Bible and Science

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V.A. Sherstnev
BIBLE AND SCIENCE

IN A SINGLE CIRCLE?
2015
Perm 2015
27-22:001
86.37+72

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Many scientists pay tribute to the Bible as a source of culture and beliefs,
however, denying its scientific nature. The author of this book does not
ague, and especially does not refute this position. He cites facts, compares
them, asks questions. And the findings are to be provided by the reader.
ISBN 978-5-7944-2507-9

. . 2015

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Kenneth Gordon Taylor. 2015

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XVII .
Everything, possibly visible and invisible,
created by the wise Creator, real and mentally
comprehended, rotting and eternally existing,
demands name for its being. Any Creators being
is depicted by its name and by us, people,
is cognized.
From Stater, manuscript of the XVII century.

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Authors Note*
The Bible its the most remarkable book that exists on Earth, and
the most widely read in our world. Each year, almost thirty million copies
of the Bible are republished in two thousand national languages.
The contribution of the Bible to humanitys history and culture,
and to the mindset and religions of numerous civilized nations has been
tremendous. The Bible forms the foundation for the world view, for all
the dogma, faith establishments, prayers, ceremonies, festivities and rites of
Jewish and Christian people. This book is the basis of all other doctrine and
worship literature. And in itself, its an essential attribute of worship, an
object of reverent veneration by the followers of Judaism and Christianity.
Of course, this book (in particular the earliest selections from the Old
Testament, compiled three millennia ago) contains quite a bit of archaic
data, assertions and predictions that are inadmissible today. The Bibles
view of the universe has become outdated, despite the tricks of creationist theologists who have been making attempts to renew this view. The
followers of secular worldview do not agree also with other religious
representations of the Bible. (Pismanik 2004)
The scientific article excerpts presented above reflect a view of the
Bible shared by a multitude of scientists. While the Bible is honoured as
a source for culture and doctrine, its scientific validity is rejected. We will
not argue against this view, and even more so will not refute this position.
Every person has the right to an opinion. We will also make use of this
privilege. At the same time, we will not be making any claims, but will
simply rely on facts and ask questions.
The view of the universe, the origin of man and the Great Flood, described in the first book of the Bible (which is also the First Book of Moses
called Genesis), have been a subject of centuries old scientific debates.
Lets look at these events in the order in which they are recounted in the
Bible. (References and citations are made according to Bible. The Septuagint
With Apocrypha: English, 1851. London: Samuel Bagster & Sons, Ltd.)
But first, we will examine the meaning of the word genesis. According to Dahls Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,
one of the meanings of this word is true story, not fiction, fact, event,
truth. (Dahl 1989, 1) Is this so? Since everything recounted in this book
appears to be completely fantastic, pure fiction. Just think about the story
of the creation of the world in six days, for example.
* The book by Valery A. Sherstnev was translated into English by Yelena V. Perelman.

Part One
The Creation of the World

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And God said, Let there be light
22
The Creation of the World

According to modern cosmology, the age of our universe, which
houses both our galaxy and our planet Earth, is estimated to be 13.7 billion
years. Geological science indicates that our planet Earth, a place where
we all live, is 4.6 billion years old. It also indicates that the universe our
world, and our planet which is a part of this world, have gone through
a long evolutionary journey, what is known today to practically every
child in school. For this reason, the Bibles assertion about the creation
of the world by God in six days looks, at the very least, incredible. Its
impossible to create in mere six days something that requires billions of
years. Nevertheless, is the Bibles depiction of the creation of the world
really so incredible? Lets turn to the Bible.
1
In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. 2 But the
earth was unsightly and unfurnished, and darkness was over the deep,
and the Spirit of God moved over the water.
3
And God said, Let there be light, and there was light. 4 And God
saw the light that it was good, and God divided between the light and
the darkness. 5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called
Night, and there was evening and there was morning, the first day.
6
And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the water,
and let it be a division between water and water, and it was so. 7 And
God made the firmament, and God divided between the water which
was under the firmament and the water which was above the firmament.
8
And God called the firmament Heaven, and God saw that it was good,
and there was evening and there was morning, the second day.
9
And God said, Let the water which is under the heaven be collected
into one place, and let the dry land appear, and it was so. And the water
which was under the heaven was collected into its places, and the dry
land appeared. 10 And God called the dry land Earth, and the gatherings
of the waters he called Seas, and God saw that it was good. 11And God
said, Let the earth bring forth the herb of grass bearing seed according
to its kind and according to its likeness, and the fruit-tree bearing fruit
whose seed is in it, according to its kind on the earth, and it was so. 12 And
the earth brought forth the herb of grass bearing seed according to its
kind and according to its likeness, and the fruit tree bearing fruit whose
seed is in it, according to its kind on the earth, and God saw that it was
good. 13 And there was evening and there was morning, the third day.
23
14
And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven
to give light upon the earth, to divide between day and night, and let
them be for signs and for seasons and for days and for years. 15 And let
them be for light in the firmament of the heaven, so as to shine upon the
earth, and it was so. 16 And God made the two great lights, the greater
light for regulating the day and the lesser light for regulating the night,
the stars also. 17 And God placed them in the firmament of the heaven,
so as to shine upon the earth, 18 and to regulate day and night, and to
divide between the light and the darkness. And God saw that it was
good. 19 And there was evening and there was morning, the fourth day.
20
And God said, Let the waters bring forth reptiles having life, and
winged creatures flying above the earth in the firmament of heaven, and
it was so. 21 And God made great whales, and every living reptile, which
the waters brought forth according to their kinds, and every creature
that flies with wings according to its kind, and God saw that they were
good. 22 And God blessed them saying, Increase and multiply and fill
the waters in the seas, and let the creatures that fly be multiplied on the
earth. 23 And there was evening and there was morning, the fifth day.
24
And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature according
to its kind, quadrupeds and reptiles and wild beasts of the earth according
to their kind, and it was so. 25 And God made the wild beasts of the earth
according to their kind, and cattle according to their kind, and all the reptiles of the earth according to their kind, and God saw that they were good.
26
And God said, Let us make man according to our image and
likeness, and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over
the flying creatures of heaven, and over the cattle and all the earth,
and over all the reptiles that creep on the earth. 27 And God made man,
according to the image of God he made him, male and female he made
them. 28 And God blessed them, saying, Increase and multiply, and fill
the earth and subdue it, and have dominion over the fish of the seas
and flying creatures of heaven, and all the cattle and all the earth, and
all the reptiles that creep on the earth. 29 And God said, Behold I have
given to you every seed-bearing herb sowing seed which is upon all the
earth, and every tree which has in itself the fruit of seed that is sown,
to you it shall be for food. 30 And to all the wild beasts of the earth, and
to all the flying creatures of heaven, and to every reptile creeping on
the earth, which has in itself the breath of life, even every green plant
for food; and it was so. 31 And God saw all the things that he had made,
24
and, behold, they were very good. And there was evening and there was
morning, the sixth day. (Genesis 1:131)
And now lets turn to the depiction of the universe from modern
scientific perspective.
One cannot say that modern science has uncovered all of the universes secrets. Its an engaging and, most likely, endless process. Especially significant events are taking place in modern cosmology. According
to the claim of Leonid Ksanfomaliti, doctor in Physics and Mathematics,
and author of the article entitled The Dark Universe. Surprise of Cosmology
for Einsteins 100-year Anniversary (Ksanfomaliti 2005), on which we are
relying in this chapter and which we are citing to a significantly large
extent, new discoveries in this scientific field have led to an unprecedented
major revision of the view of the universe.
According to one set of data, the age of the universe is estimated to
be 13.61.5 billion years old, while another, considered more accurate, and
obtained through an experiment using the WMAP satellite, has determined
it to be 13.70.2 billions of years. It is at this time, 13.7 billion years ago,
that our entire universe existed in a certain mysterious point that physicists
have called singularity. For unknown reasons, an unthinkable explosion
took place inside this singularity, and it threw out all of the universes
matter in different directions with such a speed, that to this day it still
flies, unable to stop. At the same time, many (but not all) cosmologists
think that this mysterious point was the source of not only matter, but
also of time of the universe; that before neither time nor space existed.
Soon following the Big Bang, the universe entered the Dark Ages, a period
that continued for approximately 200400 millions of years. Not a single
star or galaxy could be seen in the universe. The events of the Dark Ages
have been determined using calculation models, since nothing except relic
radiation has reached us from there (from that time). But models are fairly
reliable; and it is these very models that give us an idea about the nature
of the Dark Ages. These events are demonstrated in Figure 1.
The Dark Ages period ended with the formation of first stars. The
era of protogalaxies and galaxies arrived (Fig. 2).
Thus, the following sequence of events had taken place during the
formation of the universe: the Big Bang the Dark Ages stars protogalaxies galaxies; relic radiation darkness light.
Scientists have determined that the cosmos includes at the same time
both light and dark masses of matter. The light matter is what we see:
stars, gas, dust clusters and almost open black holes. Everything else
is the dark matter, which is in fact 6 times bigger than the light matter.
25
TIME SINCE THE BIG BANG, m of years
1000
10
100
1000
10 000
Reionization through radiation

from giant stars and quasars
OUR TIME
Recombination
Relic radiation release
Dark Ages
Formation
of first stars
100
1+Z
Formation
of galaxy clusters
10
Fig. 1. Dark Ages (Ksanfomaliti 2005)

Fig. 1. Dark Ages (Ksanfomaliti 2005)
Today, scientists do not all share a uniform opinion about the formation of Earth. There are many hypotheses: those of I. Kant, P. S. Laplace,
T. C. Chamberlin, F. R. Moulton, J. H. Jeans, O. Y. Schmidt, V. G. Fesenko
and others. Was the newly formed Earth hot or cold? Did it emerge at the
same time with the stars or after? Today, there is no precise and singular
answer to these questions; although this is fundamentally important for
the understanding of the Earths history and its future, and, at the end
of the day, humanitys future. However, it is known with certainty that
Earth already existed as a planet of our solar system approximately 4.6
billions of years ago. This is how O. G. Sorokhtin and S. A. Ushakov
(1991) describe young Earth: During those distant times, our planet was
predominated only by unfriendly, harsh and cold desert landscapes with
a black and bright sky, bright non flickering stars, a yellow sun that did
not provide much heat (its luminosity then was approximately 25% lower
than today) and an overly large moon disk. However, because of strong
and almost uninterrupted tidal earthquakes, this terrain was flattened
significantly and formed just as a monotonous dark grey primary matter,
covered from above with an equally dark, but relatively thick regolith
layer. Whether or not the Earth appeared this way in the early stages of
its formation, it is quite obvious that without the present-day atmosphere
Fig. 2. The universe since the Big Bang until our time (Ksanfomaliti 2005)
26
27
and biosphere, its look, surrounded by the deep of space, had been very
unsightly. (Genesis 1:2)
But, no matter how our planet may have appeared in those distant
times, the fact of differentiation of the Earth according to the properties and
content of matter, which had occurred during its evolution as a planet, is
highly important. The Earth consists of a series of spherical layers, which
are divided into external and internal layers (Fig. 3, 4).
Exosphere
H, km
700
500
300
200
Thermosphere
100
Mesopause
80
Mesosphere
Stratopause
60
40
Stratosphere
Tropopause
20
0
10
120 60
60 120 180 240 300 360 t, C
Fig. 3. Schematic Cross-section of the Atmosphere

(Koronovsky and Yasmanov 2003)
1 upper lithosphere boundary (a land, b ocean); 2 noctilucent
clouds; 3 nacreous clouds; 4 troposphere cloud-cover layers;
5 aurorae polaris; 6 temperature curve; 7 ozone distribution layer;
8 highest ozone concentration layer (ozone layer)
28
Fig. 4. Structure of Earths Inner Layers

(Koronovsky and Yasmanov 2003)
The Earths exterior layers the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the
biosphere are unique characteristics of our planet, distinguishing it from
other similar bodies in the solar system. The Earths interior layers the
core, consisting of a subcore and an exterior core, and the mantle, also
consisting of two layers: the lower and the upper mantle. Between the
Earths interior and exterior layers is the Earths crust, which acts both
as a separation of these layers and as a product of interaction of these
two layers. All these Earths layers are in a constant interaction with one
another, which is expressed as an exchange of matter and energy.
29
Next we will talk about the history of the Earths geological development, which is outlined in a geochronological table (Table 1).
Table 1.
Main Geochronological Schema

(nin 1977)
Eons
Eras
Cenozoic, Kz
Mesozoic, Mz
Phanerozoic
Paleozoic, Pz
Vendian, V
Upper, Pt3
(Riphean, R)
Proterozoic,
Pt
Upper, R3
Middle, R2
Lower, R1
Aphebian
Middle, Pt2
Lower, Pt1
Archean,
Katarchean,
2
1
Tectonomagnetic
Epochs
Age of
Borders
billions of
years
19
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3.00.1
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1.350.05
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1.90.1
2.60.1
4.54.6
The Earths hydrosphere and atmosphere began to form approximately 4 billion years ago during the Archean. The early Archeans real
conditions did not allow for an existence of one single ocean, and the
depths of separate and often isolated pools had been reaching 100500m.
During the late Archean, the middle ocean depths had increased up to
350700 m, and it was at that particular time when the Earth became
30
covered with one single surface of water. The Earths atmosphere, which
consisted mostly of carbon dioxide with subordinate nitrogen content, was
also formed during the Archean. According to other data, the atmosphere
of that time had been predominated by methane with a likely presence
of hydrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide and water background. The Earths
atmosphere was very dense; 4 times more dense than today. The surface
temperatures reached +90 +100 , creating a strong greenhouse effect.
Because of the high atmospheric density and dense cloud cover, neither
the sun, nor the moon nor the stars could be seen from Earth.
As the result of the sedimentary rock granitization processes, the
cores of all future platforms were formed approximately 2.6 billion years
ago at the end of the Archean; and these cores grew during subsequent
geological eras.
The formation of land, which began at the end of the Archean, is
what characterizes the most the next phase of the Earths development.
Called the Proterozoic phase by geologists, it differs from the previous
one due to the following paramount events: the development of land, the
appearance of algae, plants and first primitive single-celled animals, and
the formation of a transparent atmosphere.
Inside the Proterozoic era deposits, represented predominantly by
metamorphosed sedimentary and magmatic rocks, as well as limestone,
geologists are finding the remains of organisms and marks of their life activities: rhizipod nuclei, foraminifer imprints, worm passageways, fragmented
remains of ancient crustaceous shells, radiolarian needles, etc. The algae
are the most prevalent among the plants. Inside these deposits, geologists
had also identified terrestrial plant spores, although the remains of the
actual plants were not found. During the Proterozoic, the partial pressure
of carbon dioxide had decreased sharply, almost reaching todays levels,
and the average surface atmosphere had dropped to +6 degrees C. The
atmosphere became nitric with a decreased pressure from 0.64 to 0.75bar.
It was during the Proterozoic when it became possible to observe the
alternation between night and day on Earth. The sun began to shine in
the sky during the day, replaced with the moon and the starts at night.
The flora and fauna development that began during the Proterozoic
continued during the Paleozoic era. During this phase of the Earths development vertebrates underwent a complex evolutionary process. They
appeared in the seas in the form of primitive chordates at the beginning of
the Paleozoic, and already in the middle of the Paleozoic they had formed
large groups of aquatic vertebrates fish and amphibians. At the end of
31
the Paleozoic many diverse reptiles appeared. The flora was represented
by a large amount of algae. Later, terrestrial plants psilophytes which
are representatives of terrestrial spore plants appeared, and at the end
of the Paleozoic, the spore plants were joined by gymnosperms.
During the Mesozoic era the majority of Paleozoic animas disappeared. They were replaced with new, more highly organized animals. The
Mesozoic is the age of flourishing and domination of reptiles that were
adapted to life on land, in the water and in the air. During the Mesozoic
the first dwarf mammals and real birds appeared. Gymnosperms were the
dominant plants, and only at the end of this era the first flowering plant
representatives appeared and quickly became dominant.
The Cenozoic era is characterized by the development of mammals,
birds, bony fish, by the domination of lamellibranchs and gastropods in
the seas and on land, and by the domination of flowering plants on the
entire globe. The sea and terrestrial animals that crossed over from the
Mesozoic era into the Cenozoic multiplied quickly, giving rise to new
species and kinds. After the extinction of the Mesozoic animals, terrestrial
and sea animals became represented by forms close to those that we see
today. The lengthy evolution of the organic world concluded at the end
of the Neogene era, or at the very beginning of the Quaternary Period,
with the appearance of an intelligent creature the human.
From everything mentioned above, lets select the acts of God described
in the Bible in their strict order according to days, and lets compare them
with the results obtained through scientific experiments, placing these also
in chronological order (Table 2).
The Origins of the Universe, the Earth and Mankind
Table 2.
The Bible (Genesis 1:131)
Scientific Data
In the beginning God made the heaven

and the earth.
2
But the earth was unsightly and unfurnished, and the Spirit of God moved
over the water.
3
And God said, Let there be light, and
there was light.
4
And God saw the light that it was good,
and God divided between the light and
the darkness.
Singularity.
Relic radiation.
Darkness.
Forming of protogalaxies, stars, planets,
including an unsightly Earth.
Light.
Existence of light and dark masses of
matter.
32
And God called the light Day, and the
darkness he called Night, and there
was evening and there was morning,
the first day.
6
And God said, Let there be a firmament
in the midst of the water, and let it be a
division between water and water, and
it was so.
7
And God made the firmament, and
God divided between the water which
was under the firmament and the water
which was above the firmament.
8
And God called the firmament Heaven,
and God saw that it was good, and there
was evening and there was morning, the
second day.
Differentiation of matter on planet

