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1. ------IND- 2010 0741 RO- EN- ------ 20101222 --- --- PROJET
ORDER
Nofrom the date of 2010
for the approval of technical regulation Normative document for the design,
manufacture, and operation of ventilation and climate control systems, code I5
2010
In accordance with the provisions of Article 10 and Article 38(2) of Law No 10/1995
regarding quality in constructions, with its subsequent modifications, the provisions of Article
2 of the Rules regarding the types of technical regulations and costs for the regulatory activity
in constructions, town planning, landscaping, and habitat, approved by Government Decision
No 203/2003, with its subsequent modifications and supplementation, and the provisions of
Government Decision No 1016/2004 regarding measures for the organisation and carrying out
of information exchange in the field of technical standards and regulations, as well as the rules
regarding information society services between Romania and the EU Member States, as well as
the European Commission, with the subsequent modifications,
taking into consideration the Notification report No 4 issued by the Technical General
Coordination Committee within the Ministry of Regional Development and Housing on the
date of 07 September 2010, as well as Notification No 3 issued by the General Inspectorate for
Emergency Situations on 04 November 2010,
on the grounds of Article 5(II)(e) and Article 13(6) of Government Decision No
1631/2009 concerning the organisation and operation of the Ministry of Regional
Development and Tourism, with its subsequent modifications and supplementation,
the Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism hereby issues the following
ORDER:
Article 1 The technical regulation Normative document for the design, manufacture,
and operation of ventilation and climate control systems, code I5 2010, stipulated in the
Annex that is an integrated part of this order, is hereby approved.
Article 2 On the date of this order coming into force, Order No 55/N/1998 of the
Ministry of Public Works and Land Development approving the technical regulation
Normative document for the design and manufacture of ventilation and climate control
systems, code I5-1998, Order No 15/N/1994 of the Ministry of Public Works and Land
Development approving the technical regulation Technical design instructions for warm air
heating or ventilation via horizontal air jets, code I5/1-1994, Order No 55/N/1998 of the
Ministry of Public Works and Land Development approving the technical regulation
Normative document regarding the operation of ventilation and climate control systems,
code I5/2-1998, as well as any other provisions to the contrary shall cease to be applicable.
Article 3 This order*) shall be published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I and shall
come into force 30 days after its date of publication.
The present regulation was adopted in accordance with the notification procedure stipulated by
Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998, laying
down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and
regulations, published in the Official Journal of the European Communities L 204 from the
date of 12 July 1998, amended by Directive 98/48/EC of 20 July 1998 of the European
Parliament and the Council, published in the Official Journal of the European Communities L
217 from the date of 5 August 1998.
MINISTER
Elena Gabriela UDREA
Annex
to Order No./2010 of the Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism
NORMATIVE DOCUMENT
for
the design, manufacture, and operation of ventilation and climate control systems
Code I 5 - 2010
CONTENTS
1. Object, field of application, general requirements
2. Terminology
3. Ventilation in buildings
3.1. Requirements for ventilation
2. Terminology
2.1. The terminology and notations used in this technical regulation are in
accordance with the terms and definitions used in the Romanian standards
applicable to this field of activity:
Law No 10/1995, with its subsequent modifications and Law No
372/2005, with its subsequent modifications;
The methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings
MC001/2006;
SR EN 12792:2004, Ventilation in buildings. Symbols, terminology,
and graphic symbols;
SR CEN/TR 12101-5:2007, Smoke and hot gas control systems. Part 5:
Guide of functional recommendations and calculation methods for ventilation
systems used to discharge smoke and hot gases;
SR EN ISO 7730:2006, Moderate thermal environments Analytic
determination and interpretation of thermal comfort by calculating the PMV and
PPD indices and specifying the criteria for local thermal comfort
SR CR 1752:2002, Ventilation systems in buildings. Design criteria for
ensuring interior thermal comfort;
SR EN 12101-6:2005, Smoke and hot gas control systems. Part 6:
Specifications for differential pressure systems - Kits;
Other standards in force.
A series of terms and definitions are adopted and explained in order to
clarify the measures, concepts, etc. referred to in various parts of this technical
regulation.
2.2. Indoor air quality is the quality (feature) of the air of having a
pollutant content that does not exceed the admissible concentrations or doses
(assimilated by people during the occupancy period), which ensures human
health and hygiene.
2.3. Fire damper a fire-resistant closing (obstruction) device installed on
the ventilation pipe (duct) that penetrates a fire-retardant or fire-resistant
construction element, which is normally in an open position and is equipped with
automatic and manual actuation for the event of a fire).
2.4. (1) Climate control is the process by which a controlled air
temperature is provided in rooms regardless of the thermal processes that take
place inside or outside of the building. Climate control implies the controlled
heating and cooling of spaces. Climate control is intended to ensure the thermal
comfort of the room occupants.
(2) Climate control can also be used to control the indoor air humidity, but
this is not an implicit situation.
(3) The fresh air required for ventilation can also be treated during the
climate control process; in this case, climate control is combined with ventilation.
2.5. Very low-polluting building a building made of materials with very
low pollutant emissions (such as stone, glass, metal), in which no activities that
generate pollutant emissions are carried out and there are no sources of pollution
(such as cigarette smoke). Informatively, these emissions (TVOC, formaldehyde,
ammonia, etc.) are given in Annex C of standard SR EN 15251:2007.
8
11
3. Ventilation of buildings
3.1. Requirements for ventilation
Indoor air quality
3.1.1. (1) Indoor air quality must be ensured in all the rooms of a building.
(2) Indoor air quality shall be ensured by ventilation, depending on the
intended use of the room, the type of pollution sources and the activities carried
out in the room. In particular cases, the air quality can be ensured by special
means (activated charcoal filters, odour removal equipment, etc.); these
situations are not covered by this technical regulation.
3.1.2. For the occupied area of civilian rooms, there are four categories of
indoor air quality (IDA1 IDA4), which are listed in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1. Categories of indoor air quality (in accordance with SR EN
13779:2007)
Indoor air quality class
Description
IDA 1
High indoor air quality
IDA 2
Medium indoor air quality
IDA 3
Moderate indoor air quality
IDA 4
Low indoor air quality
The air quality shall be classified in one of the abovementioned IDA
categories depending on the intended use of the building, the activities carried
out in the rooms, and the type of pollution sources.
a) Therefore, for civilian buildings in which the main source of pollution are
human bio-effluents, the air quality in rooms where smoking is prohibited shall be
classified according to the carbon dioxide concentration accepted indoors, in
excess of the outdoor concentration, in accordance with Table 3.2.
Table 3.2. Categories of indoor air quality as a function of the CO 2 concentration
above the outdoor level (in accordance with SR EN 13779:2007)
Category
Value by absence
IDA 1
400
350
IDA 2
400 600
500
IDA 3
600 1 000
800
IDA 4
1 000
1 200
c) For civilian rooms where the climate criteria are determined by the
presence of humans, the indoor air quality shall be ensured by the ventilation
(fresh air) flow, which will be established depending on the intended use of the
rooms, the number of occupants, and the activities they carry out, as well as the
pollutant emissions of the building (generated by construction elements,
finishings, furniture, and installation systems), in accordance with Article 5.4.3.
d) For rooms without a specified intended use (e.g. storage spaces), the air
quality category and the incoming ventilation air flow, which can be outdoor air or
air transferred from other rooms, shall be determined as a function of the usable
floor area, in accordance with Article 5.4.8.
e) For civilian and industrial rooms where there are pollutant emissions
other than bio-effluents and the emissions of the building, the indoor air quality
must be ensured by complying with the admissible concentration values for the
occupied area. For this purpose, the concentration of indoor pollutants and the
incoming air flow shall be calculated in accordance with Article 5.4.4.
f) It is considered that office equipment (computers, printers, copiers,
monitors) is characterised by a negligible level of emissions (for substances such
as: TVOC, HCHO, NH3, and cancerous products).
g) For the concentrations admissible in the occupied area of industrial
spaces, the values specified in the General Workplace Safety Standards (GWSS)
shall be complied with.
h) For civilian buildings, Annex C of SR CR 1752:2002 stipulates a series of
guiding values relating to the exposure and risk posed by certain indoor
pollutants.
i) In rooms where smoking is permitted, increased fresh air flows shall be
complied with in accordance with 5.4.3.
3.1.3. Depending on the level of pollution present in the rooms, the quality
of the air extracted from these rooms can be classified into four categories (ETA1
ETA4), in accordance with Table 3.3.
If the air being extracted originates from a mixture of air belonging to different
categories, the entire air flow shall be considered to belong to the highest category.
3.1.4. The categories for the evacuated air (EHA1 EHA4) correspond to the
categories for the air being extracted and shall apply to the air after potential
purification operations have been carried out. If a treatment is applied to purify the air
being evacuated, the treatment method and efficacy of the process must be specified
in the design.
The evacuated air belonging to class EHA 1 can never be obtained by treatment.
3.1.5. The quality of the air being evacuated from buildings can be
classified into four categories (EHA1 EHA4), in accordance with Table 4 of SR EN
13779:2007.
3.1.6. Outdoor air quality can be classified into five categories (ODA1
ODA5), in accordance with Table 3.4, taking into consideration the
recommendations stipulated in Article 5.2.3. of SR EN 13779:2007. Indicative
data for the outdoor air pollution level are given in Annex 6 of SR CR 1752:2002;
also, annual values for the pollution level are given in Table 6 of SR EN
13779:2007.
Table 3.3. Categories of quality of the air extracted from rooms (in accordance
with SR EN 13779:2007)
13
Catego
ry
ETA1
ETA2
ETA3
ETA4
Description
3.1.7. The air introduced in occupied rooms must ensure, through its
quality and air flow, the indoor air quality in the occupied area (two categories
are considered for the incoming air: SUP1 - SUP2, in accordance with Table 3.5).
Table 3.4. Categories of outdoor air quality (in accordance with SR EN
13779:2007)
Category
Description
ODA 1
ODA 2
ODA 3
ODA 4
temporarily
Outdoor air with a high concentration of dust particles
Outdoor air with a high concentration of gaseous pollutants
Outdoor air with a high concentration of dust particles and
gaseous pollutants
ODA 5
14
Table 3.5. Categories of quality of the air introduced in rooms (in accordance with
SR EN 13779:2005)
Category
Description
SUP1
SUP2
3.1.8. The configuration of the building helps increase comfort and save
energy; this must be created in accordance with the integrated design concept,
depending on the intended use of the building, its compactness, the climatic
conditions, and the location.
3.1.9. (1) To ensure economical ventilation, the configuration of the
building shall aim to:
a) reduce the thermal load of the building;
b) provide natural ventilation,
c) provide controlled ventilation and cooling of the building during the
night, in the summer;
d) enable a balanced air circulation inside the building.
(2) The following shall be taken into consideration in order to reduce the
thermal load of buildings:
a) achieving a convenient ratio between the footprint and the volume of
the building,
b) designing the building envelope to limit the heating/cooling load by:
1. thermal insulation of the opaque and glass section of the envelope,
2. providing a double, ventilated envelope (integrated in the building
ventilation strategy),
3. using windows provided with efficient and adjustable solar
protection,
4. using windows with variable solar transmittance to control lighting
and limit the thermal load in the summer
c) including passive or active elements in the envelope, which use solar
energy,
d) compartmenting the building, locating the interior sources of heat,
moisture, gaseous pollutants or dust in a way that would ensure that the systems
technical capability to absorb these emissions is not exceeded.
(3) To ensure natural ventilation, depending on the climatic conditions,
action shall be taken to use wind energy to activate the ventilation or to limit
wind action to not perturb ventilation, as applicable. Therefore:
a) the aim will be to ensure that, around the building, the air currents or
wind are blocked or deviated, which enables the creation of an efficient
ventilation scenario,
b) in order to use adaptive comfort in naturally ventilated buildings, the
occupants must be provided with the possibility of opening the windows and
shading their surfaces,
c) if the direction of the dominant wind is parallel to the long side of the
building, it is possible to induce ventilation using the wind, through architectural
methods or the type of joinery openings,
15
16
17
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
WITH A SINGLE CIRCUIT (MONOFLOW)
WITH TWO CIRCUITS (DUALFLOW)
HYBRID
VENTILATI
ON
OVERPRESSURE
BALANCED
LOCAL
VENTILATION
GENERAL
VENTILATION
COMBINED
VENTILATI
ON
WITHOUT
TREATMENT
WITH
TREATMENT
PC5. These categories, established in the absence of wind and thermal draught,
are detailed in Table 15 of SR EN 13779:2007.
3.2.7. The under-pressure and over-pressure created by the ventilation
systems shall be established so that the air will circulate from the areas with
higher air quality requirements to the areas with lower air quality requirements.
For the assembly of the ventilated area, the air flows must be balanced.
3.2.8. Should concentrated pollutant emissions occur, it is necessary to provide
local suction systems. The compensating air shall be introduced either naturally or
via a general ventilation system, as applicable, making sure that it is heated
during the cold period of the year.
19
II
III
IV
4.1.4. The thermal comfort inside a room is expressed by the value of the
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) which, for each category of environment, must be
within the value range given in Table 4.2. The resulting percentage of people
dissatisfied (PPD) relates to the PMV values. The required PMV value and category
of environment shall be established in the design theme and must be mentioned
in the technical documentation.
20
Table 4.2. PMV and PPD values corresponding to the category of indoor
environment (in accordance with SR EN 15251:2007)
Global thermal comfort state
Percentage of people
Predicted mean vote
Category
dissatisfied
of
PPD
PMV
environm
%
ent
I
<6
-0.2<PMV<0.2
II
< 10
-0.5<PMV<0.5
III
< 15
-0.7<PMV<0.7
IV
>15
PMV<-0.7 or PMV>0.7
4.1.5. The method stipulated in Article 4 and 5 of SR EN ISO 7730:2006
shall be applied to calculate the PMV value and the PPD percentage; the required
entry values shall be determined depending on the room for calculation (surfaces,
thermal insulation), the design indoor air parameters, and using the following
data:
- the thermal resistance of the clothing, given in Annex C of standard SR EN
ISO 7730:2006,
- the heat generated by people (metabolism), given in Annex B of standard
SR EN ISO 7730:2006 or Table 25 of standard SR EN 13779:2007,
- in climate controlled rooms where the humidity level is not adjusted, the
relative air humidity shall be considered to be 50 %.
The calculation shall be carried out for the representative rooms of the
climate-controlled building, which are specified in the calculation notes together
with the hypotheses that have been adopted.
