possible in principle. The modifi
cation of both the compressor itself and
the surrounding accessories needs to
be considered. If the pre-check result
is positive, a revamp project is realistic.
DECEMBER 2014
CT488.indd 1
Compressor verification
The second step is the detailed veri
fication of a compressor revamp as an
engineering study. It starts with a ther
modynamics and compressor calcula
tion by incorporating the specific com
pressor details into KO. In order to be
able to run the thermodynamic calcu
lation, the gas analysis, suction pres
sure, suction temperature, discharge
pressure and required capacity must
be known for each process or case.
For this case study the conclu
sion was to install a new compressor
crankshaft with an increased stroke to
fulfill customer requirements within the
allowable compressor limits. The pis
ton rods and piston had to be replaced
due to the existing cylinders running
length. The advantage here is that the
cylinders are not changed; the general
compressor arrangement can remain.
Each variation in process conditions
of compressor properties has an im
pact on compressor valves. After the
detailed compressor layout calcula
tion, the valve design needs to be con
firmed. Since the valve dynamics exert
a major influence on compressor per
formance, valve checking is manda
tory to confirm the compressor layout.
After the thermodynamics and
valves are confirmed, the compressors
continued on page 38
Compressortech2
11/19/14 9:44 AM
fl e x i bi l i t y
c o m e s s ta n d a r d
More options, more choices, more control
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11/12/14 11:40 AM
11/19/14
3:24 PMof
settings
E-Instruments.indd 1
www.tedomengines.com
DECEMBER 2014 38
Compressortech2
CT488.indd 2
Tedom.indd 1
10/22/14 3:08 PM
11/19/14 3:25 PM
Ellwood.qxp
1/27/10
11:51 AM
Page 1
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MIRATECHs New
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Risk analysis
The NEA Group has generated a spark hazard analysis
and risk assessment for reciprocating compressor units. If
there is a substantial modification, the assessment is performed and measures are indicated.
Special management for product safety is necessary for
revamping and modernization. It must be assured by the
OEM or an expert authority that the considered revamp
measures are a safe solution and the means by which the
revamp is selected and designed.
Just as for new compressor design, the major revamp
jobs or modifications must comply with the advised product
process. This means use of a procedure for all scheduled
quality control instructions, for feasibility study, risk assessment design engineering and fabrication.
Revamp/modernization is a special product that needs
special handling. Due to the fact that large numbers of
reciprocating compressors operate over several decades
and can run far longer, it is a good opportunity to make
them fit for current technical specifications and process
conditions by revamping. With the right technical support
by a compressor OEM, the reciprocating compressor can
be prepared for long-term operation and to match the operating companys demands while remaining technically
safe and economically reasonable. CT2
DECEMBER 2014
CT488.indd 3
ENGINEERED TO PERFORM
800-640-3141 | MIRATECHCORP.COM
39
Miratech.indd 1
COMPRESSORtech2
11/19/14 9:45 AM
11/13/14 1:33 PM
20
2 12
0
11
2010
2009
2008
7
200 6
0
20 05
20
13
04
200
3
2002
2001
2000
4
1
20
20
Year
In Review
Expansions abound
as the shale gas
boom continues
By
er
lat
JS
Theres no business like the oil and gas business right now. The shale gas
boom continued through 2014, with several manufacturers and packagers taking advantage in the form of acquisitions and mergers.
The biggest players were GE and Siemens. GE acquired Camerons reciprocating
compression business in early June, and then followed it up with plans to nab Alstoms Power and Grid
businesses. Siemens, meanwhile, inked deals to acquire Rolls-Royces power turbine and compressor
business, as well as Dresser-Rand.
The compressor rental and packaging sectors also saw a flurry of activity during 2014. Exterran
Partners acquired 334 compression units totaling 440,000 hp (328 MW) from MidCon Compression in
February, only to go back for 162 more in July. Enerflex Ltd. purchased Axip Energy Services international contract compression and processing operations, as well as its after-market services business.
In August, Compressco Partners boosted its fleet from 87,000 to 1,045,000 hp (65 to 780 MW) with the
purchase of Compressor Systems Inc. (CSI).
The year was not without its drawbacks, however. Compressor station protests were common throughout the year. In addition, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced plans in July to establish
energy efficiency standards for new natural gas compressors as part of a program to reduce methane
leaks from natural gas pipelines.
A slowdown in the boom, though, does not appear to be forthcoming. On Nov. 11, three more news
stories broke, all dealing with acquisitions and expansions. Motor-Services Hugo Stamp (MSHS) announced that it would expand its service facility in New Orleans, Louisiana. Rexnord Power Transmission
announced an agreement to acquire Euroflex Tranmissions (India) Pvt. Ltd. T.F. Hudgins also completed
its acquisition of Jamison Products on the same day.