Earth: emergence of the core, the mantle, and the outer layer.
During the Archean the Earths hydrosphere and the atmosphere are formed.
During the late Archean the Earth becomes covered with one single surface
of water.
It was during the Archean as well when
the Earths atmosphere, which was then
4 times more dense than today, formed.
A powerful greenhouse effect followed.
Because of the high atmospheric density
and dense cloud cover, neither the sun,
nor the moon nor the stars could be
seen from Earth.
And God said, Let the water which is

under the heaven be collected into one
place, and let the dry land appear, and it
was so. And the water which was under
the heaven was collected into its places,
and the dry land appeared.
10
And God called the dry land Earth,
and the gatherings of the waters he called
Seas, and God saw that it was good.
11
And God said, Let the earth bring forth
the herb of grass bearing seed according
to its kind and according to its likeness,
and the fruit-tree bearing fruit whose
seed is in it, according to its kind on the
earth, and it was so.
12
And the earth brought forth the herb
of grass bearing seed according to its
kind and according to its likeness, and
As the result of the sedimentary rock

granitization processes, the cores of all
future platforms were formed at the end
of the Archean; and these cores grew
during subsequent geological eras.
During the Proterozoic, land begins to
form; algae, plants and first primitive
single celled animals appear.
Inside the Proterozoic era deposits, represented dominantly by metamorphosed
sedimentary and magmatic rocks, as
well as limestone, geologists are finding
the remains of organisms and marks
of their life activities: rhizipod nuclei,
foraminifer imprints, worm passageways, fragmented remains of ancient
crustaceous shells, radiolarian needles,
etc. The algae are the most prevalent
33
the fruit tree bearing fruit whose seed is
in it, according to its kind on the earth,
and God saw that it was good.
13
And there was evening and there was
morning, the third day.
among the plants. Inside these deposits,

geologists had also identified terrestrial
plant spores, although the remains of the
actual plants were not found.
14
And God said, Let there be lights in

the firmament of the heaven to give light
upon the earth, to divide between day
and night, and let them be for signs and
for seasons and for days and for years.
15
And let them be for light in the firmament of the heaven, so as to shine upon
the earth, and it was so.
16
And God made the two great lights,
the greater light for regulating the day
and the lesser light for regulating the
night, the stars also.
17
And God placed them in the firmament
of the heaven, so as to shine upon the earth,
18
and to regulate day and night, and to
divide between the light and the darkness. And God saw that it was good.
19
And there was evening and there was
morning, the fourth day.
During the Proterozoic, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide had decreased
sharply, almost reaching todays levels.
It was during the Proterozoic when it
became possible to observe the alternation between night and day on Earth.
And God said, Let the waters bring

forth reptiles having life, and winged
creatures flying above the earth in the
firmament of heaven, and it was so.
21
And God made great whales, and
every living reptile, which the waters
brought forth according to their kinds,
and every creature that flies with wings
according to its kind, and God saw that
they were good.
22
And God blessed them saying, Increase
and multiply and fill the waters in the
seas, and let the creatures that fly be
multiplied on the earth.
The flora and fauna development that

began during the Proterozoic continued
during the Paleozoic era.
The animals that had appeared in the seas
in the form of primitive chordates at the
beginning of the Paleozoic, already in
the middle of the Paleozoic had formed
large groups of aquatic vertebrates fish
and amphibians.
At the end of the Paleozoic many diverse
reptiles appeared.
The flora was represented by a large
amount of algae. Later, terrestrial plants
psilophytes which are representatives
20
34
And there was evening and there was of terrestrial spore plants appeared,
morning, the fifth day.
and at the end of the Paleozoic, the spore
plants were joined by gymnosperms.
The Mesozoic is the age of flourishing
and domination of reptiles that were
adapted to life on land, in the water
and in the air.
During the Mesozoic the first dwarf
mammals and real birds appeared. Gymnosperms were the dominant plants,
and only at the end of this era the first
flowering plant representatives appeared
and quickly became dominant.
23
24
And God said, Let the earth bring
forth the living creature according to
its kind, quadrupeds and reptiles and
wild beasts of the earth according to
their kind, and it was so.
25
And God made the wild beasts of the
earth according to their kind, and cattle according to their kind, and all the
reptiles of the earth according to their
kind, and God saw that they were good.
26
And God said, Let us make man according to our image and likeness, and
let them have dominion over the fish of
the sea, and over the flying creatures of
heaven, and over the cattle and all the
earth, and over all the reptiles that creep
on the earth.
27
And God made man, according to the
image of God he made him, male and
female he made them.
28
And God blessed them, saying, Increase and multiply, and fill the earth
and subdue it, and have dominion over
the fish of the seas and flying creatures
of heaven, and all the cattle and all the
The Cenozoic era is characterized by the

development of mammals, birds, bony
fish, by the domination of lamellibranchs
and gastropods in the seas and on land,
and by the domination of flowering
plants on the entire globe.
The sea and terrestrial animals that
crossed over from the Mesozoic era into
the Cenozoic multiplied quickly, giving
rise to new species and kinds.
After the extinction of Mesozoic animals,
the terrestrial and sea animals became
represented by forms close to those that
we see today.
The lengthy evolution of the organic
world concluded at the end of the Neogene era, or at the very beginning of the
Quaternary Period, with the appearance
of an intelligent creature the human.
35
earth, and all the reptiles that creep on
the earth.
29
And God said, Behold I have given to
you every seed-bearing herb sowing seed
which is upon all the earth, and every
tree which has in itself the fruit of seed
that is sown, to you it shall be for food.
30
And to all the wild beasts of the earth,
and to all the flying creatures of heaven,
and to every reptile creeping on the
earth, which has in itself the breath of
life, even every green plant for food;
and it was so.
31
And God saw all the things that he
had made, and, behold, they were very
good. And there was evening and there
was morning, the sixth day.
Such is the depiction of the creation of the World according to
the Bible and according to scientific experiment results. As we can see,
there is a match between the chronology of the cosmological, geological
and biological events events that show the evolution of the universe,
the Earth, its plant and animal kingdoms, and concluding with the appearance of man, which are described in the Bible and determined by
modern science.

Part Two
The Origin of Man
37

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49
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And God formed the rib which he took from Adam into a woman, and brought her to Adam
50

Adam and Eve Are Driven out of Edem
51
The Origin of Man

Much is known about the origin of man in modern science; but at
the same time, very little. According to the admission by Alexey Lopatin,
doctor of Biological Sciences and Deputy Director of the Russian Academy
of Sciences Paleontological Institute, right now the sciences dealing with
distant past have come to a paradox: the more we learn about our history,
the more confusing it becomes. (Demenko 2007) This quote comes from
Alexey Lopatins commentary to Sergey Demenkos article entitled TheAttack on Darwin. Two Sculls Will Not Ruin the Theory of Human Evolution,
dedicated to the sensational discovery by English scientists Meave and
Louise Leakey, who had determined in the year 2000 that Homo habilis
(handy man) and Homo erectus (upright man) lived in the same historical
period 1.41.5 millions of years ago. It was considered earlier that they did
not coexist together. The modern science does not have precise knowledge
about when and how the origin of man took place. Its considered that
a few millions of years ago apes and humans, who shared a common
ancestor, split up on the paths of further evolution.
As it was shown in the previous section, mankind appeared during the Cenozoic era and became the pinnacle of the animal kingdom.
Moreover, humans appeared at the very end of this era, approximately
100200 thousands of years ago, more precisely during the Quaternary
Period in which we also are all living right now, and represent a single
biological species. Lets take a brief look at the genealogy of mankind,
i.e. its evolution.
Lets look at this process through the eyes of Julian Huxley, an English scientist and grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley. The latter had been
a colleague of Charles Darwin and fought so fiercely and passionately
for the validation of the evolutionary teachings of his genius friend, that
his contemporaries had given him the nickname of Darwins Bulldog.
Julian Huxley had inherited from his grandfather not only his name, but
also his trade. Such characteristic is given to the famous scientist in the
introduction to the Russian edition of his English book The Wonderful World
of Evolution (London, 1969), the data from which we have included here.
The primates, already in existence in the Eocene Period, radiated
during the Miocene in an important way. (Huxley 1969) We must specify
here that in geological sciences the Cenozoic era during which mankind
appeared is subdivided into the Eocene, the Oligocene, the Miocene and
the Pliocene, which form the Tertiary Period; and into the Pleistocene and
52
the Holocene, which form the Quaternary Period. If we think of a main
limb of the evolutionary tree running from the earliest primates to man,
we can imagine the smaller limbs of Parapithecus and Propliopithecus as
having already branched off. In Miocene times Proconsul appears. Most
zoologists agree that it was from Proconsulor an animal very much
like itthat both man and modern apes may have evolved. But most
zoologists would also agree that an exact and certain definition of the
ancestry of man must await the finding of more fossils from the Miocene
and Pliocene rocks. An interesting though puzzling fossil anthropoid
primate group is Australopithecus and its relatives, several species of
which have been found. The age of these fossils is somewhat uncertain;
they are placed in the Pliocene by some experts, in the Pleistocene by
others. But most agree that these curious animals, though they had the
brains of apes, had a posture, walk, and hands more human than apelike. (Huxley 1969)
Without a doubt, the Pleistocene deserves to be called the age of
man. If we try to recreate the human genealogical tree based on fossil
remains, we will see that some branches, some twigs are missing from this
tree; all we can do is guess what these missing links were like.
The earliest near-men found in Asia are far more human than the
little Australopithecus that we have already described. It can be argued that
apes not unlike Australopithecus spread out from Africa over Europe and
Asia. Whatever their origin, by the middle of the Pleistocene a number
of different species of near-men were living in many places on the three
continents. Java man (Pithecanthropus erectus) walked like a man over
500,000 years ago. A quarter of a million years later, near present-day
Peking, there lived similar near-men who could control and use fire and
who made tools out of quartz. Halfway around the world, in England,
at the same time lived a different species, Swanscombe man, who may
have been close to Homo sapiens. The most abundant evidence records the
evolution of Neanderthal man who lived from at least 70,000 to 30,000
years ago from the Channel Isles to Siberia, from North African to South
Russia. The Cro-Magnon men who painted the walls of their caves in
France some 35,000 years ago belonged to the species Homo sapiens, modern
man. (Huxley 1969)
The view of human evolution mentioned above is illustrated in
Figure 5. According to Julian Huxley, our species Homo sapiens, has
perhaps no longer experienced any kind of noticeable biological evolution
since the time of the last ice age. However, he was able to move forward
53
like no other animal has. The human owes his dominant evolutionary
position to knowledge, judgment and curiosity.
Modern research by zoologists is helping to fill in the gaps in the
human evolutionary tree. However, as a whole, the picture that they depict appears approximately the same as the one presented to his readers
by Julian Huxley. Based on the remains found, a direct ancestor of Homo
sapiens sapiens, i.e. modern human species, has not yet been determined.
CRO-MAGNON
4 Glacial
NEANDERTHALS
UPPER PLEISTOCENE
EARLY NEANDERTHALS
3G
SWANSCOMBE
MIDLLE PLEISTOCENE
2G
HEIDELBERG
EARLY JAVA
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
LOWER PLEISTOCENE
1G
Fig. 5. The evolution of man in relation to the periods

of glacial advance (Huxley 1969)
54
Geneticists have been adding significantly to the research on the
origins of mankind made by anthropologists. In 1985, Allan Wilson, an
American geneticist, became the first to study mtDNA samples obtained
from the blood of people living in all parts of the world; and based on
the differences identified between them, he constructed a phylogenetic
tree of mankind. It was discovered that all modern mtDNA could have
originated from the mtDNA of a common foremother who lived in Africa.
The woman who had the ancestral mtDNA was immediately nicknamed Mitochondrial Eve. In 1986, English scientists James Wainscott
and Adrian Hill announced the possibility of using biological materials
called enzymes for isolating five DNA fragments from a gene responsible for the reception of a part of the red blood cells haemoglobin
molecule. They had identified various combinations of these fragments
in 600 people, a group that included individuals from African, Indian,
English, Malaysian and Thai descent. It was found that it wasnt the
people of African descent who had limited common combinations content; in fact, this group has been most characterized for combinations
that were missing in other experimental groups. The scientists reached
the conclusion that all of the worlds nations have originated from one
small group of prehistoric people of Africa, connected among themselves
through blood and relative ties.
Similar conclusions were obtained by American scientists Rebecca
Cann and Mark Stoneking while studying the geographical distribution
of mitochondrial genes that are passed on only along the maternal lineage. They believe that our species, Homo sapiens, had originated from one
woman who lived in Africa 200 thousand years ago.
At the same time, geneticists do not contend that mankind had originated from one woman in particular. Mitochondrial Eve is a figure of
speech. On the contrary, geneticists speak about the population to which
this Eve belonged, which consisted of 1030 thousand individuals.
Geneticists had also studied different modern human populations and
made comparisons between the nucleotide sequences of the Y chromosome
that determines the male gender. And those data that we already have at
our disposal show us that the genetic Adam had originated in Africa,
where he existed around 200 thousand years ago, i.e. at the same place
and approximately at the same time as the genetic Eve. As the result,
all people who are currently living on Earth are direct descendants on
the paternal lineage of one small population of men that existed in those
distant times. (Tarantul 2003)
55
As a whole, anthropologists and geneticists agree in their views
regarding the origin of man and his evolution. By reading the human
genomes DNA, its possible to read the history of mankind. To do
this, scientists had compared the DNA sequences of humans and apes, in
particular those of the chimpanzee, the closest relative of man, and determined that during evolution, the two lines of anthropoid apes that gave
rise to modern people and to currently living chimpanzees, had separated
six million years ago. (Zakharov-Gezehus 2005) The Neanderthal man is
not our ancestor either, but rather a special species that scientists consider
to be an evolutionary dead-end branch (Fig. 6). Famous anthropologist
Svante Pbo, together with his colleagues from the Max Planck Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig (Astvatsaturyan 2005), were able to
isolate and examine the nuclear DNA of the Neanderthal man. According to
preliminary data, the Neanderthal man differs the most from humans (and
also from chimpanzees) through its male Y chromosome. The differences
in the other chromosomes are not as obvious, what doesnt exclude the
possibility, as scientists believe, of a cross between these two kinds. They
thousands
of years ago
500
common ancestral mtDNA

of modern and Neanderthal man
400
300
200
100
ancestral
population size
~100,000
Mitochondrial Eve
(ancestral mtDNA
of modern humans)
bottleneck,
fall in population
size to 10,000
modern mtDNA
ancestral
Neanderthal
mtDNA
Neanderthal
extinction
26 thousand
years ago
experimental data
calculated points
Fig. 6. Human and Neanderthal mtDNA Evolutionary Lines Schema