4.1.6. Under certain activity and clothing conditions typical for certain
intended uses of rooms, taking into consideration a relative air humidity of 50 %
and low air speeds inside the rooms, the calculation of the PMV values can be
replaced by calculation of the operating temperature. The operating temperature
values for various intended uses and categories of climate are given in Table 4.3.
Unless otherwise required, the specified operating temperature shall be
considered in the centre of the room, 0.6 m above the floor.
These operating temperature values can also be considered to be design values
instead of the design indoor temperature, if using methods that determine the
thermal load on the basis of the operating temperature.
Table 4.3. Operating comfort temperatures (in accordance with SR EN
15251:2007)
Type of building or room Categor operating temperature [0C]
y
minimum for
Maximum for
heating; Clothing cooling;
Clothing
1.0 clo
0.5 clo
Residential buildings (living
I
21.0
25.5
rooms, bedrooms)
II
20.0
26.0
sedentary activity 1.2 met
III
18.0
27.0
Residential buildings (other
I
18.0
rooms)
II
16.0
21
III
14.0
I
II
III
21.0
20.0
19.0
25.5
26.0
27.0
I
II
III
I
II
III
19.0
17.5
16.5
17.5
16.0
15.0
24.5
25.5
26.0
24.0
25.0
26.0
comfort shall also be checked by calculating the PMV value, in accordance with
Article 4.1.4.
Table 4.4. Humidity values recommended for humidity-controlled buildings
Type of buildings/rooms Category design humidity design humidity
for
for
dehumidificatio
humidification
n [%]
[%]
Spaces in which the level
I
50
30
of humidity is related to
II
60
25
human presence
III
70
25
Spaces
with
special
IV
> 70
20
designations
(museums,
churches, laboratories)
may require other limits
4.1.12. The average air speed (in the sense of the time average for turbulence
values) is recommended in Table 4.5, for a draught index DR between 10 and
20 % and a turbulence intensity of 40 %. In all situations, the criteria for checking
the level of comfort will be the PMV value, calculated in accordance with Article
4.1.4.
Table 4.5. Average speeds recommended for air movement in rooms (in
accordance with SR EN 13779:2007)
Local air temperature Typical range
Value
by
absence
Ta (0C)
(DR=15 %)
Ta = 20
from 0.1 to 0.16
v 0.13
Ta = 21
from 0.1 to 0.17
v 0.14
Ta = 22
from 0.11 to 0.18
v 0.15
Ta = 24
from 0.13 to 0.21
v 0.17
Ta = 26
from 0.15 to 0.25
v 0.20
4.1.13. The annexes of standard SR EN ISO 7730:2006 contain tables with
the calculated PMV values for many combinations of entry data; a calculation
programme using the BASIC language is also given to carry out a numerical
calculation of the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV).
Sound (noise) level
4.1.14. When designing ventilation and climate control systems, the indoor
noise level shall be assessed by means of the A-weighted sound pressure level.
4.1.15. The noise emitted by the running systems is limited to the values
given in Table 4.6.
If the occupants are able to control the operation of the equipment (e.g. the
speed gear of fan convectors), the sound pressure level when this equipment is
running can exceed the values given in the Table by a maximum of 5 dB(A).
Table 4.6. The sound pressure level admissible for ventilation and climate control
systems (in accordance with SR EN 15251:2007)
Intended use of the Intended use of the Sound pressure level [dB(A)]
building
room
Range
value
by
absence
23
Dwellings
Living room
Bedroom
Crches, kindergartens
Spaces used by the Auditoriums, cinemas
public
Libraries, museums
Tribunals
Commercial spaces
Small shops
Large
stores,
supermarkets
Large computer rooms
Small computer rooms
Hospitals
Corridors
Operating theatres
Consultation rooms
Living rooms
Patient rooms
Hotels
Reception
Lounges
Rooms (night time)
Rooms (day time)
Offices
Small offices
Landscape offices
Conference rooms
Compartmented
offices
Restaurants
Coffee shop
Restaurant
Kitchen
Schools
Classrooms
Corridors
Teacher rooms
Sports
Covered stadiums
Swimming pools
General
Toilets, dressing rooms
25 40
20 - 35
30 - 45
30 35
28 -35
30 - 40
35 -50
40 -50
32
26
40
33
30
35
40
45
40 -60
40-50
35 - 40
30 - 48
25 - 35
20 - 35
25 - 40
35 45
35 45
25 35
30 - 40
30 40
35 - 45
30 40
35 - 45
50
45
40
40
30
30
30
40
40
30
35
35
40
35
40
35 50
35 -50
40 - 60
30 40
35 50
30 - 40
35 50
40 - 50
40 - 50
40
45
55
35
40
35
45
45
45
24
25
AIR WATER
AIR-ONLY
low or high
pressure systems
with or without
primary (fresh)
air
with 2, 3 or 4
hot and/or
cold water
pipes
with
adjustment
of the water
or air circuit
with fan
convectors
variable or
constant air flow
systems
with 2 intake
pipes: hot+cold
- with 1 outlet
fan
- with 2 outlet
fans
Figure 4.1. Classification of air to water and air-only climate control systems.
Selection criteria and prescriptions for the design of climate
control systems
4.2.3. Climate control systems shall be chosen depending on:
a. the indoor air parameters that must be reached in climate-controlled
rooms,
b. the number or areas to be climate controlled;
c. the thermal load of these areas;
d. the access to thermal energy, electricity, natural gases, etc.;
e. the dimensions of the technical rooms and the possibility to install the
climate control equipment;
f. the noise level accepted in the climate-controlled rooms;
g. the energy consumption of the system;
h. the architectural features of the buildings and rooms to be climate
controlled.
4.2.4.
Air-only climate control systems shall preferably be chosen for
areas of buildings in which the ventilation air (fresh air) flow rate is high and
comparable to the air flow required in order to absorb the heat. This type of
system is used for mono-zone volumes where a low level of noise is required.
4.2.5. If the thermal load displays small variations during the daily working
hours, a constant-flow air-only climate control system shall be used. The same
26
system shall also be chosen for rooms with a variable thermal load, if a constant
air flow rate must be evacuated from these rooms.
4.2.6. The use of single-pipe air-only climate control systems, zonal
batteries or zonal fans should be avoided, since these cannot reach the indoor
parameters during transition periods.
4.2.7. In rooms that display large thermal load variations, a variable-flow
air-only climate control system can be chosen, as long as the spaces are
correctly ventilated throughout the working hours.
4.2.8. Variable-flow air-only climate control systems should not be used
in the following situations:
a. in rooms where a variation of the air flow and, implicitly, of the air
speed in the room would create non-ventilated areas which could
disturb the processes carried out in the climate-controlled rooms;
b. in rooms where the system is visible and VAV equipment cannot be
installed;
c. in rooms where air pipes, even in the high pressure version, cannot
be installed;
d. in rooms in which the air distribution is ensured by air pipes made of
textile materials;
e. air to water and air-refrigerant climate control systems shall be
used in buildings with low height rooms, where the ventilation flow
rate is much lower than the one required to cover the thermal load.
4.2.9. If air to water and air-refrigerant climate control systems are
used, the building shall be equipped with a ventilation air intake system and a
ventilation air outlet system.
4.2.10. Due to the reduced pressure capacity of terminal ejector-convector
equipment, usage of these systems in high height rooms that require long range
jets should be avoided.
Air-only climate control systems
4.2.11. To use an air-only system correctly, a thermal zoning of the
building shall be performed, which consists of grouping together rooms that have
the same orientation, the same working hours, and are close to each other. A
thermal zone can consist of only one room.
4.2.12. In buildings that occupy a very large surface area, separation zones
with a maximum surface area of 2 300 m2 shall be created, which will be climatecontrolled using systems that can be shut down independently from other zones.
There can be several thermal zones in a separation zone.
4.2.13. The central air treatment unit will mix the fresh air with the
recirculated air and treat the mixture up to a certain temperature; the air will be
treated up to the parameters required for the zone using the zonal equipment;
the unit shall be located so that the routes of the air pipes towards the areas of
the building are approximately equal.
4.2.14. The unit shall be located in an accessible place, to enable cleaning
of the cooling and heating batteries.
27
4.2.15. The unit shall be equipped with a system for regulating the fresh
airrecirculated air ratio, which can be of the all-or-nothing type, indoor air
quality-dependent or equipped with progressive adjustment, depending on the
outdoor air temperature.
4.2.16. An all-or-nothing adjustment shall be provided for rooms that are
occupied on an intermittent basis and in which the number of occupants is always
the same.
4.2.17. The fresh air flow rate shall be adjusted based on the indoor air
quality in rooms where the number of occupants is variable and where it is
recommended for the fresh air flow rate to be variable, depending on the number
of people in the room.
4.2.18. The fresh air flow rate shall be adjusted by comparing the indoor
and outdoor air temperatures if aiming to achieve maximum energy saving and
high indoor air quality.
4.2.19. All the equipment used will bear the CE or Technical Agreement
marking, or will have equivalent performance and be legally sold in a Member
State of the European Union or Turkey, or will be legally manufactured in an EFTA
state that is a party to the agreement on the European Economic Area, the type
of certificate of conformity being stipulated in the system documentation included
in the Technical manual of the construction.
Constant-flow air-only climate control systems
4.2.20. Single-pipe climate control systems shall be used in buildings which
do not require relative humidity control and where temperature variations are
permitted in the rooms within the same thermal zone. They control the indoor
temperature of climate-controlled rooms by introducing a constant air flow with
variable temperature.
4.2.21. The single-pipe system should not be used in buildings where the
indoor air temperature must be regulated within relatively tight limits in all
climate-controlled rooms, and in rooms where the thermal load variation profile is
high during the day, rooms that need heating during the day or rooms that need
cooling during the day.
4.2.22. The air pipes used in single-pipe climate control systems shall be
preferably sized for the low pressure version, which would lead to lower energy
consumption and a low level of noise.
4.2.23. The air pipes can be connected to the air holes using rigid or
flexible fittings. In this case, the flexible fittings shall not be longer than 2 m.
4.2.24. The zonal treatment equipment of single-pipe climate control
systems, zonal heating and/or cooling batteries, and zonal fan units shall be
located at the entry to the thermal zone or in its centre of mass.
4.2.25. For a system equipped with heating batteries, cooling batteries,
and mixing dampers, the zonal equipment can even be located in the treatment
unit, if the number of zones is small. In this case, a multi-zone treatment unit
shall be used.
28
For zones in which the rooms display different thermal load variations,
the temperature transducer shall be installed in the recirculation pipe.
4.2.28. If aiming to control the temperature in all climate-controlled rooms
of the building, a dual-pipe air-only climate control system shall be used.
4.2.29. In a dual-pipe air-only system, the two air pipes shall be
dimensioned for the entire air flow of the building.
4.2.30. For dual-pipe air-only systems, it is recommended that medium
or high pressure climate control systems are used to reduce the volume occupied
by these pipes within the building.
4.2.31. The mixing equipment of dual-pipe air-only systems can be
equipped with direct or indirect adjustment.
4.2.32. Mixing equipment shall be thermally and sound insulated so that
the noise level in the climate-controlled rooms is not exceeded.
4.2.33. The mixing equipment shall be chosen so that the air flow is
ensured for each individual room. For large rooms, several mixing devices of the
same type can be chosen, which would provide the desired flow rate.
4.2.34. The air pipes shall be connected to the mixing equipment by
flexible thermally insulated pipes with a maximum length of 2 m.
4.2.35. In dual-pipe air-only systems, the following adjustment methods
can be used to regulate the indoor air temperature: the method in which the cold
air temperature is constant all year around and the warm air temperature is
variable, depending on the outdoor air temperature, and the method in which
both temperatures are variable all year around, depending on the outdoor air
temperature.
Variable-flow air-only climate control systems
4.2.36. Terminal air intake devices must ensure the variation of the intake
flow and are of the following types: variable-flow air holes, simple air variators,
induction variators, and variators equipped with auxiliary fans.
a) Variable-flow air holes shall be used in rooms where the outlet speed
variation does not have a particular influence on the processes
carried out in these rooms.
b) In rooms where uniform air distribution is desired, induction air
variators and variators equipped with auxiliary fans shall be used.
c) In rooms where simple variators will be used to ensure air
distribution, the recommended variable-flow air holes shall be used.
29
4.2.60. Fan convectors shall be chosen so that they meet all the heating
and cooling needs of the climate-controlled room or area of the building.
4.2.61. The thermal load for choosing the fan convectors shall be
established as follows:
a. the sensitive load shall be determined based on the thermal balance
of the room (or climate-controlled area),
b. the total load includes the sensitive load and the heat generated
when the water vapours condense on the surface of the cooling
battery.
4.2.62. The thermal load of the fan convectors shall be increased by the
load required in order to cool or heat the fresh air, as applicable.
4.2.63. It is recommended for the chosen fan convectors to provide the
thermal and refrigeration load required for the respective room when running at
medium speed.
4.2.64. The fan convectors used will have to:
a. provide the outdoor air flow required for the rooms that are not yet
fitted with an independent fresh air intake system;
b. regulate the indoor air temperature in each independent room;
c. ensure that the noise level is suitable for the intended use of the
room.
4.2.65. The number of fan convectors and their location shall be
established so that the air jets ensure uniform air distribution within the room,
avoiding the occurrence of discomfort zones due to air currents.
4.2.66. Whenever possible, fan convectors shall be chosen taking into
account the possibility that the climate-controlled space will be recompartmented.
4.2.67. Outdoor air can be supplied by:
a. fresh air kits, if the fan convectors are located on an exterior wall in
which holes can be made; these will be provided with anti-frost
protection,
b) individual fresh air installations, which can use fan convectors or
local air treatment units to treat the air, sized so that they can treat
the air until the indoor temperature is reached; these installations will
be provided with anti-frost protection,
c) centralised fresh air installations, whose dimensions will enable
them to treat the air until the indoor temperature is reached,
d) naturally-organised ventilation.
4.2.68. If using a centralised fresh air installation, the air intake shall be
carried out via fittings connected to the suction plenum of the fan convectors or
to devices that introduce the air directly into the room.
4.2.69. Heat pipes shall be thermally insulated. The cooled water pipes
shall be insulated so that no condensation occurs on the outer surface of the
insulation. The thermal insulation must be resistant to water vapours to ensure
32
that condensation does not occur on the outer surface of the pipes. The pipes
shall be protected against corrosion.