November 2013
Nov. 5 India launches its first rocket to Mars, aiming to put a
satellite in orbit around the red planet. It began orbiting Mars
in September, searching for methane and signs of minerals.
Nov. 12 FS-Elliott Co. LLC, a manufacturer of oil-free centrifugal air and gas compressors, expands into the Southeast Asia region by establishing a new representative office in Selangor, Malaysia.
Nov. 12 Dresser-Rand joins Gaelectric, a renewable energy firm, in the development of its compressed air energy
storage (CAES) site near Larne, Northern Ireland. They also
form an alliance to develop other European CAES projects.
Nov. 14 EQT Corp., one of the largest producers in Appalachia, gives Valerus a contract to provide 15,000 hp (11.2
MW) of compression for two pipeline stations in southwestern Pennsylvania.
Nov. 21 Detechtion Technologies receives an undisclosed
investment by Element Partners, a growth equity fund focused on energy and industrial technology companies.
december 2014
CT496.indd 1
December
Dec. 2 Siemens Energy improves its STC-SOL turbocompressor for coking industry applications by reducing the
number of casting components and using an impeller technology that improves compressor efficiency up to 15%.
Dec. 3 Rolls-Royce receives a US$28 million contract to
40
Compressortech2
11/19/14 11:46 Am
Dec. 9 GE unveils plans to build its Global Research Center in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The 95,000 sq.ft. (8826
m2) center will focus on accelerating mid- to later-stage oil
and gas technologies developed in the companys labs,
such as production systems, well construction, water use
optimization, CO2 products, and energy systems.
Dec. 9 Valerus agrees to sell Valerus Field Solutions for
US$435 million to Kentz Corp. Ltd., the holding company
of the Kentz engineering and construction group.
Dec. 11 Flowserve Corp. acquires Innovative Mag-Drive,
LLC, or Innomag, a privately owned American manufacturer of sealless magnetic-drive centrifugal pumps used
primarily in the chemical and general industries.
Dec. 16 Wood Group GTS appoints Mike Fisher as
president of its U.S. oil, gas and industrial services
(OGIS) business.
Dec. 17 GE Oil & Gas signs a 12-year contractual service
agreement with Yara International ASA, a global chemical
company based in Oslo, Norway, to maintain an array of
GE rotating equipment at Yaras fertilizer complex in Sluiskil, in the province of Zeeland, Netherlands.
Dec. 18 Ronald Biggs dies. Involved in the Great Train
Robbery of 1963, he became one of the worlds most legendary criminals. He spent more than 30 years as a fugitive before turning himself in.
Dec. 19 Cuba lifts a ban on imported autos that it imposed
in 1963.
January 2014
Jan. 7 Ojibway Enclosures completes its move from its former Janesville, Wisconsin, production facilities and offices
into Universal Acoustic & Emission Technologies Center of
February
Feb. 2 The Seattle Seahawks defeat the Denver Broncos 43-8 in Super Bowl XLVIII at MetLife Stadium in East
Rutherford, New Jersey. It was the first Super Bowl played
outdoors in a cold-weather city.
Feb. 3 GE launches a downstream technology solutions
(DTS) business to supply equipment and services more
efficiently to the US$10 billion refining, petrochemical, industrial and distributed gas segments.
Feb. 10 Film star Shirley Temple dies at 85.
Feb. 10 GE Oil & Gas makes the first Latin American sale
of its advanced ICL compressors to Total S.A., which will
continued on page 42
december 2014 41
Compressortech2
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11/20/14 10:20 AM
use two of the single-stage units at a new compressor station for the Incahuasi project in Bolivia.
Feb. 13 IMI Sensors (IMI), a division of PCB Piezotronics
Inc., receives CSA approval of its Echo Wireless Vibration
Monitoring System (model CS672A01) for vibration monitoring in Class 1 Division 2 Hazardous Area applications.
jing, loses contact with air traffic control less than hour after takeoff. No distress signal or message was sent and
the plane remains missing.
March 14 GE opens its newly expanded oil and gas facility in Ft, Hungary. The manufacturing plant was substantially enlarged with the addition of a new 86,111 sq.ft.
(8000 m2) manufacturing facility and a 32,292 sq.ft. (3000
m2) office building.
March 19 ICF International prepares a report for the INGAA Foundation and Americas Natural Gas Alliance. The
report states that the United States and Canada will require annual average midstream natural gas, crude oil and
natural gas liquids midstream infrastructure investment of
nearly US$30 billion per year, or US$641 billion (in 2012
dollars) from 2014 to 2035.