(Borinskaya and Yankovsky 2009)
56
have also determined that the Neanderthal man drifted away from the
evolutionary branch of the modern man around 315 thousand years ago.
Scientists hold different views regarding the place of origin of mankind. In their book, People and Their Genes: The Threads of Fate (Vek 2, 2009),
S.A.Borinskaya and N. K. Yankovsky talk about this subject: One group
of scientists supposed that humans had appeared in one region of the
world with Africa being mentioned the most and then settled all over
the world. Another point of view, the so-called multiregional hypothesis,
supposes that Homo erectus, upright man, the ancestral species of humans,
who came out of Africa and settled in Asia more than a million years ago,
turned into Homo sapiens at different spots of the globe independently. With
the emergence of molecular data during recent decades, the African hypothesis has received much greater weight. However, if today both geneticists
and archaeologists agree that the centre of the human anthropogenesis as
one species is Africa, there are still archaeologists who are firm supporters
of the multiregional hypothesis. Among them, for example, is Professor
Anatoly Derevianko, a famous scientist/archaeologist who supports this
hypothesis. His opinion and those of his colleagues are strengthened by
recent finds made by the staff of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)
in the Middle East, in Uzbekistan and in the Altai (Poisk, 2003).
Summarizing the material above, we can state the following: the
previously existing theory of gradual transformation of humans from apes
into Homo sapiens cannot be confirmed. The anthropoid apes (humans
and apes) parted ways in their evolutionary development approximately
6 million years ago, having formed two independent branches. Africa is
the home of Homo erectus (upright man), of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
(Neanderthal man) and of Homo sapiens sapiens (modern man). The Neanderthal is not the direct ancestor of modern human species. Homo erectus,
Neanderthal and modern man shared a common ancestor. These are twigs
of one branch. Its possible that they all had participated in the formation
of the modern human. This is the current scientific position regarding the
question of the origin of man and his evolution.
The Bible has dedicated chapters 1, 2 and 3 to the origins of mankind. Chapter one is provided in the first section of this book. Here is the
complete text of chapters 2 and 3.
1
And the heavens and the earth were finished, and the whole
world of them. 2 And God finished on the sixth day his works which he
made, and he ceased on the seventh day from all his works which he
57
made. 3 And God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in
it he ceased from all his works which God began to do.
4
This is the book of the generation of heaven and earth, when
they were made, in the day in which the Lord God made the heaven
and the earth, 5 and every herb of the field before it was on the earth,
and all the grass of the field before it sprang up, for God had not rained
on the earth, and there was not a man to cultivate it. 6 But there rose
a fountain out of the earth, and watered the whole face of the earth.
7
And God formed the man of dust of the earth, and breathed upon his
face the breath of life, and the man became a living soul. 8 And God
planted a garden eastward in Edem, and placed there the man whom
he had formed. 9 And God made to spring up also out of the earth
every tree beautiful to the eye and good for food, and the tree of life
in the midst of the garden, and the tree of learning the knowledge of
good and evil. 10And a river proceeds out of Edem to water the garden,
thence it divides itself into four heads. 11 The name of the one, Phisom,
this it is which encircles the whole land of Evilat, where there is gold.
12
And the gold of that land is good, there also is carbuncle and emerald.
13
And the name of the second river is Geon, this it is which encircles
the whole land of Ethiopia. 14 And the third river is Tigris, this is that
which flows forth over against the Assyrians. And the fourth river is
Euphrates. 15 And the Lord God took the man whom he had formed,
and placed him in the garden of Delight, to cultivate and keep it. 16 And
the Lord God gave a charge to Adam, saying, Of every tree which is in
the garden thou mayest freely eat, 17 but of the tree of the knowledge
of good and evilof it ye shall not eat, but in whatsoever day ye eat of
it, ye shall surely die. 18 And the Lord God said, It is not good that the
man should be alone, let us make for him a help suitable to him. 19 And
God formed yet farther out of the earth all the wild beasts of the field,
and all the birds of the sky, and he brought them to Adam, to see what
he would call them, and whatever Adam called any living creature,
that was the name of it. 20 And Adam gave names to all the cattle and
to all the birds of the sky, and to all the wild beasts of the field, but for
Adam there was not found a help like to himself. 21 And God brought a
trance upon Adam, and he slept, and he took one of his ribs, and filled
up the flesh instead thereof. 22 And God formed the rib which he took
from Adam into a woman, and brought her to Adam. 23 And Adam said,
This now is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called
woman, because she was taken out of her husband. 24 Therefore shall
58
a man leave his father and his mother and shall cleave to his wife, and
they two shall be one flesh. (Genesis 2:124)
And the two were naked, both Adam and his wife, and were
not ashamed. 2 Now the serpent was the most crafty of all the brutes
on the earth, which the Lord God made, and the serpent said to the
woman, Wherefore has God said, Eat not of every tree of the garden?
3
And the woman said to the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees
of the garden, 4 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the
garden, God said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye
die. 5 And the serpent said to the woman, Ye shall not surely die. 6 For
God knew that in whatever day ye should eat of it your eyes would be
opened, and ye would be as gods, knowing good and evil. 7 And the
woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to
the eyes to look upon and beautiful to contemplate, and having taken
of its fruit she ate, and she gave to her husband also with her, and they
ate. 8 And the eyes of both were opened, and they perceived that they
were naked, and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves
aprons to go round them.
9
And they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden
in the afternoon; and both Adam and his wife hid themselves from the
face of the Lord God in the midst of the trees of the garden. 10 And the
Lord God called Adam and said to him, Adam, where art thou? 11 And
he said to him, I heard thy voice as thou walkedst in the garden, and I
feared because I was naked and I hid myself. 12 And God said to him,
Who told thee that thou wast naked, unless thou hast eaten of the tree
concerning which I charged thee of it alone not to eat? 13 And Adam
said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with meshe gave me of the
tree and I ate. 14 And the Lord God said to the woman, Why hast thou
done this? And the woman said, The serpent deceived me and I ate.
15
And the Lord God said to the serpent, Because thou hast done
this thou art cursed above all cattle and all the brutes of the earth, on
thy breast and belly thou shalt go, and thou shalt eat earth all the days
of thy life. 16 And I will put enmity between thee and the woman and
between thy seed and her seed, he shall watch against thy head, and
thou shalt watch against his heel.
17
And to the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy pains
and thy groanings; in pain thou shalt bring forth children, and thy
submission shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. 18 And
1
59
to Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened to the voice of thy wife,
and eaten of the tree concerning which I charged thee of it only not
to eatof that thou hast eaten, cursed is the ground in thy labours, in
pain shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life. 19 Thorns and thistles
shall it bring forth to thee, and thou shalt eat the herb of the field. 20 In
the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat thy bread until thou return to the
earth out of which thou wast taken, for earth thou art and to earth thou
shalt return. 21 And Adam called the name of his wife Life, because she
was the mother of all living.
22
And the Lord God made for Adam and his wife garments of
skin, and clothed them.
23
And God said, Behold, Adam is become as one of us, to know
good and evil, and now lest at any time he stretch forth his hand, and
take of the tree of life and eat, and so he shall live forever 24 So the Lord
God sent him forth out of the garden of Delight to cultivate the ground
out of which he was taken. 25 And he cast out Adam and caused him
to dwell over against the garden of Delight, and stationed the cherubs
and the fiery sword that turns about to keep the way of the tree of life.
(Genesis 3:125)
Such is the origin of man according to the Bible. Lets try and select
the main moments from everything that the Bible tells about man, while
respecting the chronological order of these events.
27
And God made man, according to the image of God he made
him, male and female he made them. (Genesis 1:27)
8
And God planted a garden eastward in Edem, and placed there
the man whom he had formed.
20
And Adam gave names to all the cattle and to all the birds of
the sky, and to all the wild beasts of the field, but for Adam there was
not found a help like to himself. (Genesis 2:8, 20)
1
And the two were naked, both Adam and his wife, and were
not ashamed.
8
And the eyes of both were opened, and they perceived that they
were naked, and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves
aprons to go round them.
21
And Adam called the name of his wife Life, because she was
the mother of all living.
22
skin, and clothed them. (Genesis 3:1, 8, 21, 22)
60
At first, it seems that the Bibles depiction of the origin of man has
nothing in common with scientific research results obtained in this field. We
would like to remind our readers that the research concerning the origin
of man is carried out along the anthropological and genetic investigation
lines. Moreover, anthropologists are attempting to retrace the entire chain
of changes that, over time, have led the human from his common ancestor with apes to his current physical appearance. Geneticists, using their
own methods, are also trying to understand how and where the humans
appeared and to determine their closest relatives.
It can be seen from the excerpts above that the Bible does not examine the temporal variability of humans, but it does record the more
important and significant moments that help determine the distinctive
features of humans.
How did humans came to be? In part one The Creation of the
World it was shown that the human is Gods final creation on Earth,
the pinnacle of his work. From the scientific point of view, the human is
the pinnacle of the animal evolutionary world. What draws our attention is
that according to the Bible, the human wasnt created as some individual,
that rather God created a man and a woman, without what the procreation of the human species would be impossible. Can we consider this
Biblical assertion to be accidental? From the biological point of view, the
existence of heterosexual individuals of one species, capable to procreate,
is a fundamental condition for its survival.
28
And God blessed them, saying, Increase and multiply, and fill
all the reptiles that creep on the earth. (Genesis 1:28)
Where did humans come from? Modern science has named Africa as
the place of origin of man as a species, what we have mentioned already.
The Bible, on the contrary, does not provide an indication of a place of
origin of man as a kind. In the Bible it says:
8
And God planted a garden eastward in Edem, and placed there
the man whom he had formed. (Genesis 2:8)
Moreover, the Bible provides a very precise location of Edem.
10
And a river proceeds out of Edem to water the garden, thence
it divides itself into four heads. 11 The name of the one, Phisom, this it
is which encircles the whole land of Evilat, where there is gold. 12And
the gold of that land is good, there also is carbuncle and emerald.
61
And the name of the second river is Geon, this it is which encircles
the whole land of Ethiopia. 14 And the third river is Tigris, this is that
which flows forth over against the Assyrians. And the fourth river is
Euphrates. (Genesis 2:1014)
Its difficult to determine the rivers Phisom and Geon. However,
the source of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is the Armenian Highland.
When scientists study the human evolution, they study the evolution
of one animal species. And what is a human? What makes him different
from other animals? An upright posture? Brain size? The ability to create
work tools? If we talk about primates, yes, without a doubt. However, do
these human traits separate him from the rest of the animal world? What
does the Bible pay attention to when it speaks about man?
20
And Adam gave names to all the cattle and to all the birds of
the sky, and to all the wild beasts of the field, but for Adam there was
not found a help like to himself. (Genesis 2:20)
And so, according to the Bible, the first important trait that separates
the man from the rest of the animal world is his ability to think in the
abstract. There is no creature like human on our Earth that is capable to
give a name to everything that surrounds him. And the Bible emphasizes
this when it says that for Adam there was not found a help like to himself. The human intellect, or the ability to think in the abstract, is one
of the most important essential qualities of man. This is a very accurate
and precise assertion from V. V. Orlov, which appears in his book History
of Human Intellect (2002). But, does the ability of humans to think in the
abstract make them completely human? The Bible gives a negative answer
to this question.
1
And the two were naked, both Adam and his wife, and were not
ashamed. (Genesis 3:1)
As we can see, despite his ability to think in the abstract, man
remained an animal that was not ashamed of his nature. And what is
shame? Lets turn again to a definition in Russian from Vladimir Dahls
dictionary . . , . .
which is translated
as shame m. a feeling or an internal sense of wrong (Dahl 1991, 4)
Do other animals have this feeling? According to the Bible, the feeling
of shame appeared in man in the next phase of his development, after
he had eaten of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil i.e. when he
became a Homo sapiens.
13
62
2
Now the serpent was the most crafty of all the brutes on the
earth, which the Lord God made, and the serpent said to the woman,
Wherefore has God said, Eat not of every tree of the garden? 3 And the
woman said to the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the
garden, 4 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden,
God said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die. 5 And
the serpent said to the woman, Ye shall not surely die. 6 For God knew
that in whatever day ye should eat of it your eyes would be opened, and
ye would be as gods, knowing good and evil. 7 And the woman saw that
the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes to look
upon and beautiful to contemplate, and having taken of its fruit she
ate, and she gave to her husband also with her, and they ate. 8 And the
eyes of both were opened, and they perceived that they were naked,
and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons to go
round them. (Genesis 3:28)
Homo sapiens cover their nakedness with the simplest aprons; even
today, many people in Africa, South America and other places on Earth
do the same. According to the Bible, this simplest form of clothing is
followed by clothes made of skin.
22
skin, and clothed them. (Genesis 3:22)
The clothes from animal skin were worn very widely by people
living in the early eras. Thus, the Bible brings our attention to important
distinctive traits of man: the ability to think in the abstract, the ability to
learn, and the feeling of shame inherent to him. These are the internal
traits that distinguish humans from the rest of the animal world. The
external difference is mans use of artificial clothes.
As we summarize the above, we will try to define a human. A human
is an animal species from the order of mammals, who has the ability to
think in the abstract, is able to study his world and himself, has a sense
of shame, wears artificial clothes, lives on land in almost all climate conditions. Both the Bible and modern science lead us to this conclusion in the
same way. At the same time, the Bible maintains that the human became
a human in the full sense of the word in Asia. Modern scientists believe
that Home sapiens sapiens appeared in Africa. Time will tell who is right.

Part Three
The Development of Human Civilization
64

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Cain and Abel Offer Their Sacrifices
75

Cain Slays Abel
76
The Development of Human Civilization

Just what was happening to mankind following his appearance on
Earth either in the course of evolution, according to scientific data, or after
he was created by God, according to the Bible? Mankind followed Gods
testament and began to increase and multiply.
28
And God blessed them, saying, Increase and multiply, and fill
all the reptiles that creep on the earth. (Genesis 1:28)
Having multiplied, humans began to populate the Earth. In the book
that we had mentioned previously People and Their Genes: The Threads of
Fate (Vek 2, 2009), S. A. Borinskaya and N. K. Yankovsky say that the
first attempt to exit from Africa, which was made by mankind around 90
thousand years ago, was unsuccessful. Anatomically modern humans had
populated the eastern Mediterranean (the territory of modern-day Israel),
but later their marks disappeared and these places became populated by
Neanderthals. It is considered that humans died out or retreated back
to Africa because of the cooling of the climate. The next attempt that
geneticists were able to pinpoint was made 1015 thousand years later.
A genetic tree branch had stretched from Ethiopia to the south of the
Arabian Peninsula. It was via this path that people entered Asia, and then
continued on to populate Australia, Oceania islands and Europe. America
was the last continent to be populated. Figure 7 depicts the distribution
of mankind in graphical format.
The migration of Homo sapiens from Africa into Asia and further to all
the continents with the exception of Antarctica and numerous islands
is a scientifically proven fact. Although even today not all scientists agree
completely with this point of view. Homo erectus was the first to leave the
African territory, long before Homo sapiens, and settled all over Asia (Fig. 8).
This human species disappeared from the face of the Earth having
left marks of material culture, and this gave the basis for introducing the
multiregional hypothesis where human origin is believed to have occurred
simultaneously at different points of the globe. This human origin hypothesis is supported in particular by Anatoly Derevianko, a scientist whose
name we had mentioned previously (Poisk, 2003). Another human species,
Homo neanderthalensis, having also exited from Africa, had settled in Europe
and also in western and central parts of Asia. On September 27, 2007, the
77
1225
4552
130160 7585
6065
Fig. 7. Main paths and time (thousands of years ago) of Homo sapiens
settlements, determined through genetic and archaeological data
(Borinskaya and Yankovsky 2009)
Millions
of years
H. erextus
1,0
0,5
H. neanderthalensis
H. sapiens
ASIA
AFRICA
EUROPE
Fig. 8. Settlement of various species of the kind Homo from the African
ancestral home (Borinskaya and Yankovsky 2009)
78
journal Nature published the results from the studies of remains found in
the Altai Mountains. Svante Pbo, a world-famous specialist in ancient
remains from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
in Leipzig, and his colleagues analyzed skeletal fragments of a teenager
that were found in the Okladnikov Cave in the Altai Mountains. These
bones are between 30 to 38 thousand years old. The German scientists
succeeded to extract DNA from these fragments, and its sequence turned
out to be very close to the DNA of western European Neanderthals that
were found in Belgium. These studies have allowed us to shift the Neanderthal habitation boundary eastward by 2,000 km. Earlier, a typical
Neanderthal scull with prominent brow ridges and a wide nose was found
in the Teshik-Tash Cave in Uzbekistan. Jeffrey MacKee of the Ohio State
University (USA) believes that the find in the Altai Mountains means
that Neanderthals were more adaptable than they have been represented
(Astvatsaturyan 2007). However, approximately 3528 thousand years ago,
Neanderthals too had disappeared from the face of the Earth. It is not
known why they disappeared.
Homo sapiens followed the path of their predecessors, but not their
fate. Having exited from Africa 7585 thousand years ago and settled on
all the continents of our planet, with the exception of Antarctica, they
created their own human civilization. This is a civilization of people, belonging to various races and nations, situated at different stages of social
development from primitive communal structures up to post-industrial
societies. We will not examine in detail the entire chain of human civilization development. This subject has been covered in a tremendous amount
of scientific and popular scientific literature. We will only use separate
markers to indicate the main and most significant stages of its formation.
And so, according to archaeological data, humans lived off hunting,
fishing and gathering right up to the 8th millennium BC in the Middle East
and until the 6th millennium BC in Europe. During the Neolithic era, i.e.
108 thousand years ago, their way of living had changed dramatically:
while breeding livestock and farming, humans began making food for
themselves. In the Middle East, the appearance of villages preceded the
development of livestock breeding and farming; in Europe, both had been
occurring simultaneously. The development processes of livestock breeding
and farming, and of settlement construction are closely interrelated, since
both herders and especially farmers were in need of a permanent dwelling.
Farming became very widespread around 10 thousand years ago in the
so-called Fertile Crescent region which stretches from the Mediterranean
79
Sea shore to the northern parts of Syria and Mesopotamia. Here also, for
the first time, farmers began to grow wheat, barley, lentil and peas. Also
here grazed the flocks of wild sheep, goats, pigs and cows, which were
domesticated. Cattle breeding provided not only meat, but also milk, fur
and skins. From here, from the East, domesticated animals were brought
into Europe. Here, already in the 9th millennium BC, humans began to
use native metals: brass, and later gold. The 7th millennium BC saw the
rise of real metallurgy, which arrived in Western Europe in the 2nd millennium BC. The arts painting, sculpture, jewellery that had appeared
already during the Paleolithic age were improved during the Neolithic
and became more diverse. And finally, 5,000 years ago food production
and metallurgy had helped some towns expand into the worlds first
cities. Civilization our city-oriented way of life first emerged with
the Bronze Age Sumerians of Mesopotamia the land between the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. Later, early cities sprang up in
Egypts Nile Valley, Pakistans Indus Valley, by Chinas Yellow River, and
in favoured regions of Peru and Mexico. In all these places, irrigation of
rich soils helped farmers to produce enough spare food to feed big urban
concentrations of full-time non-food-producing specialists With such
change, societies evolved from tribal bands via chiefdoms into states with
layered social classes. (Lambert 1987)
And now lets see what the Bible tells us about the development of
mankind.
1
And Adam knew Eve his wife, and she conceived and brought
forth Cain and said, I have gained a man through God. 2 And she again
bore his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was
a tiller of the ground.
3
And it was so after some time that Cain brought of the fruits of
the earth a sacrifice to the Lord. 4 And Abel also brought of the first born
of his sheep and of his fatlings, and God looked upon Abel and his gifts,
5
but Cain and his sacrifices he regarded not, and Cain was exceedingly
sorrowful and his countenance fell. 6 And the Lord God said to Cain,
Why art thou become very sorrowful and why is thy countenance fallen?
7
Hast thou not sinned if thou hast brought it rightly, but not rightly
divided it? be still, to thee shall be his submission, and thou shalt rule
over him. 8 And Cain said to Abel his brother, Let us go out into the
plain; and it came to pass that when they were in the plain Cain rose
up against Abel his brother, and slew him.
80
9
And the Lord God said to Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? and
he said, I know not, am I my brothers keeper? 10 And the Lord said, What
hast thou done? the voice of thy brothers blood cries to me out of the
ground. 11 And now thou art cursed from the earth which has opened
her mouth to receive thy brothers blood from thy hand. 12 When thou
tillest the earth, then it shall not continue to give its strength to thee:
thou shalt be groaning and trembling on the earth. 13 And Cain said
to the Lord God, My crime is too great for me to be forgiven. 14 If thou
castest me out this day from the face of the earth, and I shall be hidden
from thy presence, and I shall be groaning and trembling upon the earth,
then it will be that any one that finds me shall slay me. 15 And the Lord
God said to him, Not so, any one that slays Cain shall suffer seven-fold
vengeance; and the Lord God set a mark upon Cain that no one that
found him might slay him. 16 So Cain went forth from the presence of
God and dwelt in the land of Nod over against Edem. 17 And Cain knew
his wife, and having conceived she bore Enoch; and he built a city; and
he named the city after the name of his son, Enoch. 18 And to Enoch was
born Gaidad; and Gaidad begot Maleleel; and Maleleel begot Mathusala;
and Mathusala begot Lamech. 19 And Lamech took to himself two wives;
the name of the one was Ada, and the name of the second Sella. 20 And
Ada bore Jobel; he was the father of those that dwell in tents, feeding
cattle. 21 And the name of his brother was Jubal; he it was who invented
the psaltery and harp. 22 And Sella also bore Thobel; he was a smith, a
manufacturer both of brass and iron; and the sister of Thobel was Noema. 23 And Lamech said to his wives, Ada and Sella, Hear my voice, ye
wives of Lamech, consider my words, because I have slain a man to my
sorrow and a youth to my grief. 24 Because vengeance has been exacted
seven times on Cains behalf, on Lamechs it shall be seventy times seven.
25
And Adam knew Eve his wife, and she conceived and bore a
son, and called his name Seth, saying, For God has raised up to me
another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew. 26 And Seth had a son,
and he called his name Enos: he hoped to call on the name of the Lord
God. (Genesis 4:126)
This is the genealogy of men in the day in which God made

