free nuclear transition through de-excitation

of spin 0 strong force exited states

Carl-Oscar Gullstrm
October 12, 2015

Abstract

In this paper a theory extracting nuclear scale energy without generating radiation is considered. This is done by only using states that are
excited by the pseudoscalar part of the strong force. Also some simple
models to do this is presented and a comparison to LENR experiment are
nally done.

Vector free strong excited states

If one wants to keep a nuclear transition

free one has to nd exited states in

the strong force that doesn't have a coupling to electric or magnetic interaction.
Such a system could be found in

He

neutron interaction.

The strong inter-

action between the nucleus can't generate electromagnetic interaction because

the neutron doesn't have a charge and helium don't have a magnetic moment.
If the same should be true for protons the

He

should be replaced with a 2 or

4 neutron state with spin 0. A free 2 or 4 neutron state doesn't exist but the
interaction could exist in neutron rich nucleons.

state is

He

where

He n

and it has a negative binding energy of 0.7 Mev and don't exist in

He n interaction could however be found in 7 Li =4 He + d + n

He n is anti bounded while the 4 He d and n d pairs has bound

nature. The

The corresponding

states. A more quantum mechanic view on the topic is the one pion exchange
potential. The photon is a vector particle with spin 1 while the the pion has
spin 0. In

He n

interaction the only available term is the central potential

or one pion exchange potential. In order to really be able to access the energy
of the

He n

in the

Li

one has to assume some properties of the nucleon.

The trick to access the energy is to set the binding to the pn pair on one axis in
the neutron while the exited

He n

energy is directional free. This could be

seen in the model where the properties of the nucleon is quark plus gluon and
virtual meson resonances. This model of the nucleon is not fully understanded
yet and is related to the problem joining short and long range nuclear force.
A more simple way to explain this is to look at the terms in the full nucleon
nucleon potential that describes the existing nuclides(see for example [1, 2]).
The potential contains terms of constant, isospin exchange and spin exchange.

The d-n interaction is dominated by terms like

i j .

From the neutron point

of view the binding energy comes from setting the pion oscillation in an axis
perpendicular to the spin at a lower energy.

He

This while since once again the

is spin free the potential is only contains the central and isospin exchange

part. The anti binding of the

of the pion oscillation in the

He n could then be seen as an exited energy

He n axis which could be perpendicular to the

oscillation direction of the pions responsible for the d-n binding.

The excited energy in

He n

could be accessed with some tricks.

1. Place and hold the neutron outside the

Li

core so that the Pauli principle

are not broken

2. Reduce the energy with the pseudoscalar part of the electron ie by doing
a spin ip.
3. Transfer the neutron to another nuclide by dis-harmonic states.

Models that could be used for LENR:

The neutron electron interaction

neutron electron magnetic dipole potential
If the electron and neutron dipoles could be held at the same axis the potential
would be:

V (r) = 0 e n

1
r3

Using this potential in the schrdinger equation generates the the equation



1
2 m + 0 e n 3 = 0
r
If we would use a normal

1/r2

potential. The solution would generate the

standard solutions for atomic electrons for example. But here the step between

2 ,

m and

1/r3

rl ekr solution. The trick is to

e e(r) where the (r) is a
0
when (r) = 0 e n (3 + 2/r

are to big to use the standard

instead use a polynomial in the exponential ie

polynomial. The solution in 3d are then found

kr

1/r2 ).
The dipole solution could be used to lock a neutron outside the core by having
zero retransmission coecient.

The way to do this is by consider potential

barrier tunneling and setting the probability to be in the barrier to be zero. For
a normal quantum mechanic barrier the equations at the potential wall is:

A+B =C +D
ik(A B) = (C D)
ikx
For equations = Ae
+ Beikx
Dex

outside.

inside the potential and

= Cex +

To have the equation zero outside the wall the requirement

C=D=0 must be set. This implies A-B=0 and nally the only trivial solution

i(x)

Be
0 = 0.

= Aeikx + Beikx

= Aei(x) +
the equation for the deviate would instead be i (AB) = (C D) so

k=0 or A=B=0. Now if

are replaced with

Using this simplest model one could lock the neutron at a dis-harmonic

state placed outside the nucleon.

Electrons for neutron reduction

When the neutron is placed outside the lithium core it no longer has a direct
binding to the core. But if the binding axis are preserved the anti binding in
the

He n

axis could be preserved. The exited energy due to a pseudoscalar

excitation in the neutron could be harvest by a electron. The electron does have
a small pion distribution.

This could be found in the hadronic light by light

scattering correction to the electron g-2. The correction is at the order of

1010 .