March 21 Despite the states efforts to limit flaring, the
North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources reports
that production of nonmarketed natural gas was 310
MMcfd (8.8 x 106 m3/d) in 2013, almost double the 160
MMcfd (4.5 x 106 m3/d) in 2011. Most nonmarketed natural
gas is flared into the atmosphere.
March 27 Kinder Morgan Energy Partners LP announces plans to build a 213 mile (343 km), 16 in. (400
mm) pipeline to move carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
St. Johns field in Apache County, Arizona, to its Cortez
Pipeline in Torrance County, New Mexico. The new Lobos pipeline will have an initial capacity of 300 MMcfd
(8500 m3/d).
March 31 Paris celebrates 125 years of the Eiffel Tower.
The wrought-iron lattice tower is one of the most iconic
structures in the world.
April
April 3 MarkWest Energy Partners LP orders more than
70 Caterpillar G3600 engines. A combination of G3608 engines rated at 2370 hp (1.7 MW) and G3612 engines rated
at 3550 hp (2.6 MW) will be used to support gas gathering
operations across the Utica and Marcellus shale producing regions.
April 7 India begins its elections, one of the biggest voting events in the world. Some 814 million voters 100
million more than the last elections in 2009 are eligible
to cast ballots at 930,000 polling stations, up from 830,000
in 2009.
April 11 Cook Compression completes its move of its
Oklahoma City service center to 6836 Pat Ave. The new
facility offers complete cylinder and power repair services
for all major reciprocating compressors.
April 11 Shell indefinitely postpones a project to install
subsea compression at Ormen Lange field in the North
Sea due to rising costs in Norways offshore oil sector. The
company explained that compression was not time-critical
to the ultimate recovery from the field.
April 14 Enerflex Ltd., Calgary, names Marc Rossiter as
president of United States and Latin American operations
and Bradley Beebe as president of Canadian operations.
April 17 Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the Colombian novelist
March
March 3 Kinder Morgan orders two of Everest Sciences
Corp.s ECOChill units for its Uniondale Compressor station on the Tennessee Gas Pipeline near West Clifford,
Pennsylvania.
March 8 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370, which departed
from Kuala Lumpur International Airport en route to Beidecember 2014
CT496.indd 3
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Compressortech2
11/20/14 10:36 AM
May 19 Altronics GTI Bi-Fuel product line receives aftermarket certification from the Air Resources Board of
the state of California Environmental Protection Agency
(CARB) for use on off-road compression-ignition engines in
stationary applications.
May
May 1 Exterran Holdings signs a 12-year compression services contract with the consortium BCAM-40 for its compressor station in Bahia, Brazil. Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras) will serve as the field operator for the project, which will
use 28,000 hp (20,880 kW) of compression equipment, as
well as associated natural gas production equipment.
May 7 Rolls-Royce announces that it is selling its energy gas turbine and compressor business to Siemens for
US$1.32 billion.
May 9 CDM Resource Management completes construction of a 16,000 sq.ft. (1486 m2) training facility in Houston
as part of its enhanced training program initiative. The facility has three classrooms, a conference room and 10,000
sq.ft. (930 m2) of space for instruction.
May 15 Audax Private Equity acquires Miratech Corp., augmenting it with the silencing business of another company
it owns, Phillips & Temro Industries (PTI). Tulsa, Oklahomabased Miratech was renamed Miratech Group LLC.
december 2014
CT496.indd 4
June
June 3 GE completes its US$550 million acquisition of
Camerons reciprocating compression business, which
was merged into the GE Oil & Gas Downstream Technology Solutions business. The new business unit was formed
to deliver products and services and packaged products
for the traditional downstream and unconventional oil and
gas markets.
June 4 The Canadian government announces mandatory
emissions standards for major industries, including the stationary engines used to drive gas compressors. The regulation also affects air pollution from boilers, heaters and
cement kilns. It brings Canadas air quality rules closer to
continued on page 44
43
Compressortech2
11/20/14 10:39 aM
July 21 The Alstom Board of Direction unanimously decides to recommend GEs offer to acquire its Power and
Grid businesses.
July 23 Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) receives a
US$1.8 million contract from the U.S. Department of Energy to develop, build and test a linear motor reciprocating
compressor (LMRC). The goal of the project is to increase
efficiency and reduce costs for hydrogen compression.
July 23 Compass Compression Services Ltd. and
Compass Compression Solutions Inc. break ground on
a 75,000 sq.ft. (6970 m2) plant in Calgarys Southeast
Frontier Industrial Park. When the building is completed
in the second quarter of 2015, Compass Compression
will have 125,000 sq.ft. (11,600 m2) of gas compression
fabrication capacity.