Adam; in the image of God he made him: 2 male and female he made
them, and blessed them; and he called his name Adam, in the day in
which he made them. 3 And Adam lived two hundred and thirty years,
and begot a son after his own form, and after his own image, and he
1
81
called his name Seth. 4 And the days of Adam, which he lived after
his begetting Seth, were seven hundred years; and he begot sons and
daughters. 5 And all the days of Adam which he lived were nine hundred
and thirty years, and he died.
6
Now Seth lived two hundred and five years, and begot Enos.
7
And Seth lived after his begetting Enos, seven hundred and seven
years, and he begot sons and daughters. 8 And all the days of Seth were
nine hundred and twelve years, and he died.
9
And Enos lived an hundred and ninety years, and begot Cainan.
10
And Enos lived after his begetting Cainan, seven hundred and fifteen
years, and he begot sons and daughters. 11 And all the days of Enos were
nine hundred and five years, and he died.
12
And Cainan lived an hundred and seventy years, and he begot
Maleleel. 13 And Cainan lived after his begetting Maleleel, seven hundred
and forty years, and he begot sons and daughters. 14 And all the days of
Cainan were nine hundred and ten years, and he died.
15
And Maleleel lived an hundred and sixty and five years, and he
begot Jared. 16 And Maleleel lived after his begetting Jared, seven hundred
and thirty years, and he begot sons and daughters. 17 And all the days
of Maleleel were eight hundred and ninety and five years, and he died.
18
And Jared lived an hundred and sixty and two years, and begot
Enoch: 19 and Jared lived after his begetting Enoch, eight hundred years,
and he begot sons and daughters. 20 And all the days of Jared were nine
hundred and sixty and two years, and he died.
21
And Enoch lived an hundred and sixty and five years, and begat
Mathusala. 22 And Enoch was well-pleasing to God after his begetting
Mathusala, two hundred years, and he begot sons and daughters. 23And
all the days of Enoch were three hundred and sixty and five years.
24
And Enoch was well-pleasing to God, and was not found, because
God translated him.
25
And Mathusala lived an hundred and sixty and seven years,
and begot Lamech. 26 And Mathusala lived after his begetting Lamech
eight hundred and two years, and begot sons and daughters. 27 And all
the days of Mathusala which he lived, were nine hundred and sixty and
nine years, and he died.
28
And Lamech lived an hundred and eighty and eight years, and
begot a son. 29 And he called his name Noe, saying, This one will cause
82
us to cease from our works, and from the toils of our hands, and from
the earth, which the Lord God has cursed. 30 And Lamech lived after
his begetting Noe, five hundred and sixty and five years, and begot sons
and daughters. 31 And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred and
fifty-three years, and he died. (Genesis 5:131)
And Noe was five hundred years old, and he begot three sons,
Sem, Cham, and Japheth. (Genesis 6:1)
Lets have a look at the line of events recounted in this part of the
book from the scientific point of view. Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis
and Homo sapiens leave Africa mankinds homeland one after another.
Homo erectus heads to Asia where his history becomes lost to time, but at the
same time, he leaves behind such a great amount of marks of his material
culture, that its enough for the introduction of the multiregional human
origin hypothesis. Homo neanderthalensis heads out of Africa to Europe,
but his remains and the remains of his material culture are found both in
Africa and in Asia (in Israel and in Caucasus), and, as we can see, even
in the Altai. This human species, which was quite developed according to
latest research, and which had a highly adaptive nature, disappears from
the face of the Earth for reasons not yet understood. And finally, Homo
sapiens settles on almost all continents, overcomes all obstacles and creates
modern civilization and religion.
Lets have a look at the same line of events as recounted in the Bible.
Adam and Eve give birth to three sons one after another: Cain, Abel and
Seth. Cain kills Abel and leaves to live eastward of Edem. The family of
Cain is small in number and is not mentioned in the Bible after the flood.
Seths family is large in number. This family survives the flood, and all
further narrative in the Bible is related to this family.
As we can see, in this part although this may indeed seem strange
the scientific and Biblical lines of events of human history are alike. Three
species of humans that share common roots. Three sons of Adam and
Eve. The first species, Homo erectus, leaves from Africa to Asia and disappears, having left behind the marks of material culture. Cain, the first son
of Adam and Eve, leaves Edem and heads eastward settling in the land
of Nod. The vast territory of Asia lies to the east of the Armenian Highland, situated in Asia, where, as it was earlier noted, Edem was located.
The second, Homo neanderthalensis, also disappears from history. Abel, the
second son of Adam and Eve is killed. The last species, Homo sapiens, is
saved and our modern civilization is linked to him. Seth, the youngest son
1
83
of Adam and Eve is saved, and all further history in the Bible is related
to him, and more precisely, to his descendants.
Lets examine the following line of events in the creation of the
human civilization. This is what it looks like from the scientific point of
view. The first phase: hunting and gathering, trades, art and dwellings,
corresponding to the main type of activity. The second phase: farming and
breeding of cattle, emergence of new trades, art and building construction
as an independent type of activity. The third phase: city-states. The fourth
phase: countries.
What does the Bible say about this?
16
And the Lord God gave a charge to Adam, saying, Of every tree
which is in the garden thou mayest freely eat. (Genesis 2:16)
1
And Adam knew Eve his wife, and she conceived and brought
forth Cain and said, I have gained a man through God. 2 And she again
bore his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was
a tiller of the ground.
17
And Cain knew his wife, and having conceived she bore Enoch;
and he built a city; and he named the city after the name of his son,
Enoch. 18 And to Enoch was born Gaidad; and Gaidad begot Maleleel;
and Maleleel begot Mathusala; and Mathusala begot Lamech. 19 And
Lamech took to himself two wives; the name of the one was Ada, and
the name of the second Sella. 20 And Ada bore Jobel; he was the father of
those that dwell in tents, feeding cattle. 21 And the name of his brother
was Jubal; he it was who invented the psaltery and harp. 22 And Sella
also bore Thobel; he was a smith, a manufacturer both of brass and iron;
and the sister of Thobel was Noema. (Genesis 4:12, 1722)
For clarity, we will demonstrate everything that is said in the Bible
in a visual form (Fig. 9).
As we can see, in the Bible, while living in the garden of Edem, Adam
and Eve ate the fruits of this garden. Later, Cain, who was a farmer, had
a permanent place of living a city where with time after six generations
(Cain, Enoch, Gaidad, Maleleel, Mathusala, Lamech) independent trades
emerge: cattle breeding, production of weapons out of brass and iron
(note: brass and iron, and not otherwise), and art. In the Middle East,
as it was noted already, the appearance of villages preceded farming
and cattle breeding. This example shows a complete match between the
human civilization development line of events recounted in the Bible and
the first and second phases in the development of this civilization from
84
Fig. 9. The family of Adam before the flood

the scientific point of view. As for further development of the human civilization, in particular of statehood, it, strictly speaking, does not appear
in the Bible. There is a description of Seths family, which had existed
for at least 2,000 years according to the Bible; here, ancestral seniority is
clearly expressed and it reminds of the transfer of power to the eldest in
the family in a particular state structure. However, we will not claim that
this is a representation of a state.
And here is one more interesting point in our view. Philosophical
scholars have distinguished (identified) a number of intellect types related
to the prehistoric man: the realistic type one related to the root condition
of human existence and development, the discovery by man of ever more
essential properties of natural objects and connections between them, of
natures phenomenological manifestations, and from a determined, high
85
enough level of societal development of the laws of nature and society; the explaining type one related to the necessity to explain natural
phenomena. In history, the first unified form of the explanatory intellect
is the myth. In its turn, the myth is part of another and higher form of
intellect religion. Religion includes a system of representation of supernatural powers of gods or one sole god. Religion appeared 4050
thousand years ago, and it differed little from mythology in that period;
it formed as an edifice and teachings about God, without a doubt, later
(Orlov 2002). Lets look again at the last verse in the fourth chapter of
the book of Genesis. 26 And Seth had a son, and he called his name Enos: he
hoped to call on the name of the Lord God. (Genesis 4:26) i.e., in the Bible
this occurred at a stage that resembles the beginning of statehood.
As we can see, the chronology of events that reflect the history of
mankinds development recounted both in the Bible and in modern
science is similar one to another.
Part Four
The Flood
87
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97

The Great Flood
98

A Dove Is Sent Forth from the Ark
99
The Flood
When Leonard Woollev found a 2.5-meter-thick layer of mud in
the land of Ur, which may have been a sign of significant and prolonged
flooding that affected the city in antiquity, the entire world stood still.
Could this have been the evidence of the Great Flood?
Everyones worries gradually settled when it became known that in
the land of Ur, this could have been only a localized, limited flooding.
(Zehren 1986) We began this part of our book with the quote from Erich
Tserens book Biblical Hills in order to say that to this day, archaeologists
have not found any evidence of the Great Flood.
Lets turn to another tremendous in its scale occurrence that has had
an enormous impact on the geological, biological and another history of
the Earth the glaciations of our planet.
The glaciation of vast territories on Earth, ice ages is really not an
uncommon event for planet Earth. They existed both during the earlier
geological eras, and during the Cenozoic our time. Even today, we are
living in a period that scientists consider to be an ice age. In their book
The Winters of the World, B. John, E. Derbyshire, G. Young, R. Fairbridge,
and J. Andrews (New York: Wiley, 1979) say that ancient glaciations,
as the modern one, had a great impact on the Earths nature. Glaciers
covered significant parts of continents, what had been accompanied by
changes in the climate and ocean currents, and transformation beyond
recognition of the plant and animal world. Glaciations were accompanied
by extinctions of a large number of plant and animal species. Under
the influence of glacial stimulation mechanisms, many species were
forced to adapt to harsh and rapidly changing climate conditions, but
at the same time the diversity of organism species had been increasing.
In this manner, the above-mentioned authors have shown, for example,
that during the later part of the Pre-Cambrian era, it appears that a rapid
development of multicellular organisms had been taking place; forms with
skeletal formations, which could be preserved as fossils appeared. In a
few millions of years, brachiopods, sponges, gastropods and trilobites had
undergone rapid development and settled vast parts of the World Ocean.
This evolutionary explosion could have been related to the appearance
of free oxygen in the atmosphere. And perhaps, these changes were the
result of a stimulating influence of one or several ice ages. During the
Ordovician, at the time of the subsequent ice age, the cooling of the Earth
led to the development of climatic zones that more or less resembled
100
those of today. These zones became narrower than during the preceding
period, since glaciations are always accompanied by a sharp increase in
temperature difference between the polar and equatorial regions. Sea animals had to adapt in order to survive, and new species appeared in the
cold polar sea waters. As the number of trilobites had been decreasing,
the freed-up ecological niches were becoming settled by numerous new
brachiopod species. During the Silurian period, after the ice age had ended, an explosion of life took place when representatives of many plant
and animal classes came ashore and began to settle continents. Around
300 million years ago, during the Permian Carboniferous ice age, the
Gondwana glossopterid flora had appeared. It seems that the rapid development of this flora was the reaction to the cooling during the ice age.
Representatives of the glossopterid flora were the predominant vegetation
of southern continents over a period of more than 100 million years. The
Jurassic period is known for one other phase of increase in the diversity
of flora and fauna. The current ice age is characterized by surprising
mammal diversity and their rapidly increasing evolution. During the
past 10 million years, the subsequent widening of the Cenozoic ice sheet
and the periodic narrowing of climatic zones had been accompanied by
a large-scale extinction and redistribution of plants and animals. Finally,
the rapid climatic changes during the Quarternary period had led to the
appearance of humans who began to rule over other plant and animal
species of our planet (John et al. 1979).
Figure 5 from Julian Huxleys book The Wonderful World of Evolution
(Macdonald: London, 1969), that we have shown in the second part of this
book, demonstrates the evolution of man in relation to glacial periods. In
his book, The Nature of the Earth and the Origin of Man (Moscow, 1966),
Yuri Reshetov examines in great depth the evolution of man in relation to
changes in the Earths climate and in natural environments. But others points
of view exist. For example, today, the theory of mutation is favoured as a
solution to the problem of the origin of man and his changes. No matter
how humans came to be, the time of his appearance, the development of
mankind and also the development of the human civilization are closely
related to the Quarternary period. Figure 10 shows the climate changes
from the Pleistocene until the year 1550 C..
In the second part of our book, we had already mentioned that Homo
sapiens appeared on Earth 200,000 years ago and that the greater part of
his life, what is evident in Fig. 10, falls within a rather cool period of life
on planet Earth.
101
1,000,000 B.C.E.
100,000 B.C.E.
8,000 B.C.E.
COLD CLIMATE
Pleistocene
Wurm
Holocene
WARM CLIMATE
Fig. 10. Climate change from Pleistocene until 1550 C.E.

(Childrens encyclopedia, 1997)
We will not be describing the history of the Quarternary glaciation
of the Earth since it has been recounted in detail in special scientific literature. However, we feel that its important for the reader to know that
during glaciation periods and there were four of them during the time
of Homo sapiens existence, for example, in the European part of Russia
and North America a total of 14% of the Earth was covered with
ice. This is twice more than today. (Monin 1977) In the Earths northern
hemisphere ice sheets exceeding 1,000 meters in thickness were formed.
And researchers such as T. Hughes and D. Denton from the US as well
as M. Groswald (USSR), believe that the thickness of such a glacier could
have reached 3,000 meters (John B. et al. 1982).
The formation of thick inland ice and the rise of mountain glaciers
had led to the lowering of the World Oceans levels. During glaciation
periods, the World Oceans level was 80160 meters lower than now, and
the shore line had retreated by 1400 km compared to today. As the result,
the greater part of the continental shelf would become exposed and
102
land bridges would form, for example, between Europe and the British
Isles, Chukotka and Alaska (Monin 1977) In its turn, this enabled Homo
sapiens to migrate from Africa over the entire globe. Geological research
results and atmospheric processes models show that at the height of the
last glaciation, which occurred 18,000 years ago, surface water temperatures
in subtropical and tropical ocean areas were about the same as in present
times. However, they were significantly much lower in the middle latitudes of the Atlantic between the 60th and 40th north latitude degrees. As
a whole, the Earths climate of that time was drier than today. Above the
ice caps and close to the inland ice edges, especially on Russias territory,
the temperatures were much lower than current ones, but closer to the
equator, it appears that they were close to present temperatures (John B.
et al. 1982). The reconstruction of inland ice sheets, vegetation types and
sea water surface temperatures of the globe presented by these scientists
is quite interesting (Fig. 11).
Between the 20th and 17th millennia glaciers began to melt, and the
World Oceans levels began to rise at an approximate speed of 1 centimetre per year.
15,000 years ago the World Oceans level was lower than the current
one by approximately 80 meters.
10,000 years ago the ocean level was 2030 meters lower than today.
6,000 years ago a sharp slowdown of the glacier flood and the formation of the current shoreline took place. The ocean level at that time
was either 56 meters lower than the current one or equal to the current
level. (Kondratov 1982)
The rise in the World Oceans levels was accompanied by the flooding
of enormous territories of land, the raising of Scandinavia, and by major
development of flugo-glacial processes (reprocessing, movement, sorting
of fragmentary material that formed in front of and under the glacier by
non-streamflow water currents that formed during the glaciers melting).
These processes are attested by enormous spaces occupied by eskers,
kames and outwash plains in the European territory of Russia and in
other territories. As the result of glacier melting there was a lot of water
on the surface of the Earth. Not only the shore territories were flooded
because of the advance of the sea, but also vast territories of land inside
the continents, especially in low-lying areas, and this continued not one
day or two, but from 1,000 to 3,000 years. However, the same A. Kondratov (1982) believes that the Flandrian Transgression the latest great sea
advance onto land on the timescale that occurred during the birth of great
103
world civilizations in the Tigris, Euphrates and Nile valleys, the evidence
of which were found in Flanders, on the Mediterranean Sea shores, on
the Australian shore and in the Greater Black Sea area, could have been
catastrophic. Nevertheless, post-glaciation events occur on a world-wide
scale and affect huge territories of the globe. As it had been mentioned,
the glaciation processes and melting of glaciers were accompanied by large
scale extinctions and redistributions of plants and animals.
160
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Fig. 11. The world 18,000 years ago. Reconstruction of inland ice sheets,
vegetation types and sea water surface temperatures of the globe
(according to CLIMAP data) (John B. et al. 1982)
1 snow and ice (including inland ice sheets, ice caps, ice
shelves and sea ice); isolines (in meters) reflect ice surface relief;
2 predominantly desert territories, albedo 0.300.39;
3 steppes and deserts, albedo 0.250.29;
4 xerophilous grass stands, albedo 0.200.25;
5 territories with thick plant cover, albedo lower than 0.20;
6 sea water surface temperature isolines
104
It is known today that the Earths average population density is 40
people per square kilometre. More densely populated territories include
Western Europe, and South and East Asia. Among the poorly populated
areas are the polar regions of the Northern Hemisphere, deserts, highlands, and tropical forests. What particularly worries scientists today are
the global warming on Earth and the related decrease of the ice cover
in the Arctic and in Antarctica, the rise of the World Oceans level and
other events attributable to this process. According to the interview
given by Professor Sergey Gulev, doctor of Physics and Mathematical
Sciences and head of the P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RASs
Climate lab, to Yuri Drize, the Poisk newspaper correspondent: As
the result of global warming the ocean is becoming warmer. Because of
the thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of ice, its level has
been rising three millimetres per year. This rise has been observed for
a while since the year 1990. Nothing of catastrophic proportions has
occurred yet; but the threat is there and the reason is that vast territories,
and mainly the most precious lands, are situated at sea level and even
below. Using every meter, about 50% of the worlds population lives
there, and produces approximately 80% of the world product With
the current rise in its level, by the middle or possibly the end of this
century, small islands in the Pacific Ocean could disappear. Places like
Singapore, Bangladesh, and Holland will be in danger Calculations
show that already in this century the World Oceans level will rise by a
minimum of 20 and a maximum of 60 centimetres. The trade-off evaluation is 2030 centimetres. (Poisk, 2009)
There is no reliable information about the population density 18,000
years ago and during much later times, up to the appearance of the
population census. However, this subject has been studied by scientists,
in particular by E. Divi, an American demographer, and Franz Weidenreich, a German paleoanthropologist, but the population estimations that
they had proposed for the populations of Lower Paleolithic humans and
Neanderthals cannot be proven, nor can they be refuted by any determined method. (Bongard-Levin et al. 1989) For this reason, the scale
of disasters experienced by people who lived in those times cannot be
evaluated and this scientific assessment does not exist. There is also no
scientific evidence that the cataclysms attributed to water had lead to other
cataclysms earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis. However, without a
doubt they existed in that period in the same way as now and they will
continue to exist until the Earth becomes cold. There is also no scientific
105
data about any types of rain that occurred during the period of glacier
melting, although its impossible that they did not exist. Rain does not
leave evidence, it can only be witnessed. There are no scientific data to
show that the entire Earth had been covered with water as the result of
the melting of glaciers or that there wasnt some land that hadnt been
covered with water in that period. (Such a period when the Earth was
covered with a single surface of water occurred in Late Archean. And in
the Bible in Chapter 1 it says: 2 But the earth was unsightly and unfurnished,
and darkness was over the deep, and the Spirit of God moved over the water.
(Genesis 1:2) However, both the scientific data and the Bible indicate that
humans did not exist during those times.)
Such is the view of science on the Flood.
In the Bible, the story of the flood is recounted in chapters 6 to 8.
2
And it came to pass when men began to be numerous upon the
earth, and daughters were born to them, 3 that the sons of God having
seen the daughters of men that they were beautiful, took to themselves
wives of all whom they chose. 4 And the Lord God said, My Spirit shall
certainly not remain among these men for ever, because they are flesh,
but their days shall be an hundred and twenty years. 5 Now the giants
were upon the earth in those days; and after that when the sons of God
were wont to go in to the daughters of men, they bore children to them,
those were the giants of old, the men of renown.
6
And the Lord God, having seen that the wicked actions of men
were multiplied upon the earth, and that every one in his heart was
intently brooding over evil continually, 7 then God laid it to heart that
he had made man upon the earth, and he pondered it deeply. 8 And God
said, I will blot out man whom I have made from the face of the earth,
even man with cattle, and reptiles with flying creatures of the sky, for
I am grieved that I have made them.
9
But Noe found grace before the Lord God.
10
And these are the generations of Noe. Noe was a just man; being
perfect in his generation, Noe was well-pleasing to God. 11 And Noe
begot three sons, Sem, Cham, Japheth. 12 But the earth was corrupted
before God, and the earth was filled with iniquity. 13 And the Lord God
saw the earth, and it was corrupted; because all flesh had corrupted
its way upon the earth. 14 And the Lord God said to Noe, Aperiod
of all men is come before me; because the earth has been filled with
iniquity by them, and, behold, I destroy them and the earth. 15 Make
106
therefore for thyself an ark of square timber; thou shalt make the ark in
compartments, and thou shalt pitch it within and without with pitch.
16
And thus shalt thou make the ark; three hundred cubits the length
of the ark, and fifty cubits the breadth, and thirty cubits the height
of it. 17 Thou shalt narrow the ark in making it, and in a cubit above
thou shalt finish it, and the door of the ark thou shalt make on the
side; with lower, second, and third stories thou shalt make it. 18 And
behold I bring a flood of water upon the earth, to destroy all flesh in
which is the breath of life under heaven, and whatsoever things are
upon the earth shall die. 19 And I will establish my covenant with thee,
and thou shalt enter into the ark, and thy sons and thy wife, and thy
sons wives with thee. 20 And of all cattle and of all reptiles and of all
wild beasts, even of all flesh, thou shalt bring by pairs of all, into the
ark, that thou mayest feed them with thyself: male and female they
shall be. 21 Of all winged birds after their kind, and of all cattle after
their kind, and of all reptiles creeping upon the earth after their kind,
pairs of all shall come in to thee, male and female to be fed with thee.
22
And thou shalt take to thyself of all kinds of food which ye eat, and
thou shalt gather them to thyself, and it shall be for thee and them
to eat. 23 And Noe did all things whatever the Lord God commanded
him, so did he. (Genesis 6:223)
And the Lord God said to Noe, Enter thou and all thy family
into the ark, for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation.
2
And of the clean cattle take in to thee sevens, male and female, and of
the unclean cattle pairs male and female. 3 And of clean flying creatures
of the sky sevens, male and female, and of all unclean flying creatures
pairs, male and female, to maintain seed on all the earth. 4 For yet
seven days having passed I bring rain upon the earth forty days and forty
nights, and I will blot out every offspring which I have made from the
face of all the earth. 5 And Noe did all things whatever the Lord God
commanded him.
6
And Noe was six hundred years old when the flood of water
was upon the earth. 7 And then went in Noe and his sons and his wife,
and his sons wives with him into the ark, because of the water of the
flood. 8 And of clean flying creatures and of unclean flying creatures,
and of clean cattle and of unclean cattle, and of all things that creep
upon the earth, 9 pairs went in to Noe into the ark, male and female, as
God commanded Noe.
1
107
10
And it came to pass after the seven days that the water of the
flood came upon the earth. 11 In the six hundredth year of the life of Noe,
in the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, on this
day all the fountains of the abyss were broken up, and the flood-gates of
heaven were opened. 12 And the rain was upon the earth forty days and
forty nights. 13 On that very day entered Noe, Sem, Cham, Japheth, the
sons of Noe, and the wife of Noe, and the three wives of his sons with
him into the ark. 14 And all the wild beasts after their kind, and all cattle
after their kind, and every reptile moving itself on the earth after its kind,
and every flying bird after its kind, 15 went in to Noe into the ark, pairs,
male and female of all flesh in which is the breath of life. 16 And they that
entered went in male and female of all flesh, as God commanded Noe,
and the Lord God shut the ark outside of him. 17And the flood was upon
the earth forty days and forty nights, and the water abounded greatly and
bore up the ark, and it was lifted on high from off the earth. 18 And the
water prevailed and abounded exceedingly upon the earth, and the ark
was borne upon the water. 19 And the water prevailed exceedingly upon
the earth, and covered all the high mountains which were under heaven.
20
Fifteen cubits upwards was the water raised, and it covered all the high
mountains. 21 And there died all flesh that moved upon the earth, of flying
creatures and cattle, and of wild beasts, and every reptile moving upon
the earth, and every man. 22 And all things which have the breath of life,
and whatever was on the dry land, died. 23 And God blotted out every
offspring which was upon the face of the earth, both man and beast, and
reptiles, and birds of the sky, and they were blotted out from the earth,
and Noe was left alone, and those with him in the ark. 24 And the water
was raised over the earth an hundred and fifty days. (Genesis 7:124)
And God remembered Noe, and all the wild beasts, and all the
cattle, and all the birds, and all the reptiles that creep, as many as were
with him in the ark, and God brought a wind upon the earth, and the
water stayed. 2 And the fountains of the deep were closed up, and the
flood-gates of heaven, and the rain from heaven was withheld. 3 And
the water subsided, and went off the earth, and after an hundred and
fifty days the water was diminished, and the ark rested in the seventh
month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, on the mountains of
Ararat. 4 And the water continued to decrease until the tenth month.
5
And in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the heads of
the mountains were seen.
1
108
6
And it came to pass after forty days Noe opened the window of
the ark which he had made. 7 And he sent forth a raven; and it went forth
and returned not until the water was dried from off the earth. 8And he
sent a dove after it to see if the water had ceased from off the earth. 9And
the dove not having found rest for her feet, returned to him into the ark,
because the water was on all the face of the earth, and he stretched out
his hand and took her, and brought her to himself into the ark. 10And
having waited yet seven other days, he again sent forth the dove from
the ark. 11 And the dove returned to him in the evening, and had a leaf
of olive, a sprig in her mouth; and Noe knew that the water had ceased
from off the earth. 12 And having waited yet seven other days, he again
sent forth the dove, and she did not return to him again any more.
13
And it came to pass in the six hundred and first year of the
life of Noe, in the first month, on the first day of the month, the water
subsided from off the earth, and Noe opened the covering of the ark
which he had made, and he saw that the water had subsided from the
face of the earth. 14 And in the second month the earth was dried, on
the twenty-seventh day of the month.
15
And the Lord God spoke to Noe, saying, 16 Come out from the
ark, thou and thy wife and thy sons, and thy sons wives with thee. 17And
all the wild beasts as many as are with thee, and all flesh both of birds
and beasts, and every reptile moving upon the earth, bring forth with
thee: and increase ye and multiply upon the earth. 18 And Noe came
forth, and his wife and his sons, and his sons wives with him. 19 And
all the wild beasts and all the cattle and every bird, and every reptile
creeping upon the earth after their kind, came forth out of the ark.
20
And Noe built an altar to the Lord, and took of all clean beasts,
and of all clean birds, and offered a whole burnt-offering upon the altar.
21
And the Lord God smelled a smell of sweetness, and the Lord God
having considered, said, I will not any more curse the earth, because
of the works of men, because the imagination of man is intently bent
upon evil things from his youth, I will not therefore any more smite
all living flesh as I have done. 22 All the days of the earth, seed and
harvest, cold and heat, summer and spring, shall not cease by day or
night. (Genesis 8:122)
If we examine the overall line of events, it appears as follows: since
the appearance of Homo sapiens, approximately 200,000 years ago, and until
today, their entire life has been related to glaciation and interglacial periods.
109
The changes in geographical areas borders, the retreat of the seas and the
widening of land, attributed to glaciation processes, contributed also to the
settlement of humans throughout the globe. During interglacial periods
glaciers melted, geographical zones changed again, the seas advanced, and
the land decreased. Many animals died; entire species became extinct. The
death of a large number of people as the result of climatic changes, the
activation of endogenous and exogenous processes, including flooding,
cannot be ruled out. Mankind survived and continues to live, as does the
animal world around him. The Bible does not provide the entire line of
events, but it contains important information that unites scientific research
and Biblical stories that mankind and the animal world survived, having
overcome a catastrophe. However, having overcome a catastrophe, a certain
part of the worlds population has kept the memory of this event and of
the events of the early history of the Earth and mankind.