The energy excitation is then done by a spin ip. Since only the s state has a
large enough probability to be near the core one should consider s states only.
In order to be able to do the spin ip there could not be 2 electrons in the s state
by the Pauli principle so only odd s states nuclides could be considered. For a
spin ipped s state electron the only available energy is the hyperne structure
coupling so the energy would be released in meV steps. The 2s state electron
in lithium has a binding energy in the eV scale so the oscillation in time where
the electron are near the core are around

1015

times per second. To push down

the neutron around 1 MeV in meV steps would take around

the probability to achieve a spin ip is
rate of approx.

105 steps

10

10

109

spin ips. If

from HLL the steps are done by a

per second so it takes around

104

seconds until a full

harvestable state are set ie several minutes to hours. The rate could however be
enhanced if the s state was smaller. The best molecular bound to do this is to
bound it to a

dz2

since the antisymmetric part of

part in spherical harmonics.

Free

dz 2

dz 2

is the smallest accessible

could be found in coin metals and the

group before ie nickel, palladium and platina.

Dis-harmonic states for nuclear transfer

When the neutrons have been reduced to an overbound state in
to another nucleus by dis-harmonic states.

The

Li n

Li the transfer

state is in an dis-

harmonic state and other dis-harmonic states could be used for transfer that
are at the same order of dis-harmony. For the n-e magnetic dipole binding the
steady state are close to zero but the potential are open for oscillating states
when the energy is larger than the binding energy state.

For the equation

V (r) = 0 e n r13 one nds that the potential are at -8 MeV for radius around
1013 m. This while p-n potentials are open only at a range of 1015 m. To nd
13
a s state electron as close as 10
m only has a probability of around 0.001 but
this could be enhanced by shrinking the s state. The best molecular bound to
put the electron close enough to the core are once again the

s dZ 2

bindings.

protons
Even if protons not could be held long enough outside the core by electrons the
neutron could change place with the a proton in the core by the isospin exchange
force. By exchanging the overbound neutron in
the reaction

Li He + p

Li 6 Li + n

with a proton

will happen instead. A plus with an overbound

proton is that when it is held outside the nucleus by the Pauli principle it could

p system has an
Li 6 He + p it is then possible

reduce its energy even more than the neutron since the
even higher energy at 2 MeV. The proton in

BE(7 Li 6 He) + 2 = 12 MeV. The proton could then be used

7
27
28
to in the reactions: p + Li 2 and p + Al
Si. p +6 Li 7 Be is not
to push down to

not possible by energy conservation. Double reduction of p and n is principle

also possible so

Li 5 He + p + n

could happen.

State preserved principle

An addition theory is that a dis-harmonic electron-nucleon transfer state preserve the spin state of the nucleon. A spin change would generate a photon and
that is not seen. The most probable receiver of the nucleon are then the one
where the state are the same as the ground state since this one has the lowest
energy.
The best proton sources are odd metals Lithium, Potassium, sodium, aluminum, scandium, vanadin, manganese, cobalt, copper. Both since they could
generate an odd 1s state that are close enough to the nucleon to drag the proton
out and since the proton are semi free ie not in an

He

core inside the nucleus.

In order to ll up to lling proton should have an opposite parity so that the
spin state are even out.

Al-Mn is best since the proton is in 5/2- to 5/2+

Al + M n M g + F e 10.1 8.3 = 1.8 MeV and

Al + M n Si + Cr 11.6 8.1 = 3.5 MeV. Scandium, vanadin and cobalt all has
7/2. Sodium-copper and potassium-copper has 3/2 to 3/2+. For 7 Li + p

the best p state is 3/2+ ie copper, chloride or potassium. Chloride could also

state. The excess energy are

be considered as a receiver of the proton since it has a large electron negativity

even if the received electron is not near to core. For neutrons the Ni-Li system
has

3/2

to

3/2+

for

61

N i.

Mn Li system has

3/2

to

3/2+

but the neutron

transfer is not possible by energy principles if the neutron has to have at least
0.7 MeV overbound energy. The dis-harmonic state
enhance

55

M n Cr + p

55

M n + n

could however

transmission.

Comparison to experiment
With the theory that the nucleon transfer should be most probable when the
lled state has the same quantum number as the source one the most probable
nuclear transmissions that could be explained by observations in experiments
are

Element

before

alter

Ni

36,4072

18,795

35,0812

42,3785

Al

20,2859

17,0474

3,8231

7,4318

Mn

3,6826

0,2935

SI

0,2505

2,1615

Cl

0,1752

0,047

Fe

0,1375

0,1846

Cr

0,0358

1,4396

Table 1: Element composition of the fuel and ash of Parkhomovs experiment

55

M n +27 Al 54 Cr +28 Si

55

M n +27 Al 56 F e +26 M g

7 Li +61 N i 6 Li +62 N i
7 Li +X Cl 6 He +X Ar
Some dierent state transmission that could been observed are also:

7 Li +58,60 N i 6 Li +58,60+1 N i

Li +27 Al X1 He +28 Si

The compassion the experiment are to two LENR experiment with devices by
Rossi ref. [3] and Parkhomov ref. [4]. In ref. [3] the observed isotopic shift to

6
Li and 62 N i indicates that 7 Li +58,60 N i 6 Li +58,60+1 N i and7 Li +61 N i 6
Li +62 N i are present. While X Li +27 Al X1 He +28 Si also was observed.
There where also observation of Fe rich grains in the fuel with some manganese
in it.