July
July 1 Enerflex Ltd. of Calgary completes its US$430 million purchase of Axip Energy Services international contract compression and processing operations, as well as
its aftermarket services business.
July 7 Kobelco Machinery do Brasil Ltda. begins marketing nonstandard compressors (custom-engineered process compressors) in South America from its headquarters in Sao Paulo.
July 13 Germany wins its fourth World Cup title by beating Argentina 1-0 at the Maracan in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The lone goal in the soccer game came in extra time
from Mario Gotze.
July 14 Exterran Partners acquires another 162 compression units, totaling 110,000 hp (82 MW), from MidCon
Compression for US$135 million.
July 17 Corac Group expands its test facility at its Technology Centre in Slough, England, with the commissioning
of a dirty gas flow loop.
december 2014
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11/20/14 10:52 AM
of the Panama Canal, an engineering marvel that permanently changed world trade and still plays an essential role
in global commerce.
Aug. 18 Cameron announces that it is selling its centrifugal compression division to Ingersoll Rand for US$850
million as part of a long-term business strategy to focus on
its core markets.
Aug. 19 Festivities in Hungary mark the 25th anniversary
of the opening of its borders to the noncommunist West.
The open Hungarian border with Austria allowed thousands of people to leave communist Eastern Europe. The
decision paved the way for the fall of the Berlin Wall three
months later.
Aug. 29 A Morgan Stanley subsidiary applies to the U.S.
Department of Energy for a permit to export up to 60 Bfcy
(1.7 x 109 m3/y) of compressed natural gas (CNG) gas
from a proposed terminal near Freeport, Texas.
September
Sept. 3 The Atlas Copco Gas and Process Division introduces its single-shaft RT153 turbocompressor, which
provides flow volumes beyond 14.1 MMcfhr (400,000 m3/
hr) for large air separation units and fertilizer production.
Sept. 3 MAN Diesel & Turbo delivers two compression
modules designed for quick and easy integration into
a floating production, storage and offloading vessel for
Petrobras in offshore Brazil. Modec and Toyo Offshore
Productions Systems ordered the modules for the Cidade
de Mangaratiba MV24 FPSO.
Sept. 5 Sponsors of the Alaska LNG Project file with the
U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to begin the
permitting process for construction of an 800 mi. (1300
km) gas pipeline from Prudhoe Bay field to a planned liquefaction plant at Nikiski on the Kenai Peninsula.
Sept. 10 GE gets an order for electric-motor-driven technology that will enable the Freeport LNG export project, on
the Gulf of Mexico south of Houston, to comply with local
air emissions standards.
July 31 After 46
years, Joe Kane, the
founder of COMPRESSORtech2, retires.
August
Aug. 4 Compressco Partners completes its previously announced purchase of Compressor Systems Inc. (CSI) from
Warren Equipment Co. for US$825 million. The purchase
boosts Compresscos fleet from 87,000 to 1,045,000 hp
(65 to 780 MW) allowing the company to offer an expanded range of compressor packages from 20 hp to 2370 hp
(15 to 1760 kW).
Aug. 5 100 years ago, the first electric traffic light was installed on a city street in Cleveland, Ohio, marking a milestone in traffic management.
Aug. 15 This day marks the centennial of the opening
Sept. 16 Siemens Energy receives an order from Chengdu Cryogenic Liquidation Equipment Co. Ltd. to provide
two compressor trains for an LNG project with an annual
capacity of 400,000 tonnes of LNG.
Sept. 22 Siemens announces that it will acquire DresserRand for US$7.6 billion, filling out its portfolio of compressors, steam turbines, gas turbines and engines.
Sept. 23 GE launches its 16.5 MW gas turbine (NovaLT16)
for compression and power generation applications in the
continued on page 46
n A tanker squeezes
through the Panama
Canal, which is undergoing a US$5.25
billion expansion.
december 2014
CT496.indd 6
45
Compressortech2
11/20/14 10:54 AM
n Two new 7000 hp (5220 kW) engine test cells are the latest
additions to SwRIs expanding large engine test and development facilities.
October
Oct. 1 Scott Rowe becomes Camerons president and
chief operating officer.
Oct. 2 Hoerbiger Corp. of America Inc. hires John Metcalf
as its senior vice president and head of OEM Sales and
Engineering.
Oct. 2 Caterpillar Oil & Gas updates its natural gas fueled
G3600 engine line, offering customers expanded fuel flexibility, a 5.6% power increase and greater altitude and ambient temperature capabilities.
n Caterpillar Oil & Gass updated G3600 engine line comes with
the latest ADEM A4 engine control unit.