Part Five
After the Flood
111

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112

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113
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114
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116
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117
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118
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120

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121

Noah cursing Canaan
122
After the Flood

After the flood, beginning from the moment when Noes ark had
arrived at the Mountains of Ararat, the events described in the Bible that
follow concern the Middle East.
This region is special to mankinds history. Homo sapiens came here
for the first time after they had exited from Africa. In this region, humans had domesticated animals; here also, together with other territories,
the most famous ancient civilizations in human history that have had a
tremendous influence on the creation of our modern human civilization
appeared (Fig. 12).
However, before the emergence of these civilizations, the Middle
East was the place of formation of early agricultural cultures and permanent settlements with dwellings and utility structures. Scientists have
identified three centres of formation and development of early agricultural
cultures on this territory: Western Asia (Mureybet, Jericho), Asia Minor
(Hacilar, Cayonu Tepesi, atalhyk) and Northern Mesopotamia with
adjoining mountainous regions of Western Iran (Jarmo, Tell Shemshara,
4
2
Fig. 12. Cradles of civilization according to David Lambert (1987)

This map shows where city life began in four great Old World
river valleys:
1 Nile Valley; 2 Mesopotamia;
3 Indus Valley; 4 Yellow River Valley (Huang He)
123
Tepe Sarab, Tepe Guran). These are cultures of the 8th, 7th, 6th millennia
B (Bongard-Levin et al. 1989).
A paramount period in the history of human civilization is the point
of the 4th and 3rd millennia B. Scientists believe that on the eve of the year
3000 B the unified kingdom of Egypt already existed. At the point of the
4th and 3rd millennia B, approximately at the same time with Egypt, the
kingdoms of Sumer, Akkad and others begin to emerge in Mesopotamia.
Altogether, the history of Ancient Mesopotamia is quite diverse,
and to have a complete, or rather, sufficiently complete idea about this
history, one would have to turn to textbooks and scientific works. We will
limit this to a quote from the book Ancient Civilizations (1989), with some
omissions, in order to give the reader a general idea about the ancient
history of these places.
From the north and the east, Mesopotamia bordered on marginal
mountains of the Armenian and Iranian highlands, in the west it bordered
on the Syrian steppe and semi deserts of Arabia, from the south it was
bathed by the waters of the Persian Gulf.
The centre of development of this most ancient civilization was
located in the southern part of this territory in ancient Babylonia. The
northern Babylonia was called Akkad, the southern Sumer. The northern
Mesopotamia, which is characterized by a rolling steppe that turns into
mountainous regions, was home to Assyria.
No later than the 4th millennia BC the first Sumerian settlements
appeared on the southern edge of Mesopotamia. Some scientists believe
that the Sumerians werent the first to settle in southern Mesopotamia,
since many toponymical names that prevailed there after these people had
settled in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, could not
have come from the Sumerian language. Its possible that the Sumerians
had caught up with tribes in southern Mesopotamia that spoke a language that differed from Sumerian and Akkadian, and borrowed these
very ancient toponyms from them. Gradually, the Sumerians occupied
the entire territory of Mesopotamia (in the north from the region where
present-day Baghdad is located, and in the south up to the Persian
Gulf). However, for now no one has succeeded to determine where did
the Sumerians come from into Mesopotamia. According to tradition that
prevailed among Sumerians themselves, they arrived from the islands
in the Persian Gulf.
The Sumerians spoke a language for which family links to other
languages have not yet been determined
124
From the first half of the 3rd millennium BC, the northern part of
Mesopotamia was settled by Semites who were cattle-breeding tribes of
ancient Western Asia and the Syrian steppe. The language spoken by the
Semite tribes that settled in Mesopotamia was called Akkadian. In the
southern part of Mesopotamia the Semites spoke Babylonian, whereas
towards the north, in the middle part of the Tigris valley, they spoke an
Assyrian dialect of the Akkadian language.
For several centuries the Semites lived alongside the Sumerians,
but then they began to advance to the south and by the end of the 3rd
millennium BC they had occupied all of the southern Mesopotamia. As
the result, the Akkadian language gradually suppressed the Sumerian.
However, the latter remained the official language of the Stationery Office
even in the 21st century BC, although it was becoming replaced more and
more with Akkadian in everyday life. By the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC Sumerian was already a dead language However, Sumerian
continued to exist as a language of religion and science, and was taught
in schools until the 1st century AD, after which time the cuneiform, together with Sumerian and Akkadian languages, were completely forgotten.
The suppression of the Sumerian language did not at all signify that its
speakers were destroyed physically. The Sumerians had blended in with
the Babylonians, having preserved their own religion and culture that the
Babylonians borrowed from them with slight changes.
At the end of the 3rd millennium B, the Western Semitic cattle-breeding
tribes began to penetrate into Mesopotamia from the Syrian steppe. The
Babylonians called these tribes the Amorites. In the Akkadian language
Amurru meant west in particular in reference to Syria; and among the
nomads of this region there were many tribes who spoke various dialects
that were close to one another. Some of these tribes were called Sutians
what meant nomads when translated from Akkadian.
From the 3rd millennium B, Northern Mesopotamia from the
upper reaches of the Diyala River and up to the Lake Urmia, on the territory of modern-day Iranian Azerbaijan and Kurdistan, was settled by
Gutian tribes, also known as Guti. From the ancient most times Northern
Mesopotamia was settled by Hurrian tribes. It appears that they were
indigenous inhabitants of Northern Mesopotamia, Northern Syria and the
Armenian Highland. In Northern Mesopotamia the Hurrian tribes created
the Mitanni kingdom, which was one of the largest empires of the Middle East in the middle of the 2nd millennium B. Although the Hurrians
were the predominant inhabitants of Mitanni, it was also inhabited by
125
tribes that spoke the Indo-Iranian language. In Syria, it appears that the
Hurrians formed the population minority. Based on their language and
descent the Hurrians were close relatives of the Urartian tribes that lived
on the Armenian Highland. In the 3rd and 2nd millennia B the Hurro
Urartian mountain range occupied the entire territory from the Northern
Mesopotamia plains and up to Central South Caucasus. Both Sumerians
and Babylonians had called this land and the Hurrian tribes Subartu
In the second half of the 2nd millennium B a powerful wave of
Aramean tribes from Northern Arabia stormed into the Syrian steppe,
Northern Syria and Northern Mesopotamia.
At the end of the 13th century B the Arameans created a multitude
of small principalities in Western Syria and in South-Western Mesopotamia. By the beginning of the 1st millennium B the Arameans had almost
entirely assimilated both the Hurrian and the Amorite populations of Syria
and Northern Mesopotamia.
In the 8th century B the Aramean kingdoms were captured by Assyria. However, afterwards the influence of the Aramean language was
only strengthened. By the end of the 7th century B entire Syria spoke
Aramean. This language began to spread in Mesopotamia. Its success was
attributed both to the large Aramean population, and to the fact that the
Aramean writing was convenient and easy to learn.
In the 8th and 7th centuries B the Assyrian administration adopted
a policy of forced resettlement of conquered nations from one area of the
Assyrian Empire to another. The goal of such shuffle was to complicate
the understanding among the various tribes and to prevent their uprisings
against that Assyrian oppression. In addition, the Assyrian kings sought
to settle the territories that had been devastated during endless wars. As
the result of an inevitable mixing of languages and people that occurs
with such events, the Aramean language came out on top and became
the predominant spoken language from Syria up to the western areas of
Iran, and even inside Assyria. After the downfall of the Assyrian Empire
at the end of the 7th century B the Assyrians had lost their language
completely and switched to Aramean.
Beginning from the 9th century B. Southern Mesopotamia became
invaded by the Chaldean tribes that were related to the Arameans, and
gradually these tribes had occupied all of Babylon. After the Persians had
conquered Mesopotamia in the year 539 B the Aramean became the official
language of the Stationery Office in this kingdom, and Akkadian was only
preserved in major cities, but even there it was gradually suppressed by
126
the Aramean. By the 1st century B. Babylonians themselves had blended
in with the Chaldeans and the Arameans. (Bongard-Levin et al. 1989)
The authors of the work that we have cited believe that the Mesopotamian civilization is one of the very ancient if not the most ancient
civilization in the world. It was in Sumer at the end of the 4th century B
when the human society probably for the first time exited the primitive
state and entered the age of antiquity, and from here the authentic history
of mankind begins.
Without challenging the thesis about the role of the Mesopotamian
civilization in mankinds history, famous Norwegian researcher Thor
Heyerdahl in his book Early Man and the Ocean (1980) writes that: Seen
in relation to the now recognized enormous antiquity of mans presence
on earth, does it seem likely to be mere coincidence that the independent dynasties of Mesopotamia and Egypt were founded at the same time
and so near each other with only the Arabian peninsula between? A time
concurrence within the same century seemed reasonable in the early days
of science when the human species was assumed to have existed only for
thousands or tens of thousands of years, but a single century about 3000
B becomes like a flash in the human time span actually known to comprise millions of years. Paleolithic people had roamed across thousands of
miles of Afro-Asiatic territory for untold ages, and their descendants had
developed a variety of living patterns and primitive cultures throughout
all continents, when the river banks of Egypt and Mesopotamia within
the same approximate century were occupied by hierarchs with absolute
power who claimed descent from the gods, were ancestor worshipers,
counted bird-men among their progenitors, navigated reed ships, built
enormous pyramids to the sun, incised cylinder seals, and erected giant
stele the earliest types of hieroglyphics archaeologists have so far found.
In short, two dynasties which had already acquired a strikingly similar
level of civilization, and whose heirs later ruled these two Middle East
river valleys for numerous generations, were founded amid earlier archaic
cultures chronologically speaking at the same time and within territories
separated merely by a traveling distance of weeks or months.
If these two pioneering civilizations had had independent roots, script
might well have been invented on each side of the Arabian peninsula with
a time discrepancy of tens of thousands of years. It would be an insult
to the developing nations today to suggest that after millions of years of
gradual maturing, mankind was just ripe for literacy around 3000 BC. Let
us admit that if it were not for marginal contact and traveling teachers
127
and missionaries, literacy would not have reached Europe from the Middle
East, as it gradually did, and if we were to await independent evolution
most nations would very likely have remained illiterate until today.
In view of the obvious proximity in time and space, the burden of
proof in this case rests clearly on those who sustain the idea of independent origins for the two great civilizations of the Middle East. No scholar
would deny that the original hieroglyphic signs of the earliest Sumerian
period were later replaced by the completely different cuneiform symbols
and next gave inspiration, directly or indirectly, to the large variety of
quite dissimilar writings of Asia Minor, from Hittite ideograms to Hebrew and Phoenician letters. Could there not be a similar link between
the two seemingly dissimilar scripts of the earliest Sumerians and their
contemporaries in the Nile Valley? Falkensteins and Amiets studies
of the earliest known Sumerian script revealed that the hieroglyphic sign
for ship in the archaic texts from Uruk, prior to the introduction of cuneiform writing, was identical with the ideogram for marine in ancient
Egypt: a sickle-shaped reed boat which in addition to cross lashings had
peculiar Egyptian-style double bends on top of the elevated bow and
stern, a stylistic detail with no known practical function and unknown on
watercraft anywhere else in the world. (Heyerdahl 1980)
This is how scientists view the ancient civilizations of the Middle East.
And what does the Bible say about the history of nations after the
flood?
28
And Noe lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years.
29
And all the days of Noe were nine hundred and fifty years, and he
died. (Genesis 9:28, 29)
Now these are the generations of the sons of Noe, Sem, Cham,
Japheth; and sons were born to them after the flood.
2
The sons of Japheth, Gamer, and Magog, and Madoi, and Jovan,
and Elisa, and Thobel, and Mosoch, and Thiras. 3 And the sons of Gamer,
Aschanaz, and Riphath, and Thorgama. 4 And the sons of Jovan, Elisa,
and Tharseis, Cetians, Rhodians. 5 From these were the islands of the
Gentiles divided in their land, each according to his tongue, in their
tribes and in their nations.
6
And the sons of Cham, Chus, and Mesrain, Phud, and Chanaan.
7
And the sons of Chus, Saba, and Evila, and Sabatha, and Rhegma, and
Sabathaca. And the sons of Rhegma, Saba, and Dadan. 8 And Chus begot
Nebrod: he began to be a giant upon the earth. 9 He was a giant hunter
1
128
before the Lord God; therefore they say, As Nebrod the giant hunter
before the Lord. 10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babylon, and
Orech, and Archad, and Chalanne, in the land of Senaar. 11 Out of that
land came Assur, and built Ninevi, and the city Rhooboth, and Chalach,
12
and Dase between Ninevi and Chalach: this is the great city. 13 And
Mesrain begot the Ludiim, and the Nephthalim, and the Enemetiim, and
the Labiim, 14 and the Patrosoniim, and the Chasmoniim (whence came
forth Phylistiim) and the Gaphthoriim. 15 And Chanaan begot Sidon
his first-born, and the Chettite, 16 and the Jebusite, and the Amorite,
and the Girgashite, 17 and the Evite, and the Arukite, and the Asennite,
18
and the Aradian, and the Samarean, and the Amathite; and after this
the tribes of the Chananites were dispersed. 19 And the boundaries of
the Chananites were from Sidon till one comes to Gerara and Gaza,
till one comes to Sodom and Gomorrha, Adama and Seboim, as far as
Dasa. 20 There were the sons of Cham in their tribes according to their
tongues, in their countries, and in their nations.
21
And to Sem himself also were children born, the father of all the
sons of Heber, the brother of Japheth the elder. 22 Sons of Sem, Elam,
and Assur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram, and Cainan. 23 And
sons of Aram, Uz, and Ul, and Gater, and Mosoch. 24 And Arphaxad
begot Cainan, and Cainan begot Sala. And Sala begot Heber. 25 And to
Heber were born two sons, the name of the one, Phaleg, because in his
days the earth was divided, and the name of his brother Jektan. 26 And
Jektan begot Elmodad, and Saleth, and Sarmoth, and Jarach, 27 and
Odorrha, and Aibel, and Decla, 28 Eval, and Abimael, and Saba, 29 and
Uphir, and Evila, and Jobab, all these were the sons of Jektan. 30 And
their dwelling was from Masse, till one comes to Saphera, a mountain
of the east. 31These were the sons of Sem in their tribes, according to
their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations. 32 These are the
tribes of the sons of Noe, according to their generations, according to
their nations: of them were the islands of the Gentiles scattered over
the earth after the flood. (Genesis 10:132)
And all the earth was one lip, and there was one language to
all. And it came to pass as they moved from the east, they found a
plain in the land of Senaar, and they dwelt there. 3 And a man said to
his neighbour, Come, let us make bricks and bake them with fire. And
the brick was to them for stone, and their mortar was bitumen. 4 And
they said, Come, let us build to ourselves a city and tower, whose top
1
129
shall be to heaven, and let us make to ourselves a name, before we are
scattered abroad upon the face of all the earth. 5 And the Lord came
down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men built. 6 And
the Lord said, Behold, there is one race, and one lip of all, and they
have begun to do this, and now nothing shall fail from them of all that
they may have undertaken to do. 7 Come, and having gone down let us
there confound their tongue, that they may not understand each the
voice of his neighbour. 8 And the Lord scattered them thence over the
face of all the earth, and they left off building the city and the tower.
9
On this account its name was called Confusion, because there the
Lord confounded the languages of all the earth, and thence the Lord
scattered them upon the face of all the earth.
10
And these are the generations of Sem: and Sem was a hundred
years old when he begot Arphaxad, the second year after the flood.
11
And Sem lived, after he had begotten Arphaxad, five hundred years,
and begot sons and daughters, and died. 12 And Arphaxad lived a hundred and thirty-five years, and begot Cainan. 13 And Arphaxad lived
after he had begotten Cainan, four hundred years, and begot sons and
daughters, and died. And Cainan lived a hundred and thirty years and
begot Sala; and Canaan lived after he had begotten Sala, three hundred
and thirty years, and begot sons and daughters, and died. 14 And Sala
lived an hundred and thirty years, and begot Heber. 15 And Sala lived
after he had begotten Heber, three hundred and thirty years, and begot
sons and daughters, and died. 16 And Heber lived an hundred and thirty-four years, and begot Phaleg. 17 And Heber lived after he had begotten
Phaleg two hundred and seventy years, and begot sons and daughters,
and died. 18 And Phaleg lived and hundred and thirty years, and begot
Ragau. 19 And Phaleg lived after he had begotten Ragau, two hundred
and nine years, and begot sons and daughters, and died. 20 And Ragau
lived and hundred thirty and two years, and begot Seruch. 21 And Raau
lived after he had begotten Seruch, two hundred and seven years, and
begot sons and daughters, and died. 22 And Seruch lived a hundred
and thirty years, and begot Nachor. 23 And Seruch lived after he had
begotten Nachor, two hundred years, and begot sons and daughters,
and died. 24 And Nachor lived a hundred and seventy-nine years, and
begot Tharrha. 25 And Nachor lived after he had begotten Tharrha, an
hundred and twenty-five years, and begot sons and daughters, and he
died. 26 And Tharrha lived seventy years, and begot Abram, and Nachor,
and Arrhan.
130
31
And Tharrha took Abram his son, and Lot the son Arrhan, the
son of his son, and Sara his daughter-in-law, the wife of Abram his son,
and led them forth out of the land of the Chaldees, to go into the land of
Chanaan, and they came as far as Charrhan, and he dwelt there. 32And
all the days of Tharrha in the land of Charrhan were two hundred and