Climate control using induction equipment (ejector-convectors,
cooling beams)
4.2.70. When this type of system is used, the fresh air is prepared in
centralised systems. The fresh air flow shall be calculated in accordance with
Article 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 of this technical regulation; if the primary air flow required
for the operation of the ejector-convectors within the system is higher than the
necessary fresh air flow, this shall be ensured by mixing it with indoor air.
4.2.71. The primary air flow shall be distributed to the ejectorconvectors/cooling beams by thermally insulated and sound insulated pipes.
4.2.72. Given the characteristics of the ejector-convectors, the system
shall be used in:
- rooms with small dust discharges,
- buildings provided with breastwork for installing ejector-convectors.
4.2.73. If the rooms have large interior spaces, the system using ejectorconvectors can be combined with cooling beams.
4.2.74. The cooling beams can be located inside the rooms, either in a
visible place or in the false ceiling.
4.2.75. The climate control system shall be equipped with a condensation
outlet pipe constructed in accordance with Article 4.2.58 of this technical
regulation.
Climate control via water loop heat pumps
4.2.76. The system is recommended in large buildings whose rooms are
grouped into thermal zones that have both heating and cooling requirements.
4.2.77. The heat carrier used in this climate control system is water, which
is circulated in a closed circuit that forms a water loop.
4.2.78. In winter, the heat pump uses water with a temperature of
approximately 20C, taken from the water loop, and cools it down to a
temperature of approximately 16C.
4.2.79. In the summer, the system runs in the cooling mode, in which it
takes water with a temperature of approximately 30C from the water loop and
heats it to a temperature of 36C.
4.2.80. In winter, the water is kept on the feed pipe at a temperature
above 16C using a source of heat. The temperature on the return pipe has a low
limit for reasons relating to condensation of the water vapours in the indoor air,
and therefore the pipes shall not be insulated.
4.2.81. In the summer, a closed-circuit or open-circuit cooling tower shall
maintain the temperature of the water in the loop below 35C.
33
4.2.82. One or several heat pumps shall be used to ensure the climate
control of large rooms. These recirculate the air in the room and bring it to the
required parameters to ensure that the indoor air temperature is within the
prescribed range.
4.2.83. The heat pumps can be encased, which are installed in a visible
place the same as fan convectors, or non-encased, which are installed in false
ceilings or especially designated technical spaces (for large flow rates).
4.2.84. When installing heat pumps, care shall be taken to leave access to
the pumps for maintenance operations.
4.2.85. The system shall be equipped with a fresh air installation sized in
accordance with Article 5.4.3 of this technical regulation.
4.2.86. Fresh air shall be introduced in accordance with Article 4.2.67 of
this technical regulation.
4.2.87. For each heat pump, regulating and balancing valves shall be
installed that are provided with the possibility to measure the heat carrier flow
rate.
4.2.88. The water loop shall be constructed as an annular distribution
network.
4.2.89. The water loop can be designed as two versions:
a. without accumulation; in this case, the water flow circulated in the
loop and through the heat source or cooling tower is constant;
b. with heat accumulation; the heat can be accumulated in a tank or
boiler.
Air-refrigerant climate control
Local air-refrigerant climate control
4.2.90. Local climate control using refrigerant shall be carried out using
split systems and can be used in residential buildings and office buildings with a
small number of rooms.
4.2.91. It is recommended that equipment that can also function as a heat
pump in the winter is used.
4.2.92. Indoor units shall be located so that the air jet does not disturb the
occupants.
4.2.93. Buildings that are climate-controlled using local equipment must
allow for outdoor units to be installed if necessary.
4.2.94. Whenever possible, outdoor units shall be located on facades that
are exposed to very little direct sunlight and where the aesthetic aspect is not
important.
34
35
parameters
for
ventilated/climate-
Individual
or
landscape
offices, meeting rooms,
cake shops, coffee shops,
restaurants, classrooms
sedentary activity 1.2 met
I
II
III
21.0 23.0
20.0 24.0
19.0 25.0
23.5 25.5
23.0 26.0
22.0 27.0
Crches, kindergartens
I
II
III
19.0 21.0
17.5 22.5
16.5 23.5
22.5 24.5
21.5 25.5
21.0 26.0
I
17.5 20.5
22.0 24.0
II
16.0 22.0
21.0 25.0
standing, walking 1.6 met
III
15.0 23.0
20.0 26.0
* For cooling, the air temperature shall be chosen from the value range given in
the table, so that the difference between the outdoor and indoor design
temperature does not exceed 10C; if the resulting temperature is higher than
10C, the corresponding maximum value given in the table shall be adopted.
(3) The relative design humidity shall only be set for climate control
systems that regulate humidity; in this case, the values chosen shall be those
given in Table 4.4 or those given for special intended uses. For equipment that
does not require humidity control, the values given in Table 4.4 can only be
adopted as a guide for calculating the air flow and tracing the complex treatment
processes in the humid air diagram h-x.
(4) Instead of the indoor temperature and humidity, the operating
temperature or comfort index PMV can be adopted as the calculation basis for
determining the dimensions of the system (in accordance with subchapter 4.1 of
this technical regulation).
5.1.6. For buildings provided with climate control for technological
purposes, the indoor calculation parameters are set in accordance with the
requirements of the processes carried out in the room. Other design requirements
apart from temperature and humidity can also appear which usually refer to air
purity and air current speed.
5.1.7. For buildings that are ventilated naturally or mechanically without air
treatment, the indoor temperature shall be limited in relation to the outdoor
design temperature by adopting a maximum temperature increase of 5C.
5.2.
Outdoor
calculation
ventilated/climate-controlled buildings
parameters
for
For areas that are climate-controlled using over-pressure, the amount of heat
needed for the infiltrated air shall not be taken into consideration; the calculation
shall also not include the amount of heat needed for the ventilation air, if this air
is treated in a centralised way.
5.3.7. The cooling load shall be determined using the heat balance of the
room, as being the sum between the heat flows exchanged between the inside
and the outside of the climate-controlled area and the heat discharges (or losses)
inside this area.
5.3.8. The following heat flows exchanged between the outside and the
climate-controlled area shall be considered:
a) heat flows through the opaque construction elements of the climatecontrolled area envelope; the calculation for these heat flows shall take into
consideration the indoor air and outdoor air parameters, determined in
accordance with the provisions of Article 5.1 and 5.2, respectively. This
calculation must take into account the damping and displacement of the indoor
flow compared to the outdoor flow.
b) heat flows through the glass construction elements of the climatecontrolled area envelope; the calculation for these heat flows shall take into
consideration the indoor air and outdoor air parameters, determined in
accordance with the provisions of Article 5.1 and 5.2, respectively. The calculation
must also take into account the thermo-physical and optical properties of the
materials and the shading created by construction elements and neighbouring
buildings.
c) heat flows from adjacent spaces that are not climate-controlled; the
calculation for these heat flows shall take into consideration the thermo-physical
properties of the materials in the structure of the construction elements that
separate the climate-controlled area from the adjacent spaces that are not
climate-controlled; the air temperature inside the spaces that are not climatecontrolled shall be determined following a heat balance of these spaces.
5.3.9. The heat discharges inside the climate-controlled area during the
cooling period are of the same type as those established in Article 5.3.4, with the
note that the values which depend on the indoor temperature must be
recalculated.
5.3.10. The design cooling load is the result of the hourly thermal load
calculation for a typical day, where the daytime outdoor temperature variation is
as stipulated in Article 5.2.3 and an occupancy and activity scenario
characteristic to the summer period is taken into consideration, in order to assess
the heat discharges inside the climate-controlled area. The maximum value of the
resulting load profile shall be chosen as the design thermal load.
5.3.11. For climate-control systems that introduce air in the occupied area
(displacement systems, etc.), the design cooling load shall be determined by
means of a thermal balance both for the entire room and the occupied area
alone.
5.3.12. The design load for sizing the heating/cooling source shall be
determined as the maximum value obtained by overlapping the load profile of all
thermal zones connected to the source.
40
Table 5.4.1. Fresh air flow rate for one person, in a non-smoking environment (in
accordance with SR EN 15251:2007).
Category
of Expected
Flow rate for one Flow rate for one
environment
percentage
of person [l/s/pers]
person [m3/s/pers]
people dissatisfied
PPD [%]
I
15
10
36
II
20
7
25
III
30
4
15
IV
>30
<4
<15
Table 5.4.2. Fresh air flow rate for 1 m2 of surface area (in accordance with SR EN
15251:2007).
Category
Flow rate per m2 of surface area Flow rate per m2 of surface area
of
[l/(s.m2)]
[m3/(h.m2)]
environme
nt
very low low
Others
very low low
Others
polluting polluting
polluting
polluting
41
I
II
III
IV
building
s
0.5
0.35
0.3
buildings
buildings
buildings
1
2.0
1.8
3.6
0.7
1.4
1.26
2.52
0.4
0.8
1.1
1.44
lower than the values for category III
7.2
5.0
2.9
b) In smoking areas, the fresh air flow rates shall be double the values
given in the table. These flow rates ensure the comfort of the occupants, but not
their health.
5.4.4. For the rooms of civilian and industrial buildings where there are
pollutant emissions other than bio-effluents and the emissions of the building, the
indoor air quality must be ensured by complying with the admissible
concentration values for the occupied area.
Therefore, for a stationary regimen, the fresh air flow rate q [m 3/s] shall be
calculated with the relationship:
q= G/(Ci Ce)
(5.4.2)
where: G pollutant flow rate (mg/s)
Ci admissible concentration in the indoor air [mg/m3],
Ce admissible concentration in the outdoor air [mg/m3].
If several pollutants are discharged into the room, the calculation shall be
performed for each pollutant, and if the pollutants do not have a synergic action
on the human body, the highest resulting flow rate value shall be chosen; if the
pollutants have a synergic action and there are no specific recommendations
relating to them, the air flow rate is the sum of the flow rates calculated with the
relationship 5.4.2, for each individual pollutant.
5.4.5. For civilian and industrial buildings, if the permanent ventilation
regimen is not reached, the concentration of a pollutant in the room shall be
determined in accordance with the method stipulated in paragraph 6.4.2.3 of
standard SR EN 13779:2007.
5.4.6. The ventilation air flow rates typical for various intended uses of the
rooms and various categories of climate were determined in accordance with the
specific standards relating to room occupancy and using relationship 5.4.1. These
values are given, only as a recommendation, in Table B2 of standard SR EN
15251:2007.
5.4.7. For the types of buildings discussed in chapter 8 of this technical
regulation, fresh air flow rates specific to various situations are recommended.
5.4.8. For a ventilation system designed for rooms that are not occupied by
people and do not have a clear intended use (storage rooms), the outdoor air flow
rates can be expressed as a function of the floor surface area (Table 5.4.3). These
are based on an operating time of 50 % and a room height of up to 3 m. For
smaller operating times and higher rooms, the air flow rate must be higher.
Table 5.4.3: Outdoor air flow rates for rooms designed for other uses than human
occupancy (in accordance with SR EN 13779 : 2007)
Category
Outdoor air flow rate [m3/(h/m2)]
Typical range
Value by absence
42
IDA 1
*
IDA 2
> 2.5
IDA 3
1.3-2.5
IDA 4
< 1.3
* for IDA 1, this method is not sufficient.
*
3
2
1
latent), using the enthalpy difference between the air in the occupied area h IDA
and the intake air, hIDA. The relationship below shall be used:
q = t / (hIDA - hSUP)
(5.4.4)
5.4.17. (1) In rooms where the air is introduced into the occupied area, the
air flow rate shall be established based on the thermal load of sensitive heat in
the occupied area, OC, using the temperature difference between the intake air
and the air in the occupied area. The relationship below shall be used:
q = oc /ca /(IDA - SUP)
(5.4.5)
(2) The outlet air temperature shall be determined as a function of the
thermal balance of the entire room.
5.4.18. In air-only climate control systems that operate with recirculated air
and supply air to several rooms, the fresh air - recirculated air mixture ratio must
be established depending on the situation that leads to the highest fresh air recirculated air ratio.
5.4.19. If the air is circulated by mixing, the method of the
recommended hourly changes shall be used to assess if the air flow rate is
adequate. These hourly changes can be used to choose the fan convectors. The
number of hourly air changes [h-1] for various room uses is given in the table
presented in Annex 7 of this technical regulation.
p = Rl Z i
i 1
Pa
(5.5.1)
where: l - length of the pipe section in metres; R unitary linear load loss for the
respective pipe section, in Pa/m; Z - local load loss for a certain pipe section, in
Pa; i - number of pipe sections along the route being calculated.
5.5.3. The R values, which are necessary in order to determine the linear
load losses, shall be established depending on the type and roughness of the air
pipe material. For pipes whose cross section is different from the circular one, the
R values shall be determined as a function of the equivalent diameter, d e, relative
to the speed. For rectangular pipes with the sides axb:
de = 2ab/(a+b)
(5.5.2)
5.5.4. (1) The local load loss shall be calculated with the relationship:
v2
Z =
Pa
(5.5.3)
2
44
where: - the sum of the local resistance coefficients for each pipe
section; v air speed through the pipe section, in m/s, density of the air in the
pipe, in kg/m3.
(2) The local resistance coefficients shall be determined by taking into
consideration the geometrical shape of each special part.
5.5.5. The load losses must be calculated for each air circuit through which
the air is circulated by a fan or natural ventilation chimney (natural draught). This
circuit must be followed from the moment the air enters until it is evacuated in
the system; aeraulic balancing of the circuits must be ensured as much as
possible.
5.5.6. The design notes regarding the load loss calculation must be
included in the technical documentation of the project.
45
(6) If used to introduce or evacuate air, false ceilings, raised floors, and
their supporting structures must belong at least to reaction to fire class B-s1.
6.1.6. To ensure air circulation in rooms that display pressure differences,
for large flow rates, air transfer grilles and valves shall be used; it is
recommended that these devices enable the air flow to be adjusted.
6.1.7. The terminal devices located on the lower part of the room must
have mechanical characteristics that are suitable for the activities carried out in
the room.
Terminal devices
6.1.8. The terminal devices must be chosen to ensure the required comfort
and air quality conditions throughout the entire operating period, regardless of
the intake air temperature and flow variations (if applicable). If significant
temperature differences occur between the heating and the cooling seasons,
variable geometry devices should be used, which can be activated manually or by
remote control. For all variable geometry devices, the operating situation shall be
stipulated in the calculation and operating requirements.
6.1.9. (1) The indoor air intake and outlet devices shall be chosen on the
basis of the technical documentation drawn up by the equipment manufacturer.