Oct. 2 H2scan Corp., a provider of process gas monitoring solutions for industrial markets, signs a long-term supply agreement with ABB.
CT496.indd 7
46
Compressortech2
11/20/14 10:55 AM
PRIME
November
Nov. 3 The first Godzilla movie is released 60 years ago on this day in Japan. Titled Gojira, the filmmakers took
inspiration from various dinosaurs,
such as the tyrannosaurus rex, iguanodon, and stegosaurus, to shape
Godzillas final and iconic design.
Nov. 3 After receiving the required
approvals, Triton legally finalizes its
acquisition of GEA Heat Exchangers.
Triton says that the heat exchanger
business will be further developed
as part of an autonomous group under the aegis of the new investor.
Movers
USA Compression
CT496.indd 8
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10/21/14 2:17 PM
december 2014
CT489.indd 1
product and the efficiency of the recovery system is fundamental to ensure competitiveness.
The unreacted gas coming from the
reactors is conveyed at a pressure
of about 4.3 psi (0.3 bar) to a group
of reciprocating compressors that, in
three subsequent compression and
cooling phases, allow the recovery of
hexane and butene in liquid form. The
ethylene compressed to about 435 psi
(30 bar) is then delivered to other final treatment columns to obtain a gas
that can be used again in the reaction.
The object of the revamping at the
compression and interstage condensing plant consisted of three Termomeccanica balanced/opposed reciprocating compressors working in parallel,
with a capacity of 31.8 Mcfh (900 Nm3/
hr) each. Two of these compressors
allowed a variable gas flow rate from
zero to about 49.4 Mcfh (1400 Nm3/
hr), while the third is a backup.
All compressors run at a constant
speed, and one of them has been
equipped with the FluxtoFlow electric stepless capacity control system,
controlled by DCS on the basis of the
suction pressure setpoint that must be
kept constant. In addition, the system
was equipped with a bypass between
the first and third stages with a manual
valve used only during the plant startup, before the treated gas reaches the
minimum flow rate for the activation of
the capacity control system.
The Cozzani system continuously
performs diagnostic functions on
each actuator. If a fault is detected,
the electromechanic actuator is disabled and the system continues operating with the other actuators. The
end user can also disable an actuator
by acting on the software. If in a system, for whatever reason, there are
disabled actuators, the system adopts
continued on page 50
Compressortech2
11/19/14 9:49 AM
85782 kVA
UPTIME IN PRACTICE
Construction
Mining/Quarrying
Materials handling
Stationary
Agricultural
Forestry
Power generation
Today, machine uptime is decisive for construction companies profitability. You depend
on crushers, concrete pumps, air compressors and other equipment to just keep on
going. Thats why Volvo Penta engines are reliable and safe and a perfect match,
whatever your specific application may be.
By meeting present and future environmental legislation they are also your investment
in a more sustainable tomorrow.
VolvoPenta.indd 1
5/1/14 10:59 AM
december 2014 50
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CT489.indd 3
pared. The temperatures of the reverse flow system controlled compressor are higher than those of the
VSD-controlled machine and decrease with the flow. This phenomenon is typical in capacity control
systems based on the reverse flow
method. In fact, the gas flows back
from the cylinder into the suction piping with a temperature that is higher in
comparison to the temperature of the
gas coming from the process. This
produces an increase of the average
suction temperature and consequently of the discharge temperature.
The graph in Figure 5 shows the
continued on page 52
11/19/14 9:49 AM
CT489.indd 4
The compressor set with the reverseflow system works always at the nominal speed, whereas the one controlled
by an inverter generally operates at a
lower speed.
When the compressor runs at full
load, the suction valve is not controlled and fluttering phenomena may
occur. These phenomena are sensibly reduced when valve plate/ring position is driven by the valve capacity
control system.
The behavior of the two compressors has been monitored and analyzed
beginning in August 2013. The reverse
flow system has shown a higher capability in capacity control (up to 15% of
the nominal flow rate) in comparison to
VSD (up to 50% the nominal flow rate)
(Figure 7). For this reason at the operating range required by the plant, the
use of the bypass was not necessary
for the compressor with the reverse
flow system. On the contrary, the compressor with VSD was mainly run with
the bypass open. The use of the reverse flow system has contributed to a
decrease in power consumption.