five years, and Tharrha died in Charrhan. (Genesis 11:126, 3132)
What follows in the Bible after is the history of the Jewish people.
Lets try to retrace briefly the historical events of the Middle East.
Scientists have identified three centres of formation and development
of early agricultural cultures on this territory: Western Asia, Asia Minor
and Northern Mesopotamia with adjoining mountainous regions of
Western Iran. These are cultures of the 8th, 7th and 6th millennia B.
At the point of the 4th and 3rd millennia B, approximately at the
same time with Egypt, the kingdoms of Sumer, Akkad and others
begin to emerge in Mesopotamia. The virtual simultaneity of the
emergence of ancient civilizations, the similarity in state structure,
beliefs, architectural monuments, and spoken and written records
has led some scientists to talk about a single source of their origin.
The territory of Mesopotamia is a territory where languages, nations
and cultures had been intermixed. Moreover, the Sumerians what
is recognized by all scientists are a nation that is not native to this
territory, but they had created a great kingdom and culture that
has influenced all of the following history and culture of mankind.
Historical science does not claim that the other nations who lived
on this territory, who had also created great kingdoms and cultures,
were the indigenous people of Mesopotamia. Only when referring
to the Hurrian tribes who lived in the north of Mesopotamia do
scientists use the term autochthone, i.e. indigenous and even this
with reservation, since they say it appears.
Already during the early Sumerian kingdom brick had been fired
in ovens. Brick was used to build various buildings and structures,
including the famous Tower of Babel. It was here in Babylonia, at
least twice in history, that the entire multi-tribal population spoke one
of the two languages: first the Akkadian, and later the Aramean.
The Akkadian and the Amorite Semitic tribes played a great role in
Mesopotamias history.
The historic Mesopotamian cities are: Eridu, Ur, Larsa, Lagash, Nippur, Uruk, Umm, Akkad, Babylon, Isin, Eshnunna, Assur, Kanesh,
Sippar, Opis, and Nineveh.
131
In the late Babylonian period, Babylonia was conquered by the
Chaldeans.
And here is a brief account of the biblical events in the same order
as in the Bible.
Noah and everyone who was with him in the ark arrived at the
Ararat Mountains as the result of the flood.
Noahs sons had fathered nations. From Noes youngest son Japheth
were the islands of the Gentiles divided in their land, each according to
his tongue, in their tribes and in their nations. (Genesis 10:5)
Cham, Noahs middle son, had also fathered nations in their tribes
according to their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations. (Genesis
10:20) Chams descendants create a kingdom which included Babylon,
Orech, Archad, and Chalanne, in the land of Senaar. 11 Out of that
land came Assur, and built Ninevi, and the city Rhooboth, and Chalach,
12
and Dase between Ninevi and Chalach: this is the great city. (Genesis
10:11, 12) Among the sons of Cham are mentioned Phylistiim and
the tribes of the Chananites with places where they lived. 19 And the
boundaries of the Chananites were from Sidon till one comes to Gerara
and Gaza, till one comes to Sodom and Gomorrha, Adama and Seboim,
as far as Dasa. (Genesis 10:19)
21 And to Sem himself also were children born, the father of all the sons
of Heber, the brother of Japheth the eldest son of Noe. And he also
had fathered nations in their tribes according to their tongues, in their
countries, and in their nations. (Genesis 10:21, 31)
1 And all the earth was one lip, and there was one language to all. (Genesis 11:1)
2 And it came to pass as they moved from the east, they found a plain in
the land of Senaar, and they dwelt there. (Genesis 11:2)
3 And a man said to his neighbour, Come, let us make bricks and bake
them with fire. And the brick was to them for stone, and their mortar was
bitumen. (Genesis 11:3)
4 And they said, Come, let us build to ourselves a city and tower, whose
top shall be to heaven, and let us make to ourselves a name, before we are
scattered abroad upon the face of all the earth. (Genesis 11:4)
8 And the Lord scattered them thence over the face of all the earth, and
they left off building the city and the tower. 9 On this account its name
was called Confusion, because there the Lord confounded the languages
of all the earth, and thence the Lord scattered them upon the face of all
the earth. (Genesis 11:8, 9)
132
31 And Tharrha took Abram his son, and Lot the son Arrhan, the son of
his son, and Sara his daughter-in-law, the wife of Abram his son, and led
them forth out of the land of the Chaldees, to go into the land of Chanaan,
and they came as far as Charrhan, and he dwelt there. 32 And all the days
of Tharrha in the land of Charrhan were two hundred and five years, and
Tharrha died in Charrhan. (Genesis 11:31, 32)
As we can see, both the science and the Bible recount the events
related to early human civilizations in a rather similar way. In the beginning, nations appear, and they settle different territories, but as a
whole they are geographically close to the Ararat Mountains. Of all the
tribes, the closest to this region are the Semites who create the Akkadian
kingdom Babylonia. Following the creation of Sumer and Akkad, the
Assyrian kingdom appears which includes Nineveh. Babylonia is unified
by one single language. It is here that brick is manufactured through firing and used among other purposes to build the Tower of Babel. Here,
similarly to a pot, tribes and nations are mixed. Babylonia is conquered
by the Chaldeans. From the Chaldean Babylonia the Jewish nation begins
its journey into the lands promised to them by God.
Part Six
The Conclusion
134
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The Tower of Babel
141
The Conclusion
In this part of our book we will compare once more in a brief and
concise manner the events recounted in the Bible with the scientific data
about the origin of the world, the Earth, mankind and his ancient history.
The Bible. (Genesis 1) God creates the heaven and the Earth; light;
firmament on the Earth that divided between the water under the firmament and the water above the firmament; land, called Earth, and the
gatherings of the waters, called Seas; the earth brings forth the herb of
grass bearing seed according to its kind and according to its likeness,
and the fruit-tree bearing fruit whose seed is in it, according to its kind;
the sun, the moon and stars; fish, reptiles, birds, wild beasts of the earth,
cattle, reptiles of the earth, man.
Science. Explosion. Darkness. Formation of protogalaxies, stars, and
planets including Earth. Light. Differentiation of the Earth into matter:
emergence of the core, the mantle and the exterior layer. Formation of the
hydrosphere with a single water surface and a very dense atmosphere.
Formation of the cores (of land) of all future platforms. The appearance
of the first continent Megagaea. The surface of land continues to increase. Algae, simplest animals and possibly terrestrial plants appear
on the Earth. The atmosphere becomes transparent, what makes the
observation of the sun, the moon and stars possible. Animals evolve
from primitive chordates into fish and amphibians. Many diverse reptiles
appear. First mammals and birds appear. The flourishing of the animal
world, predomination of flowering plants on Earth, wide development
of amphibians and reptiles. And finally, man appears as the crown of
the evolution of the animal world.
The Bible. (Genesis 26) God places the man whom he had formed
in a garden in Edem in a place of the source of four rivers, including
Tigris and Euphrates; man gives names to all the cattle, to all the birds,
and to all the wild beasts; God creates a companion for man, they eat of
the tree of learning the knowledge of good and evil, perceive that they
are naked and sew fig leaves together, and make themselves aprons to go
round them; God names the man Adam and the woman Eve, she becomes
the mother of all people living on Earth, makes skin clothes for them;
God sends Adam and Eve forth out of the garden for having disobeyed
his command.
142
Adam and Eve bring forth two sons: Cain a tiller of the ground and
Abel a keeper of sheep. Cain murders Abel. God sends forth Cain from
his presence. Cain settles in the land of Nod, eastward of Edem. Cain has
a son called Enoch. Cain builds a city and names it after the name of his
son, Enoch. And to Enoch was born Gaidad; and Gaidad begot Maleleel;
and Maleleel begot Mathusala; and Mathusala begot Lamech. Lamech
took to himself two wives; the name of the one was Ada, and the name
of the second Sella. And Ada bore Jobel; he was the father of those that
dwell in tents, feeding cattle. And the name of his brother was Jubal; he
it was who invented the psaltery and harp. And Sella also bore Thobel;
he was a smith, a manufacturer both of brass and iron; and the sister of
Thobel was Noema. Adam and Eve bore another son and called his name
Seth. And Seth had a son, and he called his name Enos: he hoped to call
on the name of the Lord God. What follows is Adams genealogical tree.
Adam brought forth Seth and more sons and daughters. Seth begot Enos
and more sons and daughters. Enos begot Cainan and more sons and
daughters. Cainan begot Maleleel and more sons and daughters. Maleleel
begot Jared and more sons and daughters. Jared begot Enoch and more
sons and daughters. Enoch begat Mathusala and more sons and daughters.
Mathusala begot Lamech and more sons and daughters. Lamech begot
Noe and more sons and daughters. Noe begot three sons: Sem, Cham,
and Japheth.
Science. According to anthropological research, modern humans
(Homo sapiens) are a product of a lengthy evolutionary development.
Its possible that the Proconsul who existed on Earth in the Miocene was
the common ancestor of humans and apes. The complete evolutionary
sequence of the origin of mankind has not yet been determined, just as
the Homo sapiens direct ancestor hasnt yet been identified based on the
remains found so far.
Geneticists have determined that our species, Homo sapiens, has come
from a Mitochondrial Eve who lived in Africa 200,000 years ago.
Scientists believe that since the times of the last ice age, our species,
Homo sapiens, have not undergone any more noticeable biological evolution.
But this species succeeded to move forward as no other animal has. The
human owes his dominant evolutionary position to knowledge, judgment
and curiosity.
Three species of humans leave Africa mankinds homeland in
the order shown below: Homo erectus (upright man), Homo neanderthalensis
(Neanderthal man) and Homo sapiens (wise man).
143
Homo erectus heads to Asia where his history becomes lost to time.
Homo neanderthalensis heads out of Africa to Europe, but his remains
and the remains of his material culture are found both in Africa and in
Asia, and even in the Altai. This human species, which was quite developed according to latest research, and which had a highly adaptive nature,
disappears from the face of the Earth for reasons not yet understood.
And finally, Homo sapiens settles on almost all the continents.
According to archaeological data, Homo sapiens had been living off
hunting, fishing and gathering for a lengthy period (up to the 8th millennium BC in the Middle East and until the 6th millennium BC in Europe).
Later (and this is 108 thousand years ago for the Middle East) humans begin breeding livestock and farming. Permanent settlements appear.
Already during the gathering era humans begin to use native
brass, and gold. The 7th millennium BC saw the rise of real metallurgy.
Brass, bronze and iron enter consecutively into mans economic turnover.
The arts painting, sculpture, jewellery that had appeared already
during the Paleolithic age were improved during the Neolithic and
became more diverse.
Finally, 5 thousand years ago (again on the Middle Eastern territory),
food production and metallurgy had helped some towns expand into the
worlds first big cities.
Gradually, as the result of these changes, societies evolved from tribal
bands via chiefdoms into states with layered social classes. Religion appears.
The Bible. (Genesis 68) God had warned Noah about the flood
and taught him what to do to remain alive. Noah did all things whatever
the Lord God commanded him. The flood of water came upon the earth.
Noah and his sons and his wife, and his sons wives and birds and wild
beasts entered the ark because of the water of the flood. And the rain
was upon the earth forty days and forty nights. And the water was raised
over the earth an hundred and fifty days. And the fountains of the deep
were closed up, and the flood-gates of heaven, and the rain from heaven
was withheld. And the water subsided, and went off the earth, and after
an hundred and fifty days the water was diminished. And in the seventh
month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark came to rest on the
mountains of Ararat. And the water continued to decrease until the tenth
month. In the first month, on the first day of the month, the water subsided
from off the earth, and Noah opened the covering of the ark, and he saw
that the water had subsided from the face of the earth. And in the second
month the earth was dried, on the twenty-seventh day of the month. And
144
Noah came forth, and his wife and his sons, and his sons wives with
him. And all the wild beasts and all the cattle and every bird, and every
reptile creeping upon the earth after their kind, came forth out of the ark.
Science has noted that in the period following the ice age, a transgression of seas onto land had occurred; the World Oceans level had increased, and major flooding had occurred in river valleys, including Tigris
and Euphrates; there was also a vast spreading of fluvioglacial deposits.
The Bible. (Genesis 911) Following the flood, from Noahs son Japheth
were the islands of the Gentiles divided in their land, each according to
his tongue, in their tribes and in their nations. Noahs son Cham also
had children and grandchildren. The kingdom of Noahs great grandson
Nebrod included Babylon, Akkad and Chalanne in the land of Senaar. Out
of this land came Assur, and built Ninevi, Rhooboth, Chalach, and Dase.
The son of Noah Mesrain was the forefather of the Phylistiim, and his
son Chanaan was the forefather of the Chananites. Noahs son Sem the
father of all the sons of Heber. And all the earth was one lip, and there
was one language to all. As they moved from the east, they found a plain
in the land of Senaar, and they dwelt there. They made bricks and baked
them with fire, and their mortar was bitumen. And they build a city and
tower. In Babylon the Lord confounded the tongues of the entire earth,
and the Lord scattered them thence over the face of all the earth. Tharrha,
a distant descendant of Noahs son Sem, took Abram his son and Sara
his wife, and his grandson Lot, and led them forth out of the land of the
Chaldees, to go into the land of Chanaan.
Science. Scientists have identified three centres of formation and
development of early agricultural cultures in the Middle East: Western
Asia, Asia Minor and Northern Mesopotamia with adjoining mountainous
regions of Western Iran. These are cultures of the 8th, 7th and 6th millennia
B. At the point of the 4th and 3rd millennia B, approximately at the
same time with Egypt, the kingdoms of Sumer, Akkad and others begin
to emerge in Mesopotamia. The territory of Mesopotamia is a territory
where languages, nations and cultures had been intermixed. Moreover, the
Sumerians what is recognized by all scientists are a nation that is not
native to this territory, but they had created a great kingdom and culture
that has influenced all of the following history and culture of mankind.
Historical science does not claim that the other nations who lived on this
territory, who had also created great kingdoms and cultures, were the
indigenous people of Mesopotamia. Only when referring to the Hurrian
145
tribes who lived in the north of Mesopotamia do scientists use the term
autochthone, i.e. indigenous and even this with reservation, since they
say it appears.
Already during the early Sumerian kingdom brick had been fired in
ovens. Brick was used to build various buildings and structures, including the famous Tower of Babel. It was here in Babylonia, at least twice
in history, that the entire multi-tribal population spoke one of the two
languages: first the Akkadian, and later the Aramean.
The Akkadian and the Amorite tribes played an important role in
Mesopotamias history.
The historic Mesopotamian cities are: Eridu, Ur, Larsa, Lagash, Nippur, Uruk, Umm, Akkad, Babylon, Isin, Eshnunna, Assur, Kanesh, Sippar,
Opis, and Nineveh.
In the late Babylonian period, Babylonia was conquered by the
Chaldeans.
Such is the history of the origin of the Earth, man and mankinds
history, including the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, as it appears
in the Bible and in scientific literature. As we can see, the sequence of
events of the origin of the world, the Earth, the life on Earth, humans and
the history of their development, and the history of mankinds development are quite similar in both narratives. The difference is that the Old
Testament, which begins with the depiction of the creation of the world,
was written, from the scientific point of view, in the period from 12th to
2nd centuries BC. As such, at least more than two thousand years separate
the biblical depiction of the creation of the world and the modern one,
and at the base of this depiction, as scientists claim, is information that
came from significantly much earlier sources than the Bible. The scientific
knowledge about the same events appeared at the end of the 19th, 20th and
21st centuries AD.
The reader of this book might disagree with this conclusion. For the
order of the line of events depicted by modern science from the origin
of the Earth until the appearance of ancient civilizations is virtually impeccable. In the Bible, this line of events is interrupted with the story of
the Flood, and the events recounted in the Bible are not presented using
modern scientific language. But one never knows, Thor Heyerdahl might
have been right when he said that during the period close to the year
3000 BC, a certain powerful natural cataclysm had taken place, following
which the Mediterranean cultures began everything as if from the start;
146
when gradual development of civilizations was interrupted by an interim
period and everything began to move as if along other new paths because
of unheardof disturbances and upheavals.
Archaeological finds from recent years testify about mans presence
along the shores of the Persian Gulf approximately 7,500 years ago. Moreover, the ancient settlements of this region had been represented by good
quality stone dwellings, an extensive network of trade routes; the settlers
daily life was brightened up and made easier by elegantly decorated
homeware, and they had domesticated cattle. The remains of one of the
worlds most ancient vessels were also found. At the same time, the more
ancient archaeological evidence of populations that were predecessors of
this civilization is missing. In order to explain this inconsistency, Jeffrey Rose, the British archaeologist from the University of Birmingham,
had introduced the hypothesis regarding the settlement by humans of
the so-called Persian Gulf Oasis more than 100 thousand years ago,
i.e. thousands of years before the beginning of human migration out of
Africa in accordance with the widely accepted model. According to Rose,
8 thousand years ago this oasis was submerged beneath the waters of the
Indian Ocean (Astvatsaturyan 2010).
Science does not stand still. Perhaps, scientists would find the missing
links in the history of the development of the human civilization, which
for now can be found only in the Bible. And if this happens, the question:
How did the people who lived thousands of years ago know what we
are discovering only today? that had inspired the author to write these
reflections here, would gain new strength. We conclude our book with
this question.
147
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163
Kenneth Gordon Taylor*
Russian geologists treatise
In a way it is quite intriguing that someone like the author, whose