The design shall stipulate the characteristics of the devices that need to be
installed; if these are chosen during the manufacturing stage, the documentation
shall include the characteristics of the devices purchased (type of device,
geometrical and aeraulic characteristics: flow rate, pressure drop, air jet range for
the winter and summer design conditions, and noise level). The technical
documentation must include all the abovementioned characteristics.
(2) The air jet range shall be established for the accepted speed value for
meeting the comfort requirements in the occupied area (subchapter 4.1 of this
technical regulation).
6.1.10. The main types of air intake devices and the recommended
operating range are given in Table 6.1.1.
**
***
**
***
***
***
Under-chair holes
Swirl diffusers
**
***
***
Floor-mounted diffusers
**
***
**
** **
Offices
(cold+warm)
loads: 0 30
grilles
nozzles
***
47
W/m2
60 W/m2
2
**
**
**
**
***
*
**
***
**
*
*
**
***
***
**
*
*
**
***
***
**
*
*
**
***
***
***
**
**
***
***
***
***
**
**
**
**
***
***
***
***
***
*
*
*
**
**
***
***
**
**
**
**
**
***
30
> 60
W/m
Conference
rooms
Cinemas
Auditoriums
Restaurants
Education
spaces
Exhibition halls
Stores
*
Supermarkets
*
Sports halls
***
Swimming pools ***
Industrial
kitchens
Laboratories
Clean rooms
Dwellings
Institutions
Key : * possible ** well
**
**
* **
*
**
**
*
** ** ***
** ** ***
*** very well
**
***
***
***
***
***
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
48
6.1.17. Dampers (registers) shall be used to regulate the flow that ensures
the aeraulic balancing of the system; these elements can only be activated within
the admissible noise limits.
6.1.18. Special devices, either fixed or mobile, can be used to introduce air
directly to the occupied area, which discharge the air through the leg or backrest
of the chairs, in front of desks, tables, etc. In this case, all furniture must be
adequate. The air shall be supplied via pressure chambers or pipes. Flexible
fittings can be installed to enable positioning of the devices according to the
users personal preferences. These solutions are recommended for energy saving.
6.1.19. The diffusers used to ensure air circulation by displacement are
recommended for the ventilation and cooling of large spaces, which possibly open
to an atrium. These can be integrated in the architecture of the room, near the
wall, near pillars or in the corners. This solution is recommended for energy
saving.
6.1.20. Perforated pipes made of metal or textile materials can also be
used to introduce air in rooms.
6.1.21. All air intake, outlet, and transfer devices must be technically
approved.
50
6.2.13. Pipes made of polyisocyanurate plated with aluminium foil shall not
be installed in places where they can deteriorate due to accidental impact with
hard objects.
Shapes and dimensions.
6.2.14. The cross section of the pipes shall be chosen depending on the
aesthetics of the rooms where they are mounted, the space available, the
possibility to integrate them in the architecture of the building, the presence of
airborne particles, etc. Normally, the pipes have a rectangular, circular or ovoid
cross section, but can have other shapes, too (triangular, trapezoidal, etc.).
6.2.15. It is recommended that pipes with a circular cross-section are used.
6.2.16. For pipes with a rectangular cross-section, it is recommended that
the longer side does not exceed the smaller side by more than 3 times.
6.2.17. Pipes with an ovoid cross-section are preferable to pipes with a
circular cross-section if there is not enough space for their installation.
Special parts.
6.2.18. The special parts used to create the pipe network must introduce
the smallest flow perturbations possible, in order to limit the noise and pressure
drops; therefore, the special parts shall be manufactured so that they comply
with certain requirements regarding radius, angle, length, etc.
6.2.19. A radius of curvature of a minimum of 1d (where d is the pipe
diameter, for circular pipes, or the size of the side where the direction is changed,
for rectangular or ovoid pipes, respectively) is recommended.
6.2.20. For pipes with a rectangular cross-section, right-angle changes in
direction are admissible, with the rounded edge and inner guide blades. The edge
shall be rounded using a minimum radius of curvature of 100 mm.
6.2.21. The section shall be changed using diffusers or confusors, in
accordance with the following requirements:
a) the vertex angle of symmetrical diffusers must be between 20 and
30;
b) the vertex angle of symmetrical confusors is preferably 30, the
maximum admissible value being 60,
c) asymmetrical diffusers and confusors shall be made so that their
angles are equal to half the values mentioned above.
6.2.22. Elbows with an enlargeable cross-section can be used, providing
that this is not bigger than twice the initial cross-section.
6.2.23. The special parts should not be connected in series; a straight
section with the minimum length of 1d shall be interposed between them;
upstream from the pipe branches, this section is compulsory.
6.2.24. The following is recommended in order to create functional
branches:
a) the cross-sectional areas of the branches must be proportional to the
air flows they carry;
51
b) the rectangular branch pieces must have the same height as the
main pipe;
c) for circular cross-sections that have branches on either side of the
main pipe axis, these shall be displaced by a distance that is at least
equal to the diameter of the largest of them. These branches can also
be made in the right-angle version, if machined parts are used.
Special conditions for corrosive environments
6.2.25. Air pipes that carry air bearing corrosive substances or cross
corrosive environments shall be made of materials that are corrosion-resistant or
are covered on the interior and/or exterior with protective coatings. The material
or protective coating shall be chosen by simultaneously taking into consideration
the resistance to chemical action, period of operation, and manufacturing
possibilities.
6.2.26. When installing air pipes in corrosive environments, special
measures shall be taken to seal all joints so that the pipes belong to class C or D
(defined in accordance with Article 6.2.97 of this technical regulation).
Considerations regarding the design of ventilation pipes.
6.2.27. Air pipes shall be designed so that linear and local load losses
(pressure drops) are minimised. For this purpose:
a) the shortest possible pipe routes shall be chosen, with a minimum
number of parts that introduce local resistances;
b) the pipes shall be made of materials with a low level of interior
roughness;
c) air pipes must not be crossed by the elements of other installations
(pipes, electrical conductors, etc.); for air pipes (ducts) made by
closing construction elements, if it is not possible to go around them,
the elements introduced in the air current shall be jacketed using
parts with an aerodynamic shape.
6.2.28. Air pipe routes shall be established so that the longest possible
straight sections are created upstream from the terminal ventilation devices
(especially for air inlet ones), branches, measurement points, and regulating
devices.
6.2.29. If the terminal ventilation devices, branches, measurement points,
and regulating devices are located in the vicinity of any sources of flow
disturbance, the following equipment shall be installed to make the flow uniform:
guide walls or blades in the direction-changing parts, air flow baffle plates
installed in straight pipe sections downstream from the source of disturbance,
etc.
6.2.30. The pipe networks must be designed so that they are aeraulically
balanced (to obtain the design air flows in the branches and terminal devices).
For this purpose, regulating devices shall be installed in accordance with Article
6.2.46-6.2.51 of this technical regulation.
6.2.31. Deviations of 10 % from the nominal flow rate are admissible
between the air flow rates of the terminal air intake devices (inlet holes), as long
as the necessary air flow is ensured in each room without creating disturbing air
currents.
52
6.2.32. The fan pressure must cover the pressure drop at the design flow
rate (load loss) along the entire air circuit, depending on the role that the fan
plays within the system (suction, outlet or suction-outlet). In all situations, the
total pressure required shall be determined by calculating the load loss along the
route with the highest aeraulic resistance of the system (also taking into
consideration the dynamic pressure when the air exits the system). It is
prohibited to determine the fan pressure by estimation. The calculation shall be
included in the technical design documentation.
6.2.33. When there is a risk of the vapours in the circulated air condensing
on the pipe walls, pipes with a minimum slope of 1 % shall be installed to drain
the condensation; the condensation shall be collected and evacuated at the
bottom end of the pipe.
6.2.34. For air pipes made of materials belonging to classes C, D, E or F of
reaction to fire, pipe sections made of non-combustible materials (A 1,A2-s1,d0)
shall be interposed and shall be equipped with fire dampers at the points where
they pass through floors and walls, located depending on the configuration of the
network, in order to limit fire propagation. The length of the pipe sections made
of non-combustible materials shall be equal to at least 3 equivalent diameters,
but no less than the thickness of the element being crossed plus 300 mm on each
side of this element.
6.2.35. (1) When constructing ventilation and climate control systems, the
creation of explosive mixtures and the propagation of fire through the ventilation
pipes shall be avoided.
(2) It is prohibited to install ventilation or climate control systems to be
shared by several rooms in which substances are discharged which, when mixed
or in a chemical combination, can cause fire or explosions.
6.2.36. The ventilation or climate control systems used in rooms with a
high and very high risk of fire shall be separated from the systems used in rooms
with a low and average risk of fire.
6.2.37. (1) Crossing fireproof walls and floors with ventilation pipes is not
recommended. If these crossings cannot be avoided, the following measures shall
be taken to avoid fire propagation:
a) when they cross walls or floors, the ventilation pipes shall be made of
non-combustible materials (A1,A2-s1,d0), which provide them with a
fire resistance EI io equal to the fire resistance of the wall or floor they
pass through.
b) when crossing walls and floors, the gap around the ventilation pipe
shall be sealed with materials whose fire resistance (EI) is equal to
the fire resistance (REI/EI) of the wall or floor being crossed.
c) fire dampers shall be installed inside ventilation pipes, near the points
where these cross walls and floors; the fire resistance of these fire
dampers shall be equal to the fire resistance of the element being
crossed EI-S io, ho and EI - S io, ve, respectively, but shall not exceed
EI-S 240 io.
(2) When laying ventilation pipes in vertical and horizontal housings, the
specific provisions of the technical regulations on fire safety in constructions shall
be complied with.
53
roof or in the ceiling, at a distance of more than 1.80 m above the floor,
measured from the bottom of the smoke discharge hole.
(2) Air inlet holes shall be located on the lower part of the spaces from
which smoke is discharged, with their upper edge no higher than 1 m from the
floor.
6.2.43. The components used to install the pipes onto the structure must
support the pipes for a period at least equal to their fire resistance.
6.2.44. To prevent smoke and hot gases from being discharged from a
smoke control area to another via the ventilation pipes, smoke dampers
(shutters) must be installed at the edges of the smoke control areas. These must
operate when receiving a signal emitted by the fire detection, signalling, and
alarm system. Alternatively, the engineer who designs the smoke and hot gas
control system must demonstrate, by calculation, that it is impossible for smoke
to move from one smoke control area to another.
6.2.45. All smoke dampers (shutters) located in the part of the ventilation
system which corresponds to the smoke control area affected must be activated
in their operational positions in the event of a fire, at the same time as the
extraction fans.
Air flow regulating devices
6.2.46. It is recommended that air flow regulating devices are installed in
the following locations:
a) in terminal ventilation devices or their fittings;
b) in each main branch that supplies a group of secondary branches;
c) in each secondary branch that supplies a group of terminal devices;
d) in mixing chambers, at the fresh air inlet hole and on the recirculation
pipe.
6.2.47. The regulating devices inside terminal ventilation equipment shall
be used for fine-tuning, to supplement the adjustment performed by an upstream
device installed on the air pipe or in the branches. These devices shall be used to
ensure aeraulic balancing when the system is commissioned. In large systems, it
is recommended that automatic regulating devices are used.
6.2.48. The regulating devices provided must be especially designed for
this purpose, to ensure that their regulating power is adequate; therefore, slide
valve devices are prohibited.
6.2.49. For suction, when the air speeds through the pipes do not exceed
12 m/s, it is advisable to not install regulating devices on terminal devices that
form a group installed within the same room if there is already a regulating device
in place in the connection branch pipe of this group.
6.2.50. The regulating devices must be chosen so that the admissible level
of noise in the room is not exceeded when they are shut down.
6.2.51. The regulating devices inside pipes shall be installed upstream, as
far as possible from the branches, so that the air flow through the branches is not
disturbed. This recommendation also applies to the devices installed inside the
branches, upstream from the terminal intake devices.
55
57
(2) If the building consists of several fire compartments and the alarm is
triggered in a differentiated manner to give priority to users inside the
compartment where fire is detected, the smoke detectors activate the fire or
smoke dampers located on the intake or outlet pipes, which are necessary in
order to separate the compartment from the other areas of the building. In this
case, the smoke detectors must be placed inside the pipes. Their location must
be chosen to ensure that the smoke will not pass through the fire-resistant
elements and the ventilation/climate control system.
6.2.86. Fire and smoke dampers shall be installed so that their movement
is not prevented by the ventilation pipe to which they are connected.
6.2.87. After the fire and smoke damper has been installed, before the
system is commissioned, the operation of the automatic closing devices shall be
checked by simulating the conditions that lead to the closure. It is recommended
that these simulations are carried out periodically via the fire signalling station.
6.2.88. Closing the fire damper activated by means of a fusible element
shall, via a locking system, turn off the fan that circulates air through the
ventilation pipe.
6.2.89. Fire dampers shall have the fire resistance stipulated in Article
6.2.37 of this technical regulation.
Air-tightness requirements for air pipes
6.2.90. For the air extracted from ventilation or climate control systems to
be recirculated or used in a heat recuperator, the following requirements must be
met:
- outlet air from categories ETA1 and ETA 2 can be collected in a shared pipe,
- air from category ETA 3 can be transported through individual pipes or collected
in shared pipes from several extraction points,
- air from category ETA 4 shall only be carried to the outside through individual
ducts.
- if outlet air from several categories is combined inside a shared pipe, the outlet
air in that pipe shall be classified according to the category that indicates the
highest level of pollution, if it exceeds 10 % of the total outlet air flow rate.
6.2.91. The air pipes must be made so that polluted air cannot be
reintroduced in the building through them.
6.2.92. Air pipes installed in visible places within the locations they
ventilate/climate control shall belong to class A of air-tightness, if the difference in
pressure between the inside and the outside of the pipe does not exceed 150 Pa.
6.2.93. Air pipes that are located outside of the ventilated areas, or pipes
that are located inside the ventilated areas and are separated from these areas
by panels, as well as pipes located inside the ventilated area in which the
difference in pressure between the inside and the outside of the pipe exceeds 150
Pa, shall belong to class B of air-tightness.
6.2.94. All air outlet pipes whose pressure is higher than inside the
building, except for ventilation stations, shall belong to at least class B of air59
tightness. Therefore, it is recommended that air outlet fans are located as close
as possible to the air outlet hole of the system.
6.2.95. If the difference in pressure on either side of the envelope is high,
or if any leak can jeopardise the indoor air quality, it is necessary for all air pipes
to belong to class C of air-tightness.
6.2.96. In special situations, the air pipes must belong to class D of airtightness. These situations can be determined by the technological conditions, or
can be stipulated by the investor or design engineer.