Conclusions
The capacity control in reciprocating compressors required to adapt the
compressor flow to process demands
52
11/19/14 9:50 AM
III
MIDDLE EAST TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM
D O H A , Q ATA R
1 5 18 F E B R UA RY 2 01 5
Supporter
MET_Nov14_WW.indd 1
Event Organizer
Strategic Sponsor
9/19/14 3:19 PM
n GEA supplied this oil-free reciprocating compressor package to EnerjiSA for its Bandirma power plant in Turkey. The
electric driven compressor handles 5.3 MMcfh (150,000 m3/hr) of gas from a variable inlet pressure of 350 to 550 psi (24
to 38 bar) to a discharge pressure of 580 psi (40 bar).
CT491_498.indd 1
n Ivano Camaggi
54
11/19/14 9:52 AM
CV AND KN SERIES
INDICATOR VALVES
CV-72
KN-22-90
Website: www.kienediesel.com
e-mail: info@kienediesel.com
Telephone: 1-800-264-5950
Fax: 630-543-5953
10/21/13 12:50 PM
Precision
Boring
Milling
Drilling
Grinding
Tapping
Production
Prototypes
december 2014 55
Compressortech2
Hahn_July.indd 1
CT491_498.indd 2
6/18/13 9:15 AM
11/19/14 9:53 AM
n This is a GE Frame 9FA gas turbine fuel gas booster system. The 7770 hp
(5.8 MW) electric motor drives a skid-mounted, three-stage, integrally geared
centrifugal compressor.
He said being a part of an international company such as GEA offers
the advantage of having a worldwide
organization with the knowledge of
industrial processes and with direct
contacts with customers.
Customers are looking for a solu-
Recent Orders
Rolls-Royce
Rolls-Royce said BG Group has selected the Trent 60
DLE industrial gas turbine as the driver for the main refrigeration compressors in the proposed Lake Charles LNG
Export project in Louisiana.
Each of the three liquefied natural gas (LNG) trains will
use four Trent 60 DLE gas turbines as part of the Air Products C3MR refrigeration process. Each train will employ two
Trent 60 DLE gas turbines driving propane compressors
and two Trent 60 DLE gas turbines driving mixed-refrigerant compressors.
BG Group and Rolls-Royce have also agreed to the terms
of a long-term service agreement covering the support and
maintenance of the equipment for up to 25 years.
The equipment and service contracts are expected to be
activated in the first half of 2015, subject to the federal permits process and final investment decisions by BG Group
and Energy Transfer, the developers of the project.
GE
GE Oil & Gas will supply a gas turbine-driven compressor train and mechanical drive technology to Petronas, for
a second floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility being
developed off East Malaysia.
GE also supplied turbomachinery solutions for Petronas
first FLNG, which is being constructed in South Korea. GE
will supply four of its PGT25+G4 gas turbine generator sysdecember 2014
CT491_498.indd 3
Compressortech2
11/19/14 9:53 AM
PRIME
Movers
Miratech
Kevin OSullivan, the president and
CEO of Miratech Group, will become
chairman and Dean Glover has been
named CEO.
Glover most recently was senior vice
president of the products division of
Global Power, which provides customengineered auxiliary equipment and
REDUCE DOWNTIME
WITH FIELD REPAIRS
ON-SITE REPAIRS PERFORMED BY CERTIFIED
SAFETY-TRAINED EXPERTS
Triton, GEA
Triton has completed its acquisition
of GEA Heat Exchangers, absorbing
all companies as well as all staff.
Triton said it plans to further develop
the heat exchanger business. Except
for a for a new brand name that will be
rolled out later, Triton said nothing will
change for GEA customers.
The GEA Heat Exchangers Group
will be reorganized into three segments:
climate and environment, with activities
including all products for applications
of HVAC technology; solutions in major
power generation projects, including wet
cooling towers, dry cooling systems, filing media for cooling towers, as well as
further applications; and systems and
components for further heat exchanger
application areas such as those in the
markets of oil and gas and petrochemistry, marine and transportation systems,
among others.
The GEA name will continue to be
used until the introduction of the new
brand, Triton said.
DECEMBER 2014
CT496.indd 9
Mechanical Overhauls
Protective Devices
Field Machining
Foundation Services
(800) 255-0111
57
Exline_FieldService.indd 1
www.exline-inc.com
Compressortech2
11/19/14
10/22/1412:29
2:27PM
PM
FEATURED
PRODUCTS
Online Mobile App
Cummins Inc. has released a free
QuickServe Online (QSOL) mobile app
for Apple iOS devices that provides access to parts options, catalogs and engine dataplate information for 15 million Cummins engine serial numbers.
It also includes a fault code analyzer
for Cummins electronic engines.
The QSOL mobile app is available
globally for download in the Apple Store
by searching for QuickServeMobile. Users of the QSOL app are encouraged to
use the feedback button in the Settings
menu to suggest enhancements.