While in the ash there where only nickel and Si rich grains.

Traces

of FE could be found in the Si rich grains which could be an indication of

55

M n +27 Al 54 Cr +28 Si

with silicon mainly staying on the surface. In ref.

[4] there where no sign of isotopic shifts in Ni while some abundance shifts where
found for elements. This indicates that the neutron ow between lithium and
nickel needs some EM stimuli used in ref. [3] to happen at a observable rate.
The elemental abundance of ref [4] are displayed in tab. 1 before and after the
test. Now we live in an oxygen and carbon rich environment so those shifts could
have external sources the fuel was also surrounded by aluminium oxide so the
increase in aluminium could be explained by this. Setting the abundance ratio
compared to nickel generate table 2. In this table also the starting abundance of
lithium has been set to equal aluminium before since the lithium source where
LiAlH. The lithium could also generate sodium and potassium as a background
from the industrial process. So the used lithium abundance before are Al before
plus N and K after.

Element

before

alter

b-a

Ni

1,00000

1,00000

0,00000

0,96358

2,25478

1,29120

Al

0,10501

0,39541

0,29040

0,00688

0,11500

0,10812

Mn

0,10115

0,01562

-0,08553

SI

0,00688

0,11500

0,10812

Cl

0,00481

0,00250

-0,00231
0,00605

Fe

0,00378

0,00982

Cr

0,00098

0,07659

0,07561

Li

0,53034

0,51003

-0,02030

Table 2: Table 1 with numbers divided to the percentage of nickel. The lithium
number before are aluminum before minus potassium+sodium after.

Cr+F e increase equals Mn decrease. Which

M n +27 Al 54 Cr +28 Si and 55 M n +27 Al 56 F e +26 M g .

In the table one now sees that

indicates

55

One also sees that Mn plus Li decrease equals Si increase which indicates that

Li +27 Al X1 He +28 Si also is possible. Chloride decrease but at a lower

X
rate than
Li +27 Al X1 He +28 Si. But Cl decrease without Sulfur increase
7
X
6
X
which indicate that Li+ Cl He+ Ar dominates over Li+Cl XHe+S .
6
A decrease of the pressure was also observed which could be explained by: He
6
6
decays to Li but He is long lived the lifetime is almost a second. The helium
gas would diuse out into the air where when forming lithium would react with
nitrogen to reduce the air pressure. It could be noted that the extra aluminium,
carbon and oxygen exactly match up to AL2O3 and CO2.

Possible sources for

radiation

Lithium are in principle a good source for neutrons that could undergo nuclear
transmission without high energy photons but there are some risks. Even if the
neutrons is held outside the average range of the strong force there is still some
probability that there is an interaction between the expelled neutron and the
nucleus. The interaction

X + n Y + p

would in principle be possible. In a

simples yukawa interaction potential the possibility is governed by a pion eld

with range

ex/m

outside the nucleus. For a distance of

MeV the exponential is given by

12/135 0.1

1013 m=100

fm=12

so that the probability is not

zero.

7 Li 6 He + p

followed by

He 6 Li + e + + 3.5M eV .

The high

energy electron would then generate X-ray.

6 Li 5 He + p

He n +4 He + 0.7M eV . Since the lithium

X
is in a nickel rich environment the reaction
N i+n X+1 N i+ happens
followed by

with a reasonable big probability.

 7 Li + p 2 since the reaction happens in an Lithium rich environment

7
10
7
the reaction + Li n+ B will happen. The cross section for + Li
n+ is of the order of 10-100 mbarn for energies 4-10 MeV. Which means
that almost 1-10% of the would generate a free neutron that is converted
into a by the nickel environment.

Ideal fuel composition

If a device is set to produce energy from neutron ow in
proton ow in

27

Li+N i 6 Li+N i and

28

Li+ Al He+ Si there could be an ideal fuel composition.

7
Li+61 N i 6 Li+62 N i the rst step

N i + p state where the proton could drag the neutrons into the

Since the neutron ow is only possible for

is to set up a

Ni

core independent of the spin of the neutron. The proton is best set to be an

intermediate step in

Li +27 Al 6 He +28 Si.

A proton ow by a dis-harmonic

state in lithium are a good place to separate the proton from the lithium since

He is a noble gas and don't bind to the nickel core. The p energy from
Li 6 He + p has a negative energy of -9.9 MeV so the proton cant form a

the

the

stable copper isotope with nickel since the largest accessible energy is 7.4 MeV.
The proton will then stay in a dis-harmonic state which is able to move around
the neutrons in the nickel. The state is