6.2.97. The maximum air losses admissible for the 4 classes of airtightness are given in Table 6.2.1 or Figure 6.2.1.
Air loss
[m3/h.m2]
Class
A
Class
B
Class
C
Class
D
0.5
4
1.9
4
0.1
8
0.6
5
0.0
6
0.2
2
0.0
2
0.0
7
0.8
4
3.0
4
0.2
8
1.0
1
0.0
9
0.3
4
0.0
3
0.1
1
1.1
0
3.9
6
0.3
7
1.3
2
0.1
2
0.4
4
0.0
4
0.1
5
1.3
2
4.7
8
0.4
4
1.5
9
0.1
5
0.5
3
0.0
5
0.1
8
1.5
3
5.5
2
0.5
1
1.8
4
0.1
7
0.6
1
0.0
6
0.2
0
1.7
3
6.2
2
0.5
8
2.0
7
0.1
9
0.6
9
0.0
6
0.2
3
1.9
1
6.8
7
0.6
4
2.2
9
0.2
1
0.7
6
0.0
7
0.2
5
2.0
8
7.4
9
0.6
9
2.5
2.2
5
8.0
9
0.7
5
2.7
0.2
3
0.8
3
0.0
8
0.2
8
0.2
5
0.9
0.0
8
0.3
0
2.4
1
8.6
6
0.8
0
2.8
9
0.2
7
0.9
6
0.0
9
0.3
2
2.5
6
9.7
5
0.8
5
3.2
5
0.3
0
1.0
8
0.0
1
0.3
6
3.1
3
11.
3
1.0
4
3.7
6
0.3
5
1.2
5
0.1
2
0.4
2
3.5
3
12.
7
1.1
8
4.2
3
0.3
9
1.4
1
0.1
3
0.4
7
2000
1800
1500
1200
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
[l/s .m2 ]
Static pressure
[Pa]
100
Table 6.2.1. Maximum air losses admissible for the 4 classes of air-tightness
3.7
7
13.
6
1.2
6
4.5
3
0.4
2
1.5
1
0.1
4
0.5
0
Class of air-
Pressure difference
(PA)
losses admissible
for
6.2.100. Outlet air from categories ETA 3 or ETA 4 shall not be carried
through the occupied area of the building using overpressure pipes. The only
exceptions are situations in which the air is evacuated from industrial kitchens
(with a suction hood placed above the cooking machine/cooker) and toilets
(equipped with a fan), providing that the air is not carried at overpressure through
any non-ventilated areas.
6.2.101. The outlet pipes used to extract air from mechanical ventilation
systems must be equipped with devices that close automatically when the
ventilation is turned off, to prevent air backflow and uncontrolled ventilation, at
least for pipes whose cross-section is larger than 0.06 m2.
6.2.102. The class of air-tightness must be certified by the manufacturer
and must be specified in the technical design documentation.
61
6.3. Fans
6.3.1. (1) Fans shall be chosen depending on the flow rate and pressure
specified in the design, the type and particulars of the system, the operating
mode, energy consumption, space available, noise level, cost of the fan, and the
operating conditions.
(2) When choosing a fan for a given situation, the following aspects must be
taken into consideration:
a) the fan operating point on the characteristic curves must be within
the area with minimum energy consumption;
b) axial fans are recommended for use in ventilation systems without
pipes, where the pressure created by the fan is low and the ventilated
room is not subject to any silence requirements and does not display
any discharges of flammable or corrosive substances;
c) in ventilation systems equipped with fresh air intake pipes, a
selection shall be made between a centrifugal fan and an encased
axial fan, depending on the requirements regarding pressure, space,
noise level, energy consumption, and cost; if they meet these
requirements, axial fans shall be the preferred choice;
d) centrifugal fans shall be preferred in ventilation systems equipped
with polluted air outlet pipes; if using axial fans installed inside pipes
carrying hot air or air bearing corrosive substances or dust, the fans
shall be activated by trapezoidal belts, with the motor outside of the
pipe;
e) centrifugal fans installed inside systems that contain many special
parts, for which the local resistance values cannot be accurately
determined, shall be rotor fans with backward-leaning blades;
f) Fans whose operating points correspond to lower efficiency values
can be used in systems with intermittent operation, if this creates
advantages of a different nature;
g) low-speed fans (500 750 rotations/minute) shall be preferred to
high-speed fans (1 000 1 500 rotations/minute) in order to reduce
the noise level.
6.3.2. It is recommended that fans with low specific energy consumption,
belonging to classes SFP1-SFP3, are used (see Table 6.3.1).
Table 6.3.1. Classification of fans depending on their specific power P SFP (power as
a function of the air flow rate)
Category
PSFP, in W/(m3/s)
SFP
SFP
SFP
SFP
SFP
<500
500 - 750
750 1 250
1 250- 2 000
> 2 000
1
2
3
4
5
62
6.4.1. (1) Outdoor air filtration is used to meet the requirements for indoor
air quality (see chapter 3.1) taking into account the outdoor air quality classes
defined in chapter 3.1. The air filters needed for air treatment stations shall be
chosen and sized following an optimisation process, depending on the specific
situation being analysed (the dust content of outdoor air, the indoor air quality
class, the operating time of the air treatment station, specific local situations
regarding pollution, whether recirculation is permitted or not, etc.).
(2) The filters, dampeners, and noise attenuators, as well as other
components of the ventilation/climate control system which are exposed to the
64
IDA1
(High)
IDA 2
IDA 3
(Medium) (Moderat
e)
ODA 1 (pure air)
F9
F8
F7
ODA 2 (dust)
F7/F9
F6/F8
F6/F7
ODA 3 (gases)
F7/F9
F8
F7
ODA 4 (dust + gases)
F7/F9
F6/F8
F6/F7
ODA
5
(very
high F6/GF/F9* F6/GF/F9* F6/F7
concentration)
)
)
*) GF = Gas filter (carbon filter) and/or chemical filter
IDA 4
(Low)
F6
G4/F6
F6
G4/F6
G4/F6
65
6.4.4. When designing and positioning the outdoor air inlet hole, care shall
be taken to avoid introducing any local impurities, rain or snow in the filter
section.
6.4.5. To minimise the risk of germs developing in the filter, the ventilation
station should be designed so that the relative humidity in the filter is always
below 90 %, and the average humidity over three consecutive days is lower than
80 % in all the components of the system, including the filter.
6.4.6. If a filter is installed on the recirculated air pipe going towards the
ventilation station, it must belong to at least the same filtration class as the filter
installed on the main outdoor air circuit.
6.4.7. To protect the polluted air outlet system and the outdoor
environment, a filter from at least class F5 should be used.
6.4.8. The air extracted from kitchens must always go through a first step
that uses a special filter for fat, which can be easily cleaned and replaced.
6.4.9. The filters shall not be installed in the immediate vicinity of the fan
outlet pipe, or where the distribution of the air flow through the cross-section is
not uniform (after elbows or other special parts that change the direction in which
the air flows).
6.4.10. The final pressure drop inside the filters shall be calculated and
chosen by the manufacturers by taking into account the admissible air flow
variation, the cost of the filters per life cycle, and an estimate of their life cycle.
Since filter tests carried out in laboratories use an artificial high-granulation test
dust, the performance of the filter under real operating conditions shall be
different depending on the efficiency, dust retaining capacity, and other
laboratory test results. It is recommended that efficiency under real operating
conditions does not drop below the catalogue values by more than 5 %.
6.4.11. The filters must be replaced when the pressure drop reaches the
final value stipulated in the catalogue (technical specification), or after the
following maximum period of time:
a) 2 000 hours of operation or a maximum of one year, for the filter that
ensures the first filtration step (pre-filter),
b) 4 000 hours of operation or a maximum of two years, for filters from
the second or third filtration step, as well as for filters in the air outlet
system and the air recirculation system (if it exists).
6.4.12. The filters shall be carefully replaced to avoid any leakage of the
impurities retained therein, using protective equipment.
6.4.13. The filters used in industrial ventilation systems shall be
incinerated in special ovens in order to burn the impurities retained therein, to
reduce the amount of residues and to recover the energy. The filters used in
normal ventilation systems used in the residential and tertiary environment can
be disposed of at the refuse dump.
6.4.14. Heat recovery installations shall always be protected by a filter
belonging to class F6 or a higher class. Rotating heat recovery units must be
equipped with elements that allow their cleaning.
66
6.4.15. Any air leaks around the air section shall significantly reduce
filtration efficiency; therefore, it is important to make sure that air-tightness
requirements are complied with.
6.6.1. Central air treatment units shall be used to treat the air needed for
one or more large rooms.
6.6.2. The central air treatment unit shall be chosen taking into
consideration the following:
a) the way in which it is positioned (inside or outside the building);
b) the air flow rate and the parameters of the treated air;
68
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
Pipe route
Heating battery
Cooling battery
Heat recovery device
Humidifier
Low
100
40
60
100
20
Normal
200
80
100
150
40
High
300
120
140
200
60
69
150
50
50
50
250
80
100
70
6.6.9. Outdoor air filtration is used to meet the requirements for the indoor
air inside the building, taking into consideration the outdoor air category. The
filter equipment is indicated in Article 6.4, as a function of the outdoor air
category (degree of outdoor air pollution).
6.6.10. The fans used in air treatment units must belong to the SFP
category of specific energy consumption, which is indicated in Table 6.6.2.
Table 6.6.2. Recommended SFP values for various applications.
Application
SFP category for each fan
Typical range
Air supply fan:
- complex ventilation and
control system
- simple ventilation system
Air extraction fan:
- complex ventilation and
control system
- simple ventilation system
- air extraction system
Value
absence
SFP 3
SFP 2
SFP 3
SFP 2
SFP 2
by
least R 60 and a cover belonging to class A1, A2-s1,d0 or B-s1, d), if measures are
taken to limit fire propagation in these spaces.
(3) Smoke and hot gas discharge fans must be installed either on the
outside of the building, or in a technical space, separated from the rest of the
construction by walls and floors made of materials belonging to class A 1 or A2 of
reaction to fire and fire resistance REI 60. The access door shall belong to class
EI1 30-C of fire resistance and shall be equipped with a self-locking or automatic
locking device. The space shall be ventilated depending on the equipment
located in the room.
Requirements or positioning the fresh air inlet hole and the air
outlet hole
6.7.6. The outdoor air inlet hole shall be positioned so that the air
introduced in the system is, if possible: clean, dry, and shaded.
6.7.7. The air must be evacuated from ventilation/climate control systems
so that the risks to human health or the negative effects on the building, its
occupants or the environment are minimised.
6.7.8. The air inlet holes and air outlet holes must also be positioned in
accordance with the regulations and recommendations regarding the fire safety
of construction elements, as well as the regulations on sound insulation.
72
6.7.12. The air inlet holes shall not be positioned where recirculation of the
outlet air or disturbances due to other pollutants or odour emissions are expected
to occur.
6.7.13. It is recommended that the air inlet holes are positioned 3 m away
from the ground. This distance can be reduced to a minimum of 1.5 m, plus the
maximum predicted thickness of the snow.
6.7.14. On the terrace of the building or if the concentrations are similar on
both sides of the building, the air inlet hole must be positioned on the faade of
the building that is exposed to wind.
6.7.15. If the air inlet hole is adjacent to non-shaded areas, roofs or walls,
it must be located and protected so that the air is warmed by the sun as little as
possible in the summer.
6.7.16. An unprotected air inlet hole should be sized for a maximum air
speed of 2 m/s if there is the potential risk of ingression of water in any form
(snow, rain, vapours, etc.) or dust (including leaves).
6.7.17. The lower part of an air inlet hole located on a roof must be at least
1.5 away from the roof level plus the maximum predictable thickness of the snow.
The distance can be smaller if the formation of a snow layer is prevented, for
example by using a snow shield.
6.7.18. The air inlet holes must be positioned so that they can be accessed
for replacement and daily maintenance.
6.7.19. It is acceptable to discharge outlet air belonging to category EHA 1
to the outside via an outlet hole located on the wall of the building, provided that
the following requirements are complied with:
a) the distance between the outlet hole and any neighbouring building is
at least 8 m
b) the distance between the outlet hole and an air inlet hole located on
the same wall must be at least 2 m (if possible, the fresh air inlet hole
must be located under the air outlet hole);
c) the air speed inside the outlet hole must be at least 5 m/s
d) in any other situation, the outlet hole must be located on the roof.
6.7.20. The air shall be discharged vertically, in an upward direction, above
the roof of the highest section of the building. The lower part of the outlet hole
must be at least 1.5 m high from the roof plus the maximum predictable
thickness of the snow. The distance can be smaller if the formation of a snow
layer is prevented, for example by using a snow shield.
6.7.21. The minimum distances between the air inlet hole and the air
outlet hole are given in Figure 6.6.2. These depend mainly on the category of air
being discharged.
a) For EHA 4, the distances are the largest and, also, depend on the air
flow rate.
b) For categories EHA 1 to EHA 3, the distances depend solely on the
category of air being discharged. The values given in Figure 6.6.2 are
73
valid for an outlet air speed up to 6 m/s; for higher speeds, the
distances can be smaller.
6.7.22. For tall buildings, the air inlet and outlet holes must be positioned
so that the effect of the wind and the draught effect are minimised.
Figure 6.6.2. Minimum distances between the air outlet hole and the air inlet
hole
1 Vertical distance Outlet hole above the inlet hole (upper part of the graph);
Vertical distance Outlet hole below the inlet hole (lower part of the graph); 2Distance between the holes; 3 EHA category; 4 Air flow rate in the hole, in
m3/s
75
Design hypotheses
8.1.1. The organised ventilation of dwellings must be general and
permanent at least during the period in which the outdoor temperature does not
permit windows to be opened frequently.
8.1.2. The air circulation must be ensured by introducing air in the main
rooms (living room, bedrooms, office) and extracting (evacuating) air from the
service rooms (kitchen, bathrooms, toilets).
8.1.3. The ventilation system must include at least the following: air inlet
holes in all main rooms, representing holes in the facades, outlet holes for
extracting air from the service rooms, at least in kitchens, bathrooms or shower
rooms, as well as toilets and vertical pipes with natural draught or mechanical
devices.
8.1.4. In shared ventilation systems, if a service room is equipped with a
mechanical air outlet hole, all the other service rooms must also be equipped with
an outlet hole. In more complex systems, other equipment and devices can also
be installed.
8.1.5. The air must be able to circulate freely from the main rooms to the
service rooms (through the spaces underneath the doors, or through grilles).