QSOL is continually updated with
the latest Cummins parts and service
information, the company said.
www.cummins.com
Reservoir Sensor
A low-level sensing reservoir system from Dymax Corp. prevents emp
ty material reservoirs from introducing
air into dispensing lines, thereby eliminating contamination during the dispensing process.
(918) 283-9200
DECEMBER 2014
Dec_Products.indd
1
AXH.indd
1
www.axh.com
58
Compressortech2
2/17/14 9:06 AM
11/19/14 10:48 AM
literature
Coalescer/Separator Systems
Hilliard
Corp.
has released in
formation about
its
coalescer/
separator sys
tems, which re
move moisture
and particulate
contamination
from steam and
gas turbine lube
oils. Details are provided about its selfsufficient stand-alone or portable models,
single- or multiple-element vessels and
custom designs.
www.hilliardcorp.com
Control Systems
Petrotech
Inc.
has released literature detailing
its turnkey instru
mentation and
electrical serv
ices, and control
systems for a
variety of turbo
machinery as
sets, such as
centrifugal and reciprocating compressors.
The companys solutions are found up
stream in oil and gas production, midstream
in pipeline and natural gas processing and
downstream in petrochemical and refining.
www.petrotechinc.com
Flow Sensors
A product catalog
has been pub
lished by Siargo
Ltd., which spe
cializes in and
manufactures
MEMS flow sen
sors, modules
and system prod
ucts across a
wide range of applications. The sensors can mea
sure gas flow in a pipe diameter from
0.019 in. (0.5 mm) to 6.56 ft. (2 m)
and with a flow speed of 0.19 in./s
(5 mm/s) up to 246 fps (75 m/s).
www.siargo.com
DECEMBER 2014
Dec_LIT.indd 1
Component Repair
Improving equipment performance and reducing operat
ing costs are the focus of new literature from Mountaineer
Industrial Services in Beckley, West Virginia. The com
pany repairs and rebuilds cylinders, rods, pistons and
other components used in gas production and transmis
sion. The company also finishes those components with
thermal-applied coatings or laser processing.
www.bmrgroup.net
Pumps_Layout 1 9/11/2014 2:44 PM Page 1
RELIABLE
Synthetic Lubricants
Free
Technical Support & Used Oil Analysis
Call Today!
Summit
Industrial Products
800.749.5823
www.klsummit.com
Summit.indd 1
Compressortech2
11/19/14 10:48 AM
9/12/14 8:46 AM
2
3
4
7
Scheduled Downtime
Visit www.compressortech2.com/scheduled-downtime/ for answers
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Acquisitions
Alstom
Altronic
Approval
Axip
Birthday
Cameron
Centennial
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Compressco
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with the subject line: I FOUND JOE.
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Articles in COMPRESSORtech2 can be reprinted at a very reasonable cost and
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EXPLOSION PROOF
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1
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9:58 AM
11/20/14
Pag
Advertisers Index
*Further information on this companys products can be found in the 2014 Edition of the Diesel & Gas Turbine Sourcing Guide
(at www.Dieselandgasturbineguide.net) and/or 2014 Compression Technology Sourcing Supplement (at CTSSnet.net).
*ARIEL ..............................................................................................1
MIRATECH ....................................................................................39
*Dresser-Rand ................................................................................21
Exline, Inc......................................................................................57
Because ...
1.800.558.4322
QUENCH
has nothing to do with thirst.
Quench.indd
1
CT_Dec14_AdIndex.indd
1
US$24.95
6/9/14 10:32
8:54 AM
11/19/14
AM
Steam Engine
Bore x Stroke
in.
(mm)
Steam
Engine Type
Speed
rpm
Power hp
(kW)
4x8
(102 x 203)
7x8
(178 203)
Slide valve
80
5
(4)
5.5 x 8
(140 x 203)
8.5 x 8
(216 x 203)
Slide valve
80
8
(6)
6 x 14
(152 x 356)
10 x 14
(254 x 356)
Slide valve
75
7.5 x 14
(190 x 356)
11 x 14
(279 x 356)
Slide valve
8.5 x 14
(216 x 356)
13 x 20
(330 x 508)
9.5 x 14
(241 x 356)
Dimensions
Refrigerating
Compressor
Bore x Stroke
in.
(mm)
24 hr.
Capacity Tons
Ice-Making
Machine No.
LxWxH
ft.
(m)
Shipping
Weight
lb.