educational background would have been moulded by the evolutionary
concept, should have had an interest in considering the biblical concept
of creation and human history and have had a desire to correlate this
with the evolutionary model of the beginning of the universe, the formation of our galaxy, solar and planetary system, and finally the formation
of the earth on which we live. At the same time, this is not completely
surprising, as many students in the various fields of science, both in the
past and at the present time, have felt drawn to investigate the claims
and assertions of the Bible.
I would like to address the question with which the author concludes
his study and which he states prompted his investigation and research,
namely, How did people who lived thousands of years ago know what
we are discovering only today? He is alluding here to information that
students of the physical sciences have only discovered in the past one
hundred years or so. This certainly is a question that demands thoughtful consideration. Earlier civilizations obviously had a high degree of
engineering and building ability to the point that it would be difficult
to replicate their accomplishments even with all the massive machinery
and techniques that are available at the present time, e.g. the pyramids
of Egypt, Stonehenge in Britain, and some of the construction of the ancient Inca cities in South America. But it is interesting that some of the
scientific facts about our universe that have only been determined in the
* Kenneth Gordon Taylor was born in Vancouver Canada in 1942 and presently
lives in Ottawa Canada with his wife Doris. Kenneth studied business accounting
and served as financial comptroller of a multi-faceted fish processing company.
Since his conversion to Christ fifty-three years ago he has had an avid interest
in the study of the Bible, both in Old Testament and New Testament scriptures.
This has included Bible doctrine, history, typology, prophecy, and apologetics.
For the past thirty-five years he has served as a minister of the gospel and been
active in evangelism and teaching in Canada and the U.S. Kenneth and Doris
have been involved in missionary and humanitarian work in Dominica and Haiti
in the West Indies. He continues to participate in teaching and discussion sessions
relating to Biblical subjects. His contribution is an informal response to a request
to read and comment on Professor Sherstnevs treatise. Valery Sherstnev highly
appreciates the response of Kenneth Taylor to his request. In authors opinion,
Kenneths review is a classic example of the relationship between science and
religion. As the call, so the echo
164
last century or so, are found couched in the writings of the Bible, many
of these statements going back three to five millennia.
The biblical answer to the authors question, How did people who
lived thousands of years ago, etc. is that the Bible makes the claim that
those who spoke and wrote did so under divine inspiration. Under this
premise, that the messages given were under the direction of an omniscient,
transcendent, eternal God, whose knowledge and understanding spans all
the aeons of time, it could be expected that giving information thousands
of years ago that is only being discovered by the scientific world much
more recently, would fall within the framework of his divine ability.
The following are a few statements taken from the Old and New
Testaments of the Bible that assert its divine inspiration:
The Spirit of the Lord spoke by me, and His word was in my
tongue. 2 Samuel 23:2*
All this, said David, the Lord made me understand in writing by
his hand upon me. 1 Chronicles 28:19
All scripture is given by inspiration of God and is profitable for
doctrine, for correction, for instruction in righteousness. 2 Timothy 3:16
Prophecy came not in the old time by the will of men, but holy
men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit. 2 Peter 1:20
There is a number of striking scientific facts found in the Bible that
have only been established in recent time. These demonstrate a knowledge
and understanding that surpassed that which was current in that era.
It is He that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants
thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain,
and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in. Isaiah 40:22
He (God) walketh in the circuit of heaven. Job 22:14
His (the sun) going forth is from the end of the heaven, and
his circuit unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat
thereof. Psalm 19:6
The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the
north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again
according to its circuits. Ecclesiastes 1:6
All the waters run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place
for whence the rivers come, thither they return again. Ecclesiastes 1:7
* References and citations are made according to The Holy Bible Authorized King
James Version Holman Bible Publishers Nashville, Tennessee, 1998.
165
Of old hast Thou laid the foundation of the earth: and the heavens
are the works of thine hands. They shall perish, but Thou shalt endure:
yea, all of them shall wax old like a garment; and as a vesture shalt Thou
change them, and they shall be changed. Psalm 102:2526
The Bible was not written for the purpose of giving us a scientific
textbook, its primary purpose is to convey a spiritual message, and so it
does not use scientific terminology. But it is interesting that embedded in
the moral and spiritual message it conveys are truths only determined by
the scientific community in the last century or so. Note these thoughts in
the scripture references given above: the fact that the earth is a circle, the
vast expanse of the universe, and the vast expanse of space through which
the galaxies are moving. And then there is the image of the sun moving
in a vast circuit through space. It is presently suggested that our galaxy
moves in a vast circuit through space and because of this, the sun, in one
of the stellar arms of our galaxy in which it is located, would be moving
in a circuit through space. Ecclesiastes 1:6 describes the atmospheric wind
currents, and verse number 7 describes the earths precipitation, evaporation
and condensation cycle. The statements from Psalm 102 encapsulate what
many astronomers and astrophysicists are predicting about the eventual
wearing out of the universe, the ultimate result of entropy as predicated
by the Second Law of thermodynamics.
It is striking that the most recent of these statements in the Bible
(Isaiah 40:22) was written approximately 2700 years ago, the others up
to 3000 years ago. The authors question is pertinent here: How did
people who lived thousands of years ago know what we are discovering
only today?
There is another area that presents the unique character of the Bible,
and that is what it revealed beforehand about events which were to occur
at a later date termed biblical prophecy. These relate to both past and
present history.
Here are several instances that pertain to the people of Israel who
occupy a focal place in the Old Testament history:
The nation being defeated, subjugated and carried into the Babylonian captivity: the prayer of king Solomon in 2 Chronicles 6:36: If they
sin against thee, (for there is no man that sinneth not,) and thou be angry with
them, and deliver them over before their enemies, and they carry them away
captives unto a land far off or near. That the people would be in captivity
for seventy years; Jeremiah 25:11: And the whole land shall be a desolation
and an astonishment; and these nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy
166
years. Stated about 598 BC. Return to the land under Ezra in the days of
Cyrus king of Persia began about 536 BC.
Ezekiel 29:15 that the nation of Egypt, which had once been a dominant Mediterranean power, would be among the weakest of kingdoms:
It shall be the basest of the kingdoms; neither shall it exalt itself any more
above the nations: for I will diminish them that they shall no more rule over
the nations.
The Bible also foresaw the return of the Jews to the land of Palestine
after many centuries of being displaced from the land. Unfortunately it
foresees a further defeat and dispersion of the nation, but a time of deliverance that will follow. Luke 21:24: And they shall fall by the edge of the
sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations, and Jerusalem shall be
trodden down of the Gentiles, until the time of the Gentiles be fulfilled. Their
ultimate deliverance will be experienced at the return and revelation of
the Messiah as foretold in Isaiah 59:1920: When the enemy shall come in
like a flood, the Spirit of the Lord shall lift up a standard against him, and the
Redeemer shall come to Zion, and unto them that turn from transgression in
Jacob, saith the Lord.
A most important area of prophecy has to do with the scriptures
relating to the Messiah or the Christ.
His description as the seed of the woman in Genesis 3:15. Identifying
him as a descendant of king David and coming from the tribe of Judah.
1 Chronicles 17:1112, Psalm 132:11, Acts 2:30. Stating the place of his
birth Micah 5:2: But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among
the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall He come forth unto Me that is to
be ruler in Israel, whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting.
And confirmed in Matthew 2:56. Verses indicating that His conception
and birth was unique; Psalm 40:6 (Septuagint translation) A body has
Thou prepared me Corresponding with the supernatural conception and
virgin birth of Luke 1:35: The Holy Spirit shall come upon thee, and the power
of the Highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy one that shall be
born of thee shall be called the Son of God.
There are statements in the Old Testament that depict the circumstances and nature of the death of the Christ. His crucifixion Psalm 22:1416:
all my bones are out of joint; my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst
of my bowels. My strength is dried up like a potsherd; and my tongue cleaveth
to my jaws they pierced my hands and my feet. Psalm 69:21: They gave me
gall for my meat, and in my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink. See the fulfillment of this in Matthew 27:34: They gave him vinegar to drink mingled
167
with gall The prophetical statements describing the circumstances of the
crucifixion of Christ were written more than a thousand years before the
event took place.
Now I would like to make a few comments on the evolutionary hypothesis which underlines the authors understanding of the origin of the
universe, our galaxy, planetary system and the world in which we live.
It is obvious that there is a wide divergence in thought in these matters
between those who embrace the evolutionary model and those who accept the literal Biblical account. I think it can be said from the scriptural
references and remarks previously made that the Bible warrants a high
degree of respectability and credibility on the basis of the scientific and
historical information it reveals, and this puts it in a class quite separate
from other works of antiquity.
It is customary for proponents of the evolutionary theory to challenge
the scientific validity of the Biblical model. I think, then, that it should be
permissible for those of us who support the Biblical presentation to express
our misgivings and questions about the scheme of origins advanced by
the evolutionary model.
First of all, it is difficult to comprehend how a cosmos from its
largest to its minutest aspect that demonstrates order, harmony, correlation, and fine-tuned precision could all come into existence and continue
to function as a result of haphazard, random, arbitrary, undirected and
uncontrolled forces. We have no example of this even on a small scale in
our observable experience.
Secondly, the rationale behind the theory of evolution runs contrary
to the First and Second Laws of thermodynamics. These are underlying
tenets in the understanding of the physical sciences. It would seem that
evolutionists are envisaging the suspension of laws that are observable and
considered to be fundamental in the understanding of the transformation
of matter and energy when they are proposing the alleged changes in life
forms. To transition from a lower, less complex form of life to a more
complex would require an input of additional energy and information to
make the change possible. This would require intelligence to accomplish
a useful, beneficial result.
A number of theories have been advanced as to the means by which
the predicated evolutionary changes have occurred. The idea that it has
been by means of mutation has been current since the time of Darwin.
Intelligent design biologists as well as evolutionary biologists recognise
the fact of micro-evolution, that is, changes within a species (size, colour,
168
appearance, etc.) but this is all within the potential present in the DNA
composition. We do not have any examples of macro-evolution, that is,
radical and substantial changes that introduce something new. If this
were so, there should be evidence of this in the fossil record. There are
admissions in the authors treatise indicating that, to the present time,
examples of these changes still have to be discovered in the fossil record.
Another theory to explain the supposed evolutionary changes is the
idea of the quantum leap a dramatic change for one species to another
for something new to suddenly appear. There are obviously difficulties
with this proposal. Where did the new information come from that would
be necessary to engineer such a change? What is the mechanism involved?
Each life level has to be complete in itself for it to function, from the
simplest cell to the most complex organism.
The woodpecker is a marvellous example. A hardened long beak
that allows it to penetrate wood surfaces, strong neck muscles for the
penetrating action, eyelids that close at the same time the beak pierces
the wood so that it eyes do not pop out, a tongue longer than its beak
to wrap around and capture the insect or beetle in the tree, a glue-like
substance to allow it to extract the insect, and then a solvent-type solution in its mouth to release the insect from the tongue tissue. This little
bird demonstrates a necessarily complete system for its survival. It is not
conceivable how all of the combined features of this feeding mechanism
could result from evolution.
I think it is fair to say that the idea of cross-breeding between species
leads to a dead end. It is well known that even when animals of a different
zoological family are mated and produce a positive offspring, such as the
horse and donkey to produce a mule, the offspring cannot reproduce. In
the plant world, new types of fruit that are produced by cross-pollination
do not produce reproducible seeds, grafting is often necessary. There are
obviously limits or boundaries that have been placed in the animal and
plant world. This corresponds with what the Bible states in Genesis chapter
1 that the grass, herb, fruit tree, moving creature, fowls, and every living
creature would reproduce after its kind.
A statement is made by the author to the effect that the evolutionary
process came to an end with the development of man known as Homo
sapiens. The over-arching idea presented is that the human race has gone
through many stages of development from a rather vague primate beginning through the various hominoid forms to its culmination at the current
level of the human species. It would seem to be a valid question to ask
just how would we know that the evolutionary process has come to its
169
completion? Would it be on the grounds that there have not been any
observable changes in recent history? It would be necessary to make this
same acknowledgement in connection with all fish, bird, reptile, animal
and human forms.
The assertion inherent in the evolutionary hypothesis is that the entire process has come to an end. The question then arises, How did this
process conclude? There are suggestions about how it began as a result
of the combination of chemicals and gases in a predicated primordial
soup with the action of light and heat upon whatever this was all very
speculative and unsubstantiable. The whole process of evolution then was
to be guided by random, arbitrary, undirected and uncontrolled forces.
How can we then understand that a process of this nature would come to
a conclusion and have its termination in a complete, organized outcome,
with all of its complex interaction and inter-relationship, as is found in
the systems of our present world? The first chapter of Genesis ends with
the statement that God saw everything that He had made, and, behold,
it was very good. The first verse of chapter two is a continuation of the
creation account for it says: Thus the heavens and the earth were finished,
and all the host of them. The Genesis account premises a completed state
in the biological and anthropological realms that continues to the present
time, the result of a divine creation. This, we believe, is evident in our
day. The Bible presents a transcendent, omniscient, omnipotent divine
Being who has created a universe in which our world is a display of His
understanding, wisdom and creatorial power. Psalm 19:12 says: The
heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament shows His handiwork. Day
unto day utters speech and night unto night shows knowledge.
Its quite conceivable that proponents of the evolutionary position do
not accept the literal interpretation of the biblical accounts. My task then
in this discussion is to demonstrate the scientific credibility of the information given in the Bible and subsequently examine the scientific credibility
of the evolutionary hypothesis. Each individual, whether an evolutionist
or a creationist, will want to be able to have confidence in his position.
The flood
Geological evidences - there is a large area of sedimentary rock
formation that stretches through eastern Ontario and western Quebec
and also reaches into northern New York state. This is present as well in
western Nova Scotia. It would seem to be a reasonable conclusion that
this was formed by sand and soil deposition during the backward and
forward movement of large volumes of surface water. This would be
170
consistent with the biblical account of the flood. The topography of the
primal earth would have been more uniform with lesser elevations in the
mountainous regions and shallower depths to the oceans. The Bible also
envisages the existence of large subterranean bodies of water. At the time
of this worldwide cataclysmic event constant torrential rains fell from the
skies for a period of forty days and the subterranean water chambers were
broken up allowing these massive volumes of water to gush upwards to
the earths surface. Genesis 7:1112. The earths surface would have been
quickly covered with water.
The Bible states in Genesis 7:1920 that the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth, and all the high hills, that were under the whole
heaven, were covered. Further that the water prevailed fifteen cubits
upward (approximately 8 metres) above the highest points of land. It is
suggested by Biblical creationists that tremendous, widespread, cataclysmic
upheavals of the earths surface occurred at this time. The earths topography would have changed dramatically from a more uniform surface with
lesser elevations to what is seen in our present era with the high mountain
ranges and deep ocean depths. It is conceivable that these two extremes
were formed through the upheaval and uplifting of the land masses that
would have been produced by the events accompanying the flood. Biblical
creationists would affirm that the present land masses of the earth, from
island to continents, were formed following the flood.
It is striking that the various land masses of the earth counterbalance
one another so that the North and South American continents are on the
opposite side of the earth from Russia, Asia, and Australia. The South Pole
region offsets the British Isles, the Scandinavian countries and the North
Pole region. The one land mass that does not seem to be counterbalanced
is the African continent, but this is quite possibly offset by the large area
of the South Pacific where there are clusters of small and large islands,
formed by volcanic action or the uplifting of the ocean floor. This would
indicate that large sections of the southern Pacific Ocean are covered by
relatively shallow depths of salt water. The point that I wish to notice here
is that it appears that the earths surface with the size and distribution of
its land masses gives evidence of the planning of an intelligent mind. It is
difficult to comprehend how this all could have occurred as the result of
the action of arbitrary, uncontrolled and purposeless forces. Without the
careful balancing of the earths mass and weight, it would soon develop
a wobble in its twenty-four hour rotation and this would de-stabilize its
orbit around the sun. This finds a parallel in the importance that we attach
171
to balancing the wheels of our motor vehicles. A badly balanced wheel
can cause a very bumpy ride and even affect proper control on the road.
It can also be appreciated that the formation of the numerous land
masses in their various locations with the different climates, environments
and ecological conditions provide a wonderful variety for the human race
to enjoy. The tremendous variety of animal and plant life, each demonstrating a design and adaptability according to their genetic structure for
their particular environment, all declare the handiwork of a Creator who
delights in beauty, order, co-ordination, fine-tuning and workability of
His masterpiece. To quote from the Bible: O Lord, how manifold are thy
works in all the earth. In wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of
thy riches. Psalm 104:24
The conditions present during a universal world-wide flood would
seem to more logically account for the many different land formations
that are found in the world today. The North American continent appears
to be a good example of this with the vast chasm known as the Grand
Canyon. Obviously this was formed by an unimaginably great volume of
water flowing at a rapid rate from the Canadian Shield down to the Gulf
of Mexico. I realize that it is predicated that this happened as a result of
glacial melting but for this to occur on such a large scale, dramatic and
rapid changes to the atmospheric temperatures would have been necessary.
Tidal waves and tsunamis that would have been caused by the disrupting and churning of the earths surface during the flood would have
caused soil, sand and gravel to be mixed with the vast volumes of water.
The Bible states in Genesis 7:24 that the waters prevailed upon the earth an
hundred and fifty days. There would have been a gradual settling of the
sediment with the heavier materials sinking first, followed by the lighter
materials, each forming sedimentary layers. I believe this is what is seen
in the geologic strata the heavier sedimentary rock layers underneath,
covered by layers of gravel, then sand, and finally soil. This is seemingly
consistent with what would be expected from the movement and abating
of large volumes of water. The subsequent upheavals of the earths crust
would have resulted in hard core rock layers being pushed to the surface
with the formation of mountains and the lesser hard rock masses. It is
striking that in the large areas of sedimentary sand, gravel and rock formation in northern New York State, high hills and lower mountains can
be seen that consist of this sedimentary gravel and rock formation. This
seems to suggest that lower lying soil, sand and rock layers that were
formed by sedimentary action have been pushed up by forces exerting
a simultaneous horizontal and vertical pressure. This, I suggest, can be
172
attributed to the conditions related to and stemming from a universal,
cataclysmic flood. The biblical account of the flood presents a striking
parallel to the proposition, made by Thor Heyerdahl, that during the period close to the year 3000 BC a certain powerful natural cataclysm had
taken place, following which the Mediterranean cultures began everything
as from the start.
The mass burial grounds containing the fossils of hundreds and
thousands of animals of prehistoric and recent forms are an interesting
phenomenon. There are likely a number of theories that have been proposed
to explain this. One that I am aware of is that dying animals sought out
a common place to end their lives. My experience is limited but it seems
that both domesticated and wild animals seek a private place to terminate
their existence, whether it is a dog, cat, or wild beast such as a lion in
the African plains or an elephant in the jungle. I think the more plausible
explanation is found in the effects of the receding waters of the flood. The
Bible states in Genesis 7:21 that all flesh died that moved upon the face of
the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of creeping thing
that crept upon the earth, and every man. I think it would be expected
that the heavier carcases of the larger animals would have sunk first and
been buried in the lower levels, then the next in size and weight, and
finally the lighter and less bulky bodies as these would be carried about
by the currents of the receding waters. Each burial area would be covered
over by the silt and debris deposited by the receding waters.
I think this is also a feasible explanation for the formation of coal
and oil deposits. It is interesting that oil and gas deposits are described
as fossil fuels. Workers engaged in the extraction of oil from the vast oil
sands deposits in north-western Canada have reported parts of rotting
carcases and bones buried in the oil laden sand. A similar situation could
have given rise to the coal beds, especially if the forests and woodlands
consisted of denser wood with a higher moisture content than in our
present environment. The plant and tree growth torn from the surface of
the earth by the turbulent waters of the flood would have floated on the
surface of the waters until becoming saturated and water logged, to then
begin sinking and be drawn by the receding waters to lower levels, and
covered by debris, silt and soil. The build-up of pressure and resulting
heat that this would cause would then produce the known conditions that
are needed for the formation of the coal deposits.
It is sometimes stated that the ice ages with the formation and melting
of large glaciers have been responsible for this. It is conceivable that the
movement of glaciers could have had a bulldozing effect upon plant and
173
tree growth and that by some means the piles of trees could have been
covered by debris. However, this does not seem to be consistent with
present-day evidence as large forests are not found in the frigid polar
regions where the surface is covered by dense fields of ice, and in more
temperate regions, such as Banff National Park in western Canada, where
forests grow adjacent to the glacial deposits, the glacial run-off irrigates
the tree line rather than destroys it.
A further question comes to mind with respect to the proposed successive ice ages. Any significant change of temperatures would necessarily
result from a change in the heat emanating from the rays of the sun. The
position of the sun in relation to the earth provides for a moderate range
of temperature that is conducive to plant and animal life. The seasonal
fluctuation of temperature is due to the position of the earth in its orbit
around the sun, causing seasonal changes in the northern and Southern
Hemispheres. These variations are within a moderate range. For the
suggested recurring ice ages to have occurred, a significant change in
temperatures over the face of the earth for long periods of time would
have been necessary. It would seem that this could only happen through a
change in the distance of the earth from the sun - being closer to the sun
would allow for hotter temperatures on the earths surface, an increase
in the distance from the sun would result in colder temperatures on the
earths surface, but such a change in these distances would de-stabilize
the earths orbit, disrupt environmental and ecological conditions on earth
and be disastrous to plant, animal and human life.
Astrophysicists have determined that the earth in its relative size in
comparison with the sun, its distance from the sun, the size and position
of the moon, are factors that are optimal for life on earth. Psalm 115:16
states: The heaven, even the heavens, are the Lords: but the earth hath he given to the children of men. The Hebrew word that is rendered given in
our English translation also carries the thought of made. This would
correspond with the idea that earth has been made a suitable place for
human habitation. There is a very fine tuning of atmospheric, ecological,
oceanic, and geological factors that contribute to conditions favourable
to life. Contained in the word given is the thought that earth has been
given to the human race to administer, manage, benefit from and enjoy.
Compare the statements from Psalm 8:69: Thou hast made him (man) to
have dominion over the works of thy hands; thou has put all things under his
feet; All sheep and oxen, yea, and all the beasts of the field; the fowls of the air
and the fish of the sea, and whatsoever passes through the paths of the seas.
O Lord our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth.
174
The Big Bang
I must confess that I struggle with the concept of the Big Bang and
all material and physical aspects of our universe, both visible and invisible
deriving from this phenomenon. Logically speaking, the state of singularity
presupposed by evolutionary proponents must represent the pinnacle and
totality of energy initially present in the universe. It would seem then that
this would be the point when the universe would be at its highest point as
far as energy in the form of heat and light. This explosion, with the jettisoning of the vast amounts of matter and gases that were to subsequently
form the galaxies with their multitudinous stellar and planetary bodies,
must have involved an enormous dissipation of energy in the change from
the state of singularity to the results produced. This conclusion seems unavoidable considering the Second law of thermodynamics. From that point
on there would be a continual reduction of usable energy. To my thinking
this militates against the ideas of Sorokhtin and Usahakov: During those
distant times, our planet was predominated only by unfriendly, harsh and
cold desert landscapes... a yellow sun that did not provide much heat (its
luminosity then was approximately 25% lower than today) and an overly
large moon disk. For the sun to have increased in luminosity and heat
from that period to the present time, it would seem that there had to be
an introduction of additional mass and energy into that heavenly body.
It would have to be supposed that this was transmitted from some other
source, such as a vastly larger stellar body, but such a conclusion shuts
us up to conjectural ideas that really could not be supported. The laws
of thermodynamics imply that, in a closed system such as our universe,
there must be an introduction of energy from an outside source in order
for an increase of usable energy to be possible.
The concept of Singularity
It is interesting that both evolutionists and creationists arrive at the
conclusion of singularity. Evolutionists conceive of this reality as being
an impersonal force, which by consequence is arbitrary, purposeless, undirected and uncontrolled, yet is responsible for a universe that displays
the evidence of design and order, from its minutest to its largest aspect.
The creationist, on the other hand, discerns a unique and unparalleled
divine being, God, whose intelligence, wisdom, and creatorial power is
manifested throughout His creation. Just as on a much smaller scale, the
works of Michelangelo reflect the artistic expression and ability of the
artist, the works of Schubert reflect the musical genius of the composer,
175
and the works of Dostoyevsky reveal the philosophical bent of the mind
of the author, so the order, beauty, coordination, precision and design
in our world mirror the greatness of the intelligence, understanding and
creative ability resident in the mind of a magnificent and transcendent
God. Even though our generation has never seen Michelangelo, Schubert
or Dostoyevsky in person, yet the existence of their works testifies to their
previous lives upon earth. The corollary, of course, is true of God His
works testify to the fact that He is.
The Bible states in Genesis chapter 1:1 that: In the beginning God
created the heavens and the earth. The word that is translated created, bara,
in the Hebrew language, in which the Old Testament was written, has the
meaning of forming or bringing into being out of nothing. Hebrew 11:3
in the New Testament states: Through faith we understand that the worlds
were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made
of things which do appear. 2 Peter 3:5 (NT) says: by the word of the Lord
the heavens were of old, and the earth standing (consisting) out of the water
and in the water. Psalm 8:3: thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon
and the stars, which thou hast ordained. Psalm 102:25: Of old thou hast laid
the foundation of the earth: and the heavens are the work of thy hands. This
is the Singularity that the Bible presents an eternal, omnipotent, omniscient, divine being, who transcends all aspects of the material universe
and has brought all into existence by the word of His power. Both the
evolutionist and the creationist are ultimately dependent on the exercise
of faith to reach a conclusion about the creation of matter, the formation
and development of the universe, as there have not been any witnesses to
these events. Even those considered to be experts in the various fields of
science can only propose theories as nothing of an unquestionable, concrete,
factual nature can be established. The biblical creationist point of view
is reached, first of all, based on the conviction that the Bible is divinely
inspired, and secondly, on the corroborating evidence that the physical
and material world provides for the credibility of the biblical record.
Of great interest is the effort of the author to correlate the long periods
of time predicated by the evolutionary theory with the days mentioned
in the biblical account of creation. There are two Hebrew words that are
used in the Genesis account of creation. The first is bara mentioned above,
which carries the thought of bringing into being out of nothing. The second
is asah which means to form or make out of something already existing.
The first word bara is used in Genesis 1:1 In the beginning God created the
heavens and the earth. This involved the bringing the universe into exist-
176
ence from nothing a supreme, creatorial act. If I may apply the term,
this was the true Big Bang. God spoke the word, and it was. The second
word asah to form out of something already existing is used as God
subsequently made the earth a habitable place for the human and animal
creation. This use is found in the following context: verse 7 And God made
the firmament.., verse 16 And God made two great lights, the greater to rule
the day, and the lesser to rule the night: he made the stars also, verse 25 And
God made the beast of the earth after its kind.., etc.
A question may be raised about the two great lights, obviously referring to the sun and the moon, and the stars being made on the fourth day.
The Hebrew word that is translated lights has the idea of luminaries or
light bearers. The suggestion is that these heavenly bodies did not produce
any illumination until the fourth day of the divine creatorial process. Their
actual physical existence began as reported in verse 1 when God created
the heavens and the earth but it was not until the fourth day that their
function as light bearers began. The source of light on the earth prior to
that would have been God Himself. This idea corresponds with what is
expressed in many Old Testament passages where the writers refer to God
as their light or the light of their lives, and in the New Testament scripture
1 John 1:5 where it is stated that God is light and in Him is no darkness
at all. The implication of an increased degree of energy being introduced
into the universe after its creation is consistent with the understanding
of a supreme Being, who is responsible for but above the creation he has
formed. The universe is a fixed and limited system, and he is above and
transcends all of this. This has a parallel even on a human level as the
designer, author or producer is always greater than his work and can
effect changes in it.
A comparison of the six day creation period of Genesis 1
and the long ages of the evolutionary model
If we supposed that the biblical narrative was simply a human attempt to account how the earth with all its systems and life forms came
into existence, we would have to acknowledge that the author possessed
an understanding of natural systems that was far advanced for his era.
The recounting of dividing the waters that were on the face of the earth
so that there was a large volume of water in the atmosphere and the remainder on the face of the earth created conditions that were favourable
to life on earth. The waters above the firmament would have provided a
canopy that allowed an even distribution of temperatures on the face of
177
the earth and would include the formation of clouds that provide such
a beneficial covering from the heat of the rays of the sun. This canopy
would protect life forms from excessive exposure to harmful ultraviolet
rays and also reduce the penetration of asteroids and of other stellar objects
into the atmosphere and prevent consequent damage that might be done
to living forms on earth. It would subsequently be the source of the vast
volumes of water that were poured upon the earth during the time of the
universal flood. This last connection could be looked upon as just part of
clever literary design or it could be seen as persons understanding that
which was far beyond the knowledge of their day.
Then the Genesis account relates that the earth brought forth grass,
herbs, and trees, including fruit trees, on the third day. This is stated as
happening and being a complete act of creation. From a merely human
perspective, this indicated a high degree of biological knowledge as the
presence of grasses, herbs including vegetables, and fruit bearing trees was
going to be necessary for sustaining animal and human life upon earth,
which was created on the sixth day. The human author placed the creation of plant life in the right relation to the creation of the winged fowls
as bird life would be dependent on the presence of plants and trees for
sources of food and shelter. It is significant too that the Genesis account
states that the sun, moon and stars began their function as light bearers
in the next twenty-four hour period after the earth brought forth the
complete range of plant life. Jeremiah 31:35 speaks of the Lord: which
gives the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the moon and stars for
a light by night This cycle was going to be essential for the operation
of photosynthesis, which would help to maintain the proper balance of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, so important for productive
plant and animal life.
A last feature that might be noted here is the frequent mention of the
phrases after his kind and after their kind in Genesis 1. This indicates
the parameters that have been placed in the biological realm relating to
reproduction in the plant and animal world which we have mentioned
earlier. The degree of knowledge and understanding of the biological and
ecological processes that the author of the Genesis account of creation
possessed takes us back to the question asked at the close of the treatise:
How did people who lived thousands of years ago understand what has
only been discovered in recent times? The classification of plants and
animals followed by biologists and zoologists at the present time parallels
what is found in Genesis 1.
178
. // . 2006. 21
(887), 26 . . 15.
. // . 2007. 41
(959), 12 . . 15.
. ! // . 2009. 9 (1031), 27
. . 23.
. ? // . 2010. 51 (1125), 17
. . 23.
// . 2003. 50 (760), 12 . . 910.
. . .:
. 2010. 1428 .
.., .. : . :
2, 2009. 62 .
.., ., ..
. .: , 1977. 472 .
. : 4 . .: , 1989. . I. 699 .; . IV.
683 .
. .
// . 2007. 183 (4446), 22 .
: 20 . .: -, 1997. . 12.
. 192 .
/ . . .. -. .: ,
1989. 477 .
. . // .
2009. 36 (1058), 4 . . 8.
- . ? // . 2005. 44 (858), 3 .
. 24.
. / . . . .: ,
1982. 333 .
. : . .: ,
1982. 149 .
179
.., .. . .: , 2003. 446 .
. . 100-
// . 2005. 5. . 5869.
. . .: , 1991. 256 .
.. . .: . . ., 1977. 228 .
.. . .
: - . . -, 2002. 357 .
.. //
: . . . . . , 2004. 45.
.. . .: ,
1966. 375 .
.., .. . .: -
. -, 1991. 446 .
. : ,
. .: , 2003. 389 .
. . .: , 1971. 109 .
. . .: , 1982. 348 .
. . .: , 1986. 478 .
180
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Astvatsaturyan, Marina. Oct. 12, 2007. Gomonidy idut na vostok [Hominids
head east]. Poisk newspaper (Moscow), no. 41(959).
Astvatsaturyan, Marina. Feb. 27, 2009. Bud chelovekom! [Be a human!]. Poisk
newspaper (Moscow), no. 9(1031).
Astvatsaturyan, Marina. Dec. 17, 2010. Na rovnom meste? [On even ground?].
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& Sons, Ltd. Also available online at http://ecmarsh.com/lxx/index.htm, in
PDF format.
Borinskaya, S. A., and N. K. Yankovsky. 2009. Lyudi i ikh geny: niti sudby
[People and their genes: the threads of fate]. Izdatelstvo Vek 2.
Dahl, V. I. 1989. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language
[in Russian] 4 vols. Vol. 1. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Russkiy Yazyk.
Dahl, V. I. 1989. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language
[in Russian] 4 vols. Vol. 4. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Russkiy Yazyk.
Demenko, S. Aug. 22, 2007. Ataka na Darvina. Dva cherepa ne obrushat teoriyu
evolyuytsii cheloveka [The attack on Darwin. Two sculls will not ruin the
theory of human evolution]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta, no. 183(4446).
Detskaya Entsiklopediya. Ot bolshogo vzryva k cheloveku razumnomu. [Childrens
encyclopedia. From the big bang to homo sapiens]. 1997. Vol. 1. Moscow:
Izdatelstvo Terra-Terra.
Drevnie tsivilizatsii [Ancient civilizations]. Edited by G.M. Bongard-Levin.
1989. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Misl.
Heyerdahl, Thor. 1980. Early Man and the Ocean. A Division of Random
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Huxley, Julian. 1969. The Wonderful World of Evolution. London: Macdonald.
John, B., E. Derbyshire, G. Young, R. Fairbridge, and J. Andrews, eds. 1979.
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Lambert, David. 1987. The Cambridge Guide to Prehistoric Man. Cambridge:
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Monin, A. C. 1977. Istoriya Zemli [History of Earth]. Leningrad: Izdatelstvo
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Isdatelstvo Yazyki slavyanskoi kultury.
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Zakharov-Gezehus, I. A. Nov. 3, 2005. Mahnemsia genami? [Shall we swap
genes?] Poisk newspaper, no. 44(858).
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Pravda.
182