8.1.6. (1) Mechanical or natural ventilation systems shall be sized so that
the air outlet flow rates given in Table 8.1.1 are reached in winter conditions.
These flow rates must be provided by the system either simultaneously or
individually.
Table 8.1.1. Air flow rates for ventilation in dwellings
Number of main Air outlet flow rates expressed in m3/h
rooms in the
Kitchen Bathroom
or
shower Anothe Toilet
dwelling
room, with or without a r
single
toilet
showe
r room
multipl
e
75
15
90
15
15
15
15
105
30
15
15
15
120
30
15
30
15
5 or more
135
30
15
30
15
(2) The air outlet flow rates must be compensated by air intake devices and
the permeability of the faade.
76
(3) If there is no separation wall between the living room and another room,
the single room created this way shall be considered equivalent to two main
rooms.
(4) If the kitchen extraction hood is connected, by design, to its own
permanent air outlet, a smaller air flow through the outlet holes is permitted.
Toilets shall be considered to be multiple if there are at least two of them in the
dwelling, even if one of them is located in the bathroom/shower room.
(5)
The extraction hood located in the kitchen shall be taken into consideration in
terms of its flow rate and noise level, similar to any other air hole.
8.1.7. In shared extraction systems, kitchen hoods cannot be connected to
the shared pipe.
8.1.8. Individual boilers/equipment used to heat and prepare hot water for
domestic consumption cannot be connected to the outlet pipes provided for
ventilation.
8.1.9. Each main room must be equipped with at least an air intake device,
which must comply with the requirements stipulated in 8.1.6.
8.1.10. Individual regulating devices may allow for the flow rates defined in
Article 8.1.6 of this technical regulation to be reduced, provided that the total
outlet air flow rate and the reduced flow rate in the kitchen are at least equal to
the values given in Table 8.1.2.
Table 8.1.2. Minimum air flow rates for ventilation in dwellings
Number of main rooms
1
2
3
4
35
60
75
90
minimum
total flow rate
[m3/h]
minimum
20
flow rate in
the
kitchen
3
[m /h]
30
45
45
5
105
6
120
7
135
45
45
45
8.2. Offices
this technical regulation. The values given in Table 4.5 shall be used, which
correspond to the design temperature, for an air current index between 10-20 %
and assuming that the turbulence intensity is 40 % (ventilation by mixing).
8.2.8. The following climate control systems can be used to control the
climate of office buildings:
a) air-only, with a constant or variable air flow rate (VAV);
b) air to water, with fan convectors, ejector-convectors, cooling
ceilings or cooling beams;
c) VRV refrigerant systems.
8.2.9. Climate control systems shall be used in accordance with the
provisions stipulated in sub-chapter 4.2 of this technical regulation.
8.2.10. When using air to water climate control systems or VRV systems, if
these only operate in recirculation mode, air intake systems must be used to
introduce the required volume of fresh air.
8.2.11. It is recommended that fresh air intake systems are used which can
recover the heat contained in the outlet air; in this case, the recovery system
must not allow for any pollutants to be transferred from the outlet air into the
fresh air.
8.2.12. The fresh or mixed air shall be introduced (depending on the
climate control system used) through air holes directly into the climate-controlled
rooms. The chosen air holes shall comply with the requirements stipulated in subchapter 6.1 of this technical regulation. Air flow regulating elements shall be
installed at the air holes, in accordance with Article 6.2.39 6.2.57 of this
technical regulation.
8.2.13. The fresh air shall be extracted through holes located in the
climate-controlled rooms. Some of the air flow can be transferred to toilets,
through transfer grilles.
8.2.14. Air treatment units shall be positioned so that the pipe routes are
as short as possible.
8.2.15. The ventilation or climate control systems should be designed so
that they can also be used to discharge smoke and hot gases in the event of a
fire.
8.2.16. The air treatment unit can be located outside or in especially
designated technical rooms. Care shall be taken to ensure that the noise level in
the rooms does not exceed the admissible level.
8.2.17. Toilets shall be ventilated by suction. Compensation air shall be
extracted from the office area through transfer grilles. In large toilets, air can also
be introduced in the buffer rooms.
8.2.18. Extraction fans shall be installed on the roof or in technical rooms
located on the top level. They shall meet the noise level requirements for the
climate-controlled building and the neighbouring buildings.
80
8.3 Hotels
8.3.1.
The ventilation/climate control system for hotel buildings shall
be chosen depending on the hotel category and the level of comfort that needs to
be provided.
8.3.2. In 1 and 2-star hotels, the accommodation spaces and the annexes
shall be ventilated using one of the following systems:
a) single-circuit (single flow) mechanical ventilation with hygroregulating air holes or constant flow rate and mechanical discharge,
without intake air treatment;
b) double-circuit (double-flow) mechanical ventilation, with intake air
heating. For double flow ventilation, it is recommended that heat
recovery systems are used; in this case, the recovery system should
not allow for pollutants to be transferred from the outlet air into the
fresh air.
8.3.3. (1) The controlled ventilation of accommodation spaces shall be
organised according to the following general principle: fresh air is introduced in
the hotel room and the vitiated air is extracted through the bathroom and
discharged to the outdoor environment.
(2) The reception areas shall be ventilated at higher pressure than the
neighbouring rooms.
8.3.4. In 3-star hotels or higher, the accommodation spaces, reception
areas, circulation routes, commercial spaces, and services, as well as all sports
and entertainment spaces, shall be climate-controlled.
3-star hotels which are located in mountain regions and are equipped with a
winter heating system can be exempt from this requirement. In this case, the
ventilation shall provided by one of the systems stipulated in Article 8.3.2 of this
technical regulation.
8.3.5. (1) Hotel spaces shall be climate-controlled using one of the
following climate control systems:
a) variable-flow air-only climate control system;
b) Multi-Split or VRV air-refrigerant climate control system;
c) air to water climate control system using fan convectors or water
loop heat pumps.
(2) The climate control systems used shall comply with the manufacturing
requirements stipulated in subchapter 4.2 of this technical regulation.
8.3.6. The indoor units of an air-refrigerant system and the terminal units
of an air to water system can be installed in a visible place or in the false
ceiling. In this case, it is recommended that these are connected to the air intake
and suction holes by means of plenums and air pipes.
8.3.7. Ceiling units shall be located, as much as possible, outside of the
climate-controlled spaces; in the case of accommodation rooms, these units shall
be located in the corridors. Access spaces shall be provided for inspection and
maintenance.
8.3.8. A ventilation installation shall be provided for air-refrigerant and
air to water systems. The method used to introduce ventilation air depends on
the climate control system chosen:
81
8.4.9. To save energy, the fresh air flow rate should be variable, depending
on the concentration of CO2 in the outlet air.
8.4.10. Vitiated air shall be fully evacuated from small commercial spaces
through the toilets, or some of it shall be evacuated through the toilets and the
rest through holes that transfer it to the circulation areas, from where it shall be
evacuated in a centralised way, using the climate control system of the access
areas.
8.4.11. Fresh air inlet holes and air outlet holes shall be located in
accordance with the requirements stipulated in subchapter 6.6 of this technical
regulation.
8.6.1. The indoor air parameters for indoor swimming pools are:
a) for normal swimming pools:
- water temperature in the pool twater = 26C;
- indoor air temperature ti = 28C;
- relative humidity i = 60 %;
b) if the beneficiary wants the temperature to be higher:
- water temperature in the pool twater = 30;
- indoor air temperature shall be: ti = 32 ;
- maximum relative humidity i = 45 %
c) for medical swimming pools:
- water temperature in the pool twater = 36;
- indoor air temperature ti = 28C;
- maximum relative humidity i = 50 %.
8.6.2. Indoor swimming pools shall be equipped with climate control and/or
dehumidification systems that are capable of maintaining the indoor parameters
within the desired limits. Dehumidification of swimming pools using warm air
systems that use fresh air should be avoided as much as possible.
84
8.7. Restaurants
8.8.1.
The design of ventilation systems for industrial halls shall take
into consideration the technical, economic, energetic, and human factors that
occur, which requires good knowledge of the building, work places, and
technologies.
87
8.8.2.
The design of a ventilation system shall take into account the
following aspects:
a) defining the building and work places, with a full data inventory about
the industrial processes, people, environmental conditions, etc.;
b) determination and classification of the level of risk posed by the
pollution sources; establishing the physico-chemical and toxicological
characteristics of the pollutants;
c) determination of the technical capture and ventilation solutions,
taking into account the industrial process, its possible evolution, and
changes it causes to the ventilation devices, as well as any potential
incompatibilities between the pollutants (dust, humidity, cyanides,
and acids) which require separation of the circuits;
d) determination of the parameters (flow rates, air speeds,
temperatures, etc.) and calculation of the systems (diameters, load
losses, installed capacity, etc.);
e) choosing the system components (terminal devices, pipes, materials,
fans, etc.);
f) determining and providing the components that must be activated or
controlled during operation;
g) reception and commissioning of the ventilation system and
determination of the reference values.
Risks to the human body
8.8.3. The substances used or manufactured in industry can have various
negative effects on the human body; therefore, a minimum objective is to
maintain the necessary atmosphere to prevent the personnel from getting ill. For
this purpose, the reference limit values for the concentrations of harmful
substances and a limit exposure value shall be used (Annex No 31 of the General
workplace protection standards, approved by Order No 508/933/2002).
8.8.4. Due to its nature, whether it is irritant, corrosive, fibrous, toxic,
allergenic or pathogenic, or simply due to its presence, dust has pulmonary
effects even if it is not harmful (Annex No 32 of the General workplace protection
standards).
8.8.5. Gases are aggressive to human health if they are toxic, irritant or
corrosive. Also, regardless of whether they are aggressive or not, they pose the
risk of asphyxiation and lack of breathable oxygen (Annex No 33 of the General
workplace protection standards).
Risks of explosion
8.8.6. The atmosphere of a work place is explosive if, after flammable
substances in gas, vapour, mist or powder format have ignited in the air mixture
at atmospheric conditions, the combustion propagates throughout the entire
unburned mixture (in accordance with Article 2B of Government Decision No
752/2004).
8.8.7. A potentially explosive atmosphere is an atmosphere which could
become explosive due to local and operations conditions (in accordance with
Article 2C of Government Decision No 752/2004).
88
8.8.17. General ventilation shall dilute the pollutants using the fresh air
flow, in order to reduce the concentration of pollutant substances up to the
minimum admissible concentration value.
Suction ventilation
8.8.18. Suction ventilation must comply with the following principles:
a) the maximum possible coverage of the area where pollutants are
produced;
b) the capture must take place as close to the emission area as possible;
c) the capture device must be placed so that the operator is not located
between the device and the source of pollution;
d) the natural movements of the pollutants should be used;
e) the air speed should be sufficient to drive the pollutants;
f) the air speeds should be uniformly distributed within the capture
area;
g) the air must be compensated depending on the flow rate extracted by
the local suction devices;
h) air currents and a sensation of thermal discomfort should be avoided;
i) the polluted air must be discharged outside of the fresh air intake
area;
j) if applicable, the outlet air must be treated to retain the pollutants so
that admissible emission concentrations are complied with.
8.8.19. Three types of capture devices shall be used: emission source
cover devices, inductor devices, and receiver devices.
8.8.20. The emission source cover devices can be closed (cases, enclosed
cabins), semi-closed (semi-enclosed cabins, recesses) or open (hoods, lateral
suction in industrial baths, collection holes, etc.). Devices with the best closure
shall be chosen, depending on the technological process.
8.8.21. The air flow rates extracted shall be those specified for the
technological process. If the air flow rate is not specified, it shall be calculated as
a function of the air speed through the opening of the device; this speed shall be
chosen depending on the toxicity of the pollutant being extracted, making sure
that the process is not disturbed.
8.8.22. The design of the suction device shall ensure the speed is
uniformly distributed through the opening; for this purpose, compartments,
screens or guide plates can be provided, making sure to not create any areas of
turbulence due to obstacles, sharp edges, etc.
8.8.23. Inductor capture devices, located near the source, shall generate
an air current in the emission area in order to drive the pollutant to the suction
device and carrier pipes; the air current thus generated shall also act as an air
curtain that prevents dispersion of the pollutant towards the room.
8.8.24. When designing capture devices, care shall be taken to create a
thorough aeraulic conformation, as well as to ensure the mechanical resistance,
stability, and corrosion resistance of the material depending on the pollutant
being carried.
General ventilation for diluting the pollutants
90
8.8.25. The general ventilation in industrial halls must meet the following
requirements:
a) to only be designed as a single system if local ventilation is
technically impossible;
b) to ensure that the air evacuated through the local outlet systems is
compensated; the compensation air shall be heated;
c) in addition, to ensure that any pollutant leaks from the local outlet
systems are diluted;
d) to preferably use a mechanical intake and extraction process. Natural
extraction is possible in high halls and places with large heat sources;
e) The polluted air must be discharged away from the fresh air intake
(hole) area.
f) the air intake and outlet devices shall be located so that:
1.
the air circulates in a general movement from the clean
areas to the polluted areas,
2.
to prevent the formation of non-ventilated areas,
3.
to prevent the formation of air currents that cause a
sensation of thermal discomfort;
4.
work places should not be located between the source
and the extraction system;
5.
the air movement created must have the same direction
as the natural movement of the pollutants and, in particular,
the ascending effect of warm gases should be followed.
8.8.26. Low pressure ventilation shall be carried out in rooms where toxic
or asphyxiating products are discharged.
8.8.27. In adjacent rooms with different specific pollution, the
independence of the fans shall also be investigated, by placing lock chambers
with a permanent fresh air overpressure between them. When, for reasons
specific to the industrial process, the room must be kept at overpressure, the lock
chambers shall be kept at low pressure.
91
General aspects
10.1. The works for installing ventilation-climate control systems shall be
coordinated and correlated with the actual construction works. The coordination
between different subject fields with regard to the routes and spaces designated
for each type of system and the chronological order in which these shall be
installed, stipulated in the design, shall be complied with.
10.2. The following shall be taken into consideration when correlating
works for installing ventilation - climate control systems with construction works:
a) The construction shall be equipped with the elements needed in order
to install the lifting installations and machines used to bring the
system equipment into position;
b) the architectural and resistance design shall stipulate free spaces and
gaps so that there will be not need to break any built elements;
c) installing, at the time agreed with the constructor, the retaining
devices for fixing the system components onto the construction
elements;
d) the ventilation-climate control equipment shall only be brought into
the designated rooms and installed in position after all construction
works have been completed, in order to avoid their deterioration by
knocking, splashing, dust deposits or being used as scaffolding.