(kg)
16,000
(7256)
17,000
(7710)
14
(10)
7.5
26,000
(11,791)
75
18
(13)
66
10.5
28,000
(12,698)
Corliss
70
28
(21)
10
18
48,000
(21,769)
15 x 20
(381 x 508)
Corliss
70
42
(31)
15
27
59,000
(26,757)
10.5 x 14
(267 x 356)
16 x 24
(406 x 610)
Corliss
65
48
(36)
20
32
68,000
(30.839)
11.5 x 14
(292 x 356)
17 x 24
(432 x 610)
Corliss
65
60
(45)
25
40
70,000
(31,746)
12.5 x 14
(318 x 356)
19 x 28
(483 x 711)
Corliss
60
75
(56)
30
50
18.5 x 13 x 17.5
(5.6 x 4.0 x 5.3)
82,000
(37,188)
(342 x 356)
20 x 28
(508 x 711)
Corliss
60
96
(72)
35
60
18.5 x 13 x 17.5
(5.6 x 4.0 x 5.3)
84,000
(38,095)
11
14 x 32
(356 x 813)
22 x 32
(559 x 813)
Corliss
60
105
(78)
40
70
20.5 x 14 x 19.5
(6.2 x 4.3 x 5.9)
105,000
(47,619)
12
15 x 32
(381 x 813)
24 x 32
(610 x 813)
Corliss
60
128
(95)
50
85
20.5 x 14 x 19.5
(6.2 x 4.3 x 5.9)
110,000
(49,887)
13
16 x 32
(406 x 813)
26 x 36
(660 x 914)
Corliss
55
150
(112)
60
100
165,000
(74,630)
14
16 x 36
(406 x (914)
28 x 36
(711 x 914)
Corliss
55
165
(123)
65
110
175,000
(79,365)
15
17 x 36
(432 x 914)
30 x 36
762 x 914)
Corliss
55
195
(145)
75
130
25.5 x 15.5 x 25
(7.8 x 4.7 x 7.6)
185,000
(83,900)
16
20 x 36
(508 x 914)
32 x 36
(813 x 914)
Corliss
55
228
(170)
95
155
25.5 x 15.5 x 25
(7.8 x 4.7 x 7.6)
193,000
(87,528)
17
22.5 x 36
(572 x 914)
36 x 36
(914 x 914)
Corliss
55
300
(224)
120
200
27 x 17 x 26.5
(8.2 x 5.2 x 8.1)
217,000
(98,413)
n
Caption13.5 x 14
10
n The 1895-6 Frick Eclipse product catalogue indicates that the company was building ice making and refrigerating ammonia compressors
ranging from 2 to 500 tons (1.8 to 454 tonnes) for packing houses, breweries, cold storage depots, ice-making factories, etc.
tention. This opened the way for systems with automatic
control in 1922.
In the 1920s, the range of practical refrigeration was extended to well below 0F (-18C). Frick built some of the first
successful large-scale CO2 compressors for making dry ice.
In the succeeding years, Frick played a leading part in
many types of commercial, industry and building refrigerating and cooling systems, extending its line to include a
nine-cylinder machine. By the late 1960s, screw compressors were beginning to displace reciprocating compressors
in refrigeration and air conditioning applications. By 1982,
Frick had introduced its own screw compressors and production of reciprocating units ended soon thereafter. CT2
of mechanical refrigeration. Frick also introduced longstroke horizontal compressors in 1911, which remained in
use through the 1950s.
As the open-type compressor was made in smaller and
smaller sizes, the A frames that supported the cylinders
were finally combined into one piece. From this arrangement, the enclosed compressor was later developed. First
built in 1915, these machines were available in a range of
sizes in time to serve the pressing demands of camps, food
and powder plants, hospitals and ships in World War I. The
enclosed design retained many of the desirable features
of the slow-speed machines, but enclosed machines with
automatic lubrication operated safely without constant atDECEMBER 2014
CT486.indd 2
63
Compressortech2
11/19/14 11:40 AM
C ornerstones Of Compression
CT486.indd 1
n This 13.5 in. (343 mm) bore x 28 in. (711 mm) stroke
Frick refrigerating compressor, driven by a 20 in. (508 mm)
Corliss steam engine, was installed for the Rock Island Ice
Co. at Fort Worth, Texas, in 1891. It operated for 60 years.
64
Compressortech2
11/19/14 9:58 AM
Toshiba.indd 1
1-800-231-1412
toshiba.com/tic
8/15/14 1:16 PM
G3304 NA
G3304B NA
G3306 NA
G3306B NA
G3306 TA
G3306B TA
G3306 TAA
G3306B TAA
G3406 NA
G3406 TA
KTA19
G8.3
G5.9 (Coming Soon)
VRG 330
VRG 330-CF (Coming Soon)
Murphy_backCover.indd 1
1411584 11-14
11/13/14 3:20 PM