.
The author is grateful to Yelena Perelman and Victor Alekseyev for the
translation of this book.
.
1981 . , , 1996 . . 2004 ..
,
.
, . .
- , ,
, , , , ,
, .

.
Yelena Vladimirovna Perelman was born in 1981 in Russia in the city
of Perm and now lives in Canada in the city of Ottawa. She has acquired a
rich life experience having lived first in Russia, then in Israel and since 1996
in Canada. A graduate of the University of Alberta where she studied French
and Spanish languages and literature, she later transferred to the School of
Translation at the University of Ottawa where she was awarded her honours
French to English translation degree. She has since been working as a technical
and specialized translator and editor. This scientific-literary translation is a first
for Yelena, but having herself an interest in space sciences, archeology, religion,
history, geology and geography, Yelena found the translation to be less of a
challenge and more of an adventure. Yelena expresses a sincere gratitude to
the author for having been given the opportunity to work on the translation
of this wonderful book.
, , -
.
, . .
Victor Alekseyev, translator, graduated with honors from Perm State
University as a specialist in Romanic and Germanic languages. He worked
as a translator and interpreter in Japan, India and other countries. Presently,
he works as a translator of technical and scientific texts.
183
Contents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Authors Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Part One. The Creation of the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Part Two. The Origin of Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Part Three. The Development of Human Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Part Four. The Flood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Part Five. After the Flood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Part Six. The Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Russian geologists treatise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

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.. , .. .
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. -. , 2015. 184 ., .
.. , e-mail: valery.sherstnev@psu.ru
-, e-mail: s.m.barkov@gmail.com
30.04.2015 .
8460/16. .
Palatino. .
. . . 10,695. 1000 .
381.
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620990, . , . , 13.
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BIBLE AND SCIENCE

60 120 180 240 300 360 t, C

The Creation of the World

Reionization through radiation

Fig. 1. Dark Ages (Ksanfomaliti 2005)

60 120 180 240 300 360 t, C

Fig. 3. Schematic Cross-section of the Atmosphere

Fig. 4. Structure of Earths Inner Layers

Main Geochronological Schema

The Bible (Genesis 1:131)

In the beginning God made the heaven

Differentiation of matter on planet

And God said, Let the water which is

As the result of the sedimentary rock

among the plants. Inside these deposits,

And God said, Let there be lights in

And God said, Let the waters bring

The flora and fauna development that

The Cenozoic era is characterized by the

The Origin of Man

Fig. 5. The evolution of man in relation to the periods

common ancestral mtDNA

Fig. 6. Human and Neanderthal mtDNA Evolutionary Lines Schema

The Development of Human Civilization

This is the genealogy of men in the day in which God made

Fig. 9. The family of Adam before the flood

Fig. 10. Climate change from Pleistocene until 1550 C.E.

After the Flood

Fig. 12. Cradles of civilization according to David Lambert (1987)

Russian geologists treatise

In a way it is quite intriguing that someone like the author, whose

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