10.3. All works for installing ventilation - climate control systems shall be
carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Specifications and the
workplace protection standards.
Inspection of materials and equipment
10.4. When carrying out works for the installation of ventilation-climate
control systems, only materials, equipment, and procedures shall be used which
bear the Technical Agreement or CE marking or have equivalent performances
and are legally sold in a Member State of the European Union or Turkey, or are
legally manufactured in an EFTA state that is a party to the Agreement on the
European Economic Area and comply with the provisions of the design.
10.5. All equipment arriving on site shall be accompanied by certificates of
conformity.
10.6. Before the systems can be used, all materials and equipment shall be
inspected, in order to determine whether they have suffered any damage during
transportation and storage which could affect their integrity and operation. The
systems shall only be able to be used after any damage has been remedied or, if
applicable, after the faulty equipment has been replaced.
10.7. Measuring and control instruments shall be inspected to confirm the
presence of a seal and metrology report.
Transportation, storage, and manipulation
10.8. The materials and equipment for the systems shall be transported
using adequate means that are ensured against any sources of damage
(vibrations, shocks, solar radiation, dust, weather phenomena, theft, etc.).
94
10.9. During the period between being supplied and being installed, all
equipment and materials shall be stored in warehouses especially set up to
ensure their correct management, in accordance with the instructions issued by
the suppliers, the regulations in force with regard to fire protection and fire
extinguishing, and the workplace protection standards, taking into consideration
the following:
a) during the storage period, materials which are not negatively
influenced by the atmospheric conditions can be stored outdoors, in
stacks or on racks, pallets or platforms, in accordance with the
manipulation-transportation and anti-theft requirements;
b) equipment and materials that could be damaged by climatic factors,
especially humidity and solar radiation, can be stored under shelters
that are also fenced in to prevent theft;
c) equipment and materials that could be damaged by humidity,
excessive cold, solar radiation, wind, dust or even negligent
manipulation, shall be stored in enclosed warehouses.
96
10.21. Before fixing the independent fans in their final position, their
horizontality shall be checked and ensured as follows:
a) The horizontality of radial fans whose rotor is installed directly on the
axis of the electric motor shall be checked using a spirit level, which
is successively placed in two perpendicular directions, on the base
frame of the fan and on the upper generatrix of the motor;
b) The horizontality of radial fans that are coupled directly to the motor
by means of an elastic coupler or belts shall be checked by placing a
spirit level on the upper generatrices of the motor and fan axes; the
alignment of the two axes shall be checked and, if needed, corrected;
c) For axial fans, which are normally installed on the pipes, the
horizontality or verticality of the cylindrical housing shall be checked,
as applicable.
d) Once the horizontality of the fan has been ensured, the static
balancing of the rotor shall be checked by manually inducing a
rotating movement; the rotor shall be considered to be balanced if it
stops in different positions after 3-4 rotations. At this point, it shall
also be checked that the rotor does not rub onto the housing.
10.22. When fixing the equipment in position, the instructions issued by
the manufacturer and stipulated in the Technical File of the product shall be
complied with.
10.23. After installation, a note regarding the interdiction to use any
equipment installed on the floor as scaffolding for carrying out other works shall
be displayed in a visible place, and measures shall be taken to make sure that
this requirement is complied with.
10.24. The equipment that is not part of a complex unit (heating batteries
for correcting the temperature, fans, indoor and outdoor units of local climate
control systems, etc.) shall also be installed in accordance with the instructions
given in the technical files of the products.
10.25. When installing equipment located on terraces, the aim shall be to
retain the integrity of the waterproof insulation and prevent the transmission of
any noise and vibrations to the building floor.
Air-tightness of ventilation/climate control systems
10.26. (1) When installing the system components, the necessary
measures shall be taken to ensure that the joints connecting the pipe elements,
as well as the fittings between the pipes and the equipment are air-tight around
the perimeter of the access doors to the air chambers, the measuring and access
covers, etc., so that the air suction/losses are limited in relation to the pipe class,
established in accordance with Figure 6.2.1 or Table 10.1.
Table 10.1. Air pipe classes and limit values for air losses in pipes
Class of
air-tightness
Class A
Low pressure
Static pressure
limit [Pa]
Positive
Negative
500
500
Maximum
speed
[m/s]
10
limit values
for air
losses
[l/sm2]
0.027 p
0.65
97
Class B
Medium
pressure
Class C
High
pressure
Class D
(special)
High
pressure
1 000
750
20
0.65
2 000
750
40
0.65
2 000
750
40
0.65
0.009 p
0.003 p
0.001 p
(2) The admissible values for the air losses are given in Table 6.2.1 for
various pipe diameters and classes of air-tightness.
10.27. (1) The following steps shall be taken to test the degree of airtightness of the air pipes:
a) air pipes belonging to class A do not require testing;
b) air pipes belonging to class B shall be tested within the limit of 10 %
of the parts within a network, chosen at random. If these parts do not
comply with the limit values given in Table 6.2.1, the tests shall be
repeated using another 10 % of the parts within the network;
c) pipes belonging to classes C and D shall be 100 % tested.
(2) The design engineer can request that pipes belonging to class B are also
tested at pressures higher than 100 Pa, or that pipes belonging to class C are
tested at pressures lower than 500 Pa. Depending on the importance of the
building, they can also enforce the requirement for a smaller air loss, specifying a
percentage of losses from the value required for the class that the respective
pipes belong to, or enforcing a certain class of air-tightness.
98
11. SETTING
COMMISSIONING.
INTO
OPERATION,
ACCEPTANCE,
AND
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
filters,
heating/cooling batteries,
humidification chambers,
air holes,
regulating devices,
air pipes,
the automation system.
other components of the ventilation and climate control system, as
applicable.
(3) The procedures for inspecting the quality of the completed works, per
each type of element, are specified in the specific normative documents
regarding quality checks and acceptance of installation works in constructions.
Inspection of the fans
For fans, the following shall be inspected:
1. identification plate on which the functional characteristics of the
equipment are entered (flow rate, pressure, speed),
2. the way the fan is fixed on the stand, and the vibration damping
system,
3. the horizontality or verticality of the motor and fan axes, as
applicable
4. the static balancing of the rotor,
5. the way in which the rotor rotates (without any abnormal friction,
play, noise or trepidation),
6. the correct rotating direction of the rotor,
7. the degree of heating of the bearings after one normal operation
cycle of the system,
8. the number of trapezoidal timing belts and their correct tensioning,
9. the fan and motor speed according to the identification plate,
10.
the condition of the fan accessories: flow regulating elements,
elastic fittings installed on the intake and outlet circuit, drive belt
protection system, etc.
11.
the quality of the electrical connections of the drive motor,
12.
intensity of the electricity absorbed and of the voltage in the
drive motor of the fan.
Inspection of the filters
For filters, the following shall be inspected:
1. the quality and integrity of the filtering material, in accordance with
the technical sheet of the product;
2. correct installation of the filtering material in the filter housing,
3. that the air circuit is airtight,
4. the pressure difference between the upstream and downstream air
passage sections of the filter,
5. the degree of dirtiness of the filtering material,
6. operation of the mechanical actuation elements of the filter.
Inspection of heating/cooling batteries
For heating/cooling batteries, the following shall be inspected:
1. identification plate on which the functional characteristics of the
equipment are entered (thermal capacity, flow rates, temperatures),
2. air-tightness of the housing,
101
103
The test operation shall take place with all the system components
assembled in their final position (filters, automation elements, regulating devices,
etc.). During the test operation, the inspections carried out during the start-up of
the system shall be repeated, paying particular attention to the operation of the
fan. The test operation shall last for at least 8 hours. Once the test operation has
been completed, the system adjustment operations can begin.
d) Adjusting the system.
The aeraulic adjustment of the system is a process by which a quantitative
adjustment of the air flow through the system components is performed in order
to reach the air flow rates stipulated in the design.
The following requirements must be met before beginning the adjustment
operation:
1. the building must be completed and the door and windows must be in
the position stipulated in the design, avoiding the disturbing influence
of the wind or natural draught.
2. the indoor temperature must be kept as constant as possible,
3. the prescribed high pressure/low pressure operating conditions for the
rooms must be ensured (transfer grilles),
4. the pipe network must be completed, as well as the test operation
and any air-tightness tests,
5. the central heating and/or cooling batteries must be installed in the
system,
6. the air flow regulating devices located at branching points and air
holes must be switched to the open position, the automatic regulating
controls must be disconnected, and the fan must be in operation at
an initial air flow rate 10-15 % higher than the flow rate stipulated in
the design.
The order of the system aeraulic adjustment operations is as follows:
1. the air flow rates at the ventilation holes of the system are measured
2. The measured air flow rates are compared with the flow rates
stipulated in the design, and the percentage of the design flow rate
that is achieved is calculated:
Dmeasur
Pd =
ed
Ddesign
x 100 %
104
The adjustment process shall start with the regulating valves of the room in
the fully open position and the (intake and outlet) fans operating at maximum
rate. The (fresh and recirculated) air flow shall be regulated by activating the
shutter frames of the room, based on measuring the fresh, recirculated, and
mixed air temperatures.
During aeraulic adjustment of ventilation and climate control systems, the
following tolerances from the design flow rate are admissible:
1. during balancing of the ventilation holes: 0.....+ 10 %
2. during balancing of the branches: 0... + 5 %
3. during regulation of the fan flow rate: 0....+5 %
The results of the operations for controlling and regulating the ventilation
and climate control systems shall be recorded in ascertainment reports.
e) Tests
The following tests shall be performed when setting ventilation and climate
control systems into operation:
1. tests for checking the functional characteristics of the equipment
(fans, heating/cooling batteries, filters, humidification chambers, fan
convectors, terminal units)
2. tests for the entire system
(1) Fans shall be tested by determining the following values, on the basis
of measurements:
1. air flow rate,
2. total pressure,
3. noise level,
4. intensity of the electric current during normal operation of the fan
motor.
(2) It shall be checked whether the flow rate/pressure operating point
obtained is on the fan curve specified in the technical manual of the fan; it shall
also be checked whether the noise level is the one stipulated in the technical
manual.
(1) Heating/cooling batteries shall be tested by determining the following:
1. the thermal performance of the battery, expressed by means of the
thermal capacity and, implicitly, the global heat transfer coefficient of
the battery (the intake and outlet temperatures, as well as the flow
rates through the air and water circuits shall be measured),
2. the load losses in the battery, through the air circuit (the static
pressure shall be measured, before and after the battery)
(2) It shall be checked whether the values obtained match the values
specified in the technical manual of the battery.
Testing of the air filters consists of deterioration of the dust retaining
efficiency; this can be determined either by measuring the dust concentration
upon entering and exiting the filter, or by measuring the load loss in the
unclogged filter and using the efficiency-load loss diagram given in the catalogue.
105
106
107
The acceptance process carried out upon completion of the ventilation and
climate control systems must determine whether the works have been finalised
and the systems operate at the designed parameters. Therefore, the Acceptance
Commission shall examine:
1. the systems created, by visual examination,
2. the execution quality control programme and the related documents,
3. the reports drawn up during testing of the system, with regard to:
adjusting the system,
the system air-tightness test
tests for checking the functional characteristics of the
equipment (fans, heating/cooling batteries, humidification
chambers, filter, etc.)
the global efficacy test,
4. a report containing the design engineers opinion about the way in
which the works were carried out,
5. the technical manual of the construction, with regard to the
ventilation and climate control systems.
When the examination is complete, the Commission shall record their
comments and conclusions in the acceptance report, recommending the
beneficiary/investor to accept the system, with or without objections, to delay the
acceptance or to reject the system, as applicable.
The final acceptance of the ventilation and climate control systems shall
take place when the system guarantee period (usually 1-3 years) expires. The
Acceptance Commission shall examine:
1. the reception reports concluded upon completion of the works,
2. the systems, by visual examination, to determine whether the works
required during the acceptance process carried out upon
completion of the works have been finalised,
3. the technical documents and reports regarding operation of the
systems,
4. the report drawn up by the beneficiary/investor with regard to the
behaviour of the systems during operation throughout the guarantee
period,
5. the technical manual of the construction, with regard to the
ventilation and climate control systems.
When the examination is complete, the Commission shall record their
comments and conclusions in the final acceptance report, recommending the
beneficiary/investor to admit the final acceptance of the system, with or without
objections, to delay the final acceptance or to reject the system, as applicable.
The ventilation and climate control systems shall be commissioned after the
acceptance upon completion of the works has been admitted.
The documents required for commissioning are:
1. Operating instructions (manual)
2. Timetable for monitoring during operation
3. Event diary
4. The operating contract
108
c)
12.8 (1) The preparation of the periodic inspection has the role to collect
all the necessary information and documents regarding the building and the
ventilation and climate control systems installed therein, namely:
a) information about the areas of the building that are ventilated/climate
controlled: design indoor air parameters, air flow rates, the conditions
in which the room is used, the degree of occupancy, the heat gains and
losses, etc.
b) the plans for the system,
c) the technical documentation for the equipment,
d) the operating instructions,
e) the event diary,
f)
the technical report for the previous periodic inspection.
(2) During this stage, the measurement and control instruments that are
going to be used during the inspection operations must be prepared. The
minimum inventory of measurement and control instruments consists of:
a) a
digital
thermo-hygro-anemometer
(or
thermometer
and
psychrometer),
b) a digital anemometer (with blades or hot wire),
c) A Pitot - Prandtl tube,
d) a U-tube pressure meter,
e) a timer, measuring tape, torch,
f)
a speedometer,
g) an amp meter.
(3) The information collected during the preparation stage of the periodic
inspection shall be summarised in the Technical Sheet of the system.
12.9 (1) The periodic inspection of ventilation and climate control systems
consists of:
a) inspection of the technical condition of the system components (see
Article 11.12 - 11.19).
b) checking the normal operation of the equipment
c) measuring the air flow rates
d) measuring the air parameters in the rooms served by the system
(temperature, humidity, speed).
(2) The following measures shall be taken to prevent the occurrence of fire
and limit the effects and consequences of fire during the operation of ventilation
and climate control systems:
a) the air filters, electric fan motors, fire dampers, and their actuation
elements, and smoke detectors installed inside the pipes, which are
used to activate the dampers, shall be periodically maintained and
operated;
b) The air filters shall be replaced and maintained periodically, in
accordance with the periodicity stipulated by this technical regulation
and the manufacturer;
c) An annual inspection shall be carried out to check that the flow rate,
speed, and pressure requirements for the ventilation/climate control
systems used to discharge smoke in the event of a fire are complied
with;
d) The backup electrical sources used to supply the smoke discharge
fans, fire-resistance dampers, and smoke dampers shall be inspected
110
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
12.10
A functional performance test shall be carried out as part of the
periodic inspection of ventilation and climate control systems, in order to detect
and diagnose any malfunctions. The test shall be carried out in accordance with
IEA ECBS Annex 40 and consists of 6 steps:
1. Testing in the manual operating mode
checking the controls and starters
2. Testing in the manual shut down mode
checking the controls and starters
checking the sensors
checking the controllers
3) Testing in the normal operating mode
checking the performance of the fan
4) Testing at the maximum flow rate
checking the sensors,
checking the starters,
checking the settings of the controllers,
checking the air flow rate in the mixing chamber and the reference
rooms,
checking the load losses and air-tightness of the air pipe network.
5) Testing at the minimum flow rate
checking the operation with a minimum fresh air flow rate,
checking the air flow rate in the reference rooms
111
Maintenance.
12.19
Maintenance of ventilation and climate control systems is a
continuous operational activity, which involves carrying out operations that aim
to ensure the continuous operation, in good conditions, of the systems.
12.20
The main maintenance operations are:
a) for fans:
lubrication of bearings,
uniform tensioning of the timing belts,
balancing of the rotors so that they can rotate without touching the
housing,
tightening the screws and nuts on the fan support,
b) for air filters:
replacing any damaged filters,
checking the operation of the filter clogging warning system,
replacing or cleaning (by washing or shaking) any clogged filters,
inspection of the self-cleaning system,
lubrication of the moving mechanical elements,
c) for heating/cooling batteries:
sealing the battery fittings along the air and water circuits,
checking operation of the valves installed on the battery fittings,
cleaning any dust and foreign bodies off the fins,
de-aeration of the hydraulic circuit,
washing the inside of the batteries to remove any deposits of sludge
or stones.
d) for humidification chambers:
checking the spraying method; cleaning the blocked nozzles and
replacing faulty ones,
cleaning any sludge deposits from the basin,
checking that the overflow is operational,
cleaning the filter,
cleaning the drop separators,
water pump maintenance operations,
checking the air-tightness of the humidification chamber along the
air and water circuits,
painting and coating the elements subject to corrosion,
e) for closing and regulating devices:
lubrication of the bearings,
replacing any damaged bushes and bearings,
correcting warped blades and shutters,
restoring the seals,
f) for air holes:
removing any dust and foreign bodies from the hole section,
restoring the seals against the piping,
checking that the mobile elements are operational,
correcting the deformed mobile elements,
g) for air pipes:
restoring the seals,
113
removing any dust and foreign bodies from inside the air pipes,
checking the access/cleaning holes and measurement points (also
refer to standard SR EN 12097:2007),
remedying the thermal insulation and anti-corrosion protection,
checking the supports and bracing elements,
replacing any damaged elements that ensure protection against the
transmission of vibrations.
h) for measurement and control instruments:
checking that the sensors are operational
periodic calibration of the measurement and control instrument
Repairs
12.21
There are two types of repairs that can be carried out on
ventilation and climate control systems:
1. planned repairs, carried out on the basis of a schedule drawn up by the
system beneficiary
2. accidental repairs
12.22
(1) The planned repairs are:
a) Revision of the system; it is carried out periodically, during the periods
when the system is not in use.
The revision of the system aims to assess the technical condition of the system
components and identify any possible malfunctions that need to be remedied in
order to return the system to its initial condition; the main aim of this revision is
to check the leak-tightness of the air pipe network, the operation of the
equipment, as well as the manual and automatic adjustment of the system.
The results of all inspections and findings recorded during the revision stage shall
form the basis for repairing the system.
b) Daily repairs; these are usually carried out without discontinuing
operation of the system.
Daily repairs are mainly carried out for those system elements whose
malfunctioning could affect the good operation of the entire system; all worn
parts are replaced, any damages are remedied, and the normal operation of the
mechanisms and units is restored.
c) Major repairs; these are carried out at intervals stipulated by
regulations, depending on the service life of the system.
(2) Major repairs are carried out in order to replace certain equipment or
parts of the system to make sure that the system operates at a high level of
performance and, implicitly, to modernise them.
12.23
Accidental repairs are carried out in the event of any incidents,
damage or malfunctions; they shall be carried out by intervention teams, under
the supervision of the beneficiary.
12.24
(1) All repairs carried out shall be entered in the Event diary of
the ventilation and climate control system.
(2) If necessary, the Technical Sheet of the system and the Operating
Instructions shall be modified following repair works.
12.25
A list of the incidents and malfunctions that could occur in
ventilation and climate control systems is given below, also highlighting the
possible causes and remedies:
114
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
The system does not receive enough air. Causes for malfunctions:
1. the rotating direction of the fan is incorrect;
2. the fan speed is reduced due to weak tensioning of the belts;
3. the motor is blocked, the bearings are not sufficiently lubricated, the
blades are warped or the rotor is not fixed on the axle;
4. the filters are clogged up (this situation is identified by measuring the
pressure difference downstream and upstream from the filter and
comparing it with the normal values);
5. the air circuit of the heating/cooling batteries is clogged up;
6. the air pipe route is constricted;
7. incorrect positioning of the adjustment and closing devices of the
system;
8. the cross-section of the air inlets is reduced;
9. the system is not air-tight.
The malfunctions shall be remedied as follows:
1. re-establish the normal direction by correctly connecting the motor to
the electrical installation
2. tighten (or replace) the belts, lubricate the bearings, and replace any
warped blades
3. replace or clean the clogged filters
4. determine the constriction place by measuring the flow rates and
pressures along the circuit in which the malfunction occurred; check
and adjust the positions of the separation elements (valves, vanes,
shutter frames); remove any foreign bodies from the air pipes
5. clean any deposits from the air inlets
6. make sure that the entire circuit of the system is air-tight
The system receives too much air. Causes for malfunctions:
1. the fan speed is too high
2. there are no filtration cells; pierced filters; leaks around the filters;
3. absence of other elements of the ventilation/climate control
station: heating or cooling batteries, drop separators, etc.
4. the automation systems are mismatched.
These malfunctions can be remedied as follows:
1. check the diameter of the fan pulleys and replace those whose
diameter is smaller than required;
2. add filtration cells or replace the faulty filters, restoring airtightness;
3. check if all system elements are installed, and replace the missing
ones;
4. adjust the automation systems.
The system has a pulsating or fluctuating flow rate. Causes for
malfunctions:
1. the fan rotor is unbalanced;
2. play of the blade or shutter axes;
3. influence of the wind on the air inlet;
4. wrong choice of fan;
5. the pipe walls are not reinforced;
These malfunctions can be remedied as follows:
1. balance the fan rotor and remove any impurities or other foreign
bodies;
2. remove the play of the blade or shutter axes;
3. protect the air inlets against the effects of the wind;
4. reinforce the pipe walls.
115
g)
o)
p)
117
Annex 1. Reference documents for the design, manufacture, and operation of ventilation and
climate control systems in buildings.
Normative documents:
1 Law No 10/1995
regarding quality in constructions, with its subsequent
modifications, published in the Official Gazette, Part I issue
No 12 of 24 January 1995
2 Law No 372/2005
regarding the energy performance of buildings, with its
subsequent modifications, published in the Official Gazette,
Part I issue No 1144 of 19 December 2005
3 Law No 319/2006
Law on health and safety at work, published in the Official
Gazette, Part I issue No 646 of 26 July 2006
4 Government
with regard to establishing the conditions for introducing
Decision No
protection equipment and systems designed to be used in
752/2004
potentially explosive atmospheres to the market, with its
subsequent modifications, published in the Official Gazette,
Part I issue No 499 of 03 June 2004
5 Order No
for approval of the General Workplace Protection Standards,
508/933/2002 of the with its subsequent modifications, published in the Official
Ministry of Labour
Gazette, Part I issue No 880 of 06 December 2002
and Social Solidarity
6 Order No 163/2007
for approval of the General fire protection norms,
of the Ministry of
published in the Official Gazette, Part I, issue No 216 of 29
Administration and
March 2007
Interior
7 Order No
for approval of the Regulation on the classification and
1822/394/2004 of
grouping of construction products based on their fire
the Ministry of
behaviour performance, with its subsequent modifications
Transport,
and supplementation, published in the Official Gazette, Part
Constructions, and
I issue No 90 of 27 January 2005
Tourism
Technical regulations:
1 MC 001/2006
2 NEx 01-2006
Standards:
1. SR EN 1886:2008
2. SR 1907-1:1997
118
3. SR 6724-1:1995
4. SR 6724-2:1995
5. SR 6724-3:1996
6. SR CR 1752:2002
7. SR EN ISO
7730:2006
8. SR EN ISO
8996:2005
9. SR EN
12097:2007
10. SR CEN/TR
12101-5:2007
11. SR EN 121016:2005
12. SR EN
12237:2004
13. SR EN
12599:2002
14. SR EN
12792:2004
15. SR EN
12831:2004
16. SR EN
13053:2007
17. SR EN 131415:2005
18. SR EN
13142:2004
19. SR EN ISO
13790:2008
20. SR EN
13779:2007
21. SR EN ISO
13791:2006
22. SR EN ISO
13792:2004
23. CEN/TR
14788:2006
24. SR EN
119
15239:2007
25. SR EN
15240:2007
26. SR EN
15241:2007
27. SR EN
15242:2007
28. SR EN
15243:2008
29. SR EN
15423:2008
120
Town/City
Temperature
[0C]
Relative
humidity [%]
Alba-Iulia
Alexandria
Arad
Bacau
Baia Mare
Bistrita
Botosani
Braila
Brasov
Bucharest
Buzau
Calarasi
Cluj
Craiova
Constanta
Deva
Drobeta Turnu Severin
Focsani
Galati
Giurgiu
Iasi
Miercurea Ciuc
Oradea
Pitesti
Ploiesti
Piatra Neamt
Resita
Ramnicu Valcea
Slatina
Slobozia
Satu Mare
Sfantu Gheorghe
Sibiu
Suceava
Targu Jiu
Targu Mures
Timisoara
Targoviste
Tulcea
Vaslui
Zalau
34.3
38
36.7
36.4
34.3
32.7
35
36.3
32.8
35.3
35.4
37.5
31.5
36.5
30.6
33.1
36
34.2
33.2
38.6
36
34.7
36.6
31.8
34.3
33.1
35
36.3
32.2
32.8
34.7
33
34
32.5
33.3
34.1
36.4
33.5
35.4
35
34.5
28
25
23
22
37
36
27
26
35
35
26
23
35
35
53
27
23
44
41
24
37
39
32
27
23
38
23
37
39
41
41
34
33
23
43
41
25
36
33
43
31
121
Annex 3. Values for the intensity of direct solar radiation ID and diffuse solar radiation Id [W/m2]
T i m e
ID
Id
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
Or
z
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
53
333
383
188
-
3
402
568
370
-
301
575
468
41
-
130
498
514
159
-
4
338
485
316
-
144
393
354
58
-
241
394
241
-
58
354
393
144
-
316
485
338
8
159
514
498
130
41
468
575
301
3
370
568
402
53
188
383
333
averag
e
5
49
105
113
89
113
105
49
89
241
381
523
647
711
734
711
647
532
381
241
89
247
53
80
103
123
136
146
147
146
136
123
103
80
53
59
122
Annex 4. Useful floor area for a person, used to determine the degree of room occupancy (in
accordance with SR EN 13779:2005)
floor area per person [m2/person]
Intended use of the room
typical range
values by absence
Large office
Small office
Meeting room
Store
Classroom
Hospital room
Hotel room
Restaurant
from 7 to 20
from 8 to 12
from 2 to 5
from 3 to 8
from 2 to 5
from 5 to 15
from 5 to 20
from 1.2 to 5
12
10
3.0
4.0
2.5
10
10
1.5
123
Annex 5. Heat discharge of one person (for an indoor air temperature of 24C and average human
body surface area of 1.8 m2 (in accordance with SR EN 13779:2005)
Activity
Resting
Seated, relaxed
Sedentary activity (office, school, laboratory)
Standing, easy activity (stores, laboratories, light
industry)
Standing, medium activity (seller, machine operation)
Fast walking at:
2 km/h
3 km/h
4 km/h
5 km/h
total heat
[met]*
[W/person]
80
sensitive
heat
[W/person]
55
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.6
100
125
170
70
75
85
2.0
210
105
1.9
2.4
2.8
3.4
200
250
300
360
100
105
110
120
* 1 met = 58 W/m2
124
Annex 6. Design values for the installed capacity of the lighting system
Table 1. Design values for the level of lighting (in accordance with SR EN 13779:2005)
level of lighting [lux]
Intended use
typical range
values by absence
Office with window
Office without a window
Store
Classroom
Hospital room
Hotel room
Restaurant
Uninhabited room
400
500
400
400
200
200
200
50
Table 2. Design values for the capacity of the lighting system (efficient systems)
specific capacity of the lighting system [W/m2]
Level of lighting [lux]
typical range
values by absence
50
from 2.5 to 3.2
3
4
from 3.5 to 4.5
100
6
from 5.5 to 7.0
200
300
8
from 7.5 to 8.5
400
10
from 9.0 to 12.5
500
12
from 11.0 to 15.0
125
operating theatres
annexes of the operating theatres
patient rooms
- with high requirements regarding the absence of
pathogenic germs
operating theatres
annexes of the operating theatres
emergency operating theatres
resuscitation rooms
intensive care
delivery room
stationary room for premature babies
stationary room for newborn babies
stationary room for infants
n [h-1]
46
68
46
4-6
46
58
45
68
12 16
5 10
8 12
4-6
20
15
10
58
10 - 15
4
25 m3/h
50 m3/h
15 20
60
45
45
60
30
45
20
30
30
25
25
15
10
126
patient rooms
living rooms
corridors
intervention and treatment rooms
X-Ray diagnosis rooms
Radiotherapy rooms
massage rooms
exercise rooms
rest rooms
central sterilisation station
morgue
Dentist rooms
Swimming pools:
- pool room: 10m3/(h, m2 water surface)
- shower room (maximum)
- dressing rooms
Sports halls
Offices, meeting rooms
Schools
Auditoriums
Laboratories:
- small
- large
Garages
15
10
18
18
18
15
10
10
20
30
30
6
34
25 30
8 10
2-3
48
68
8 - 10
8 12
68
4-5
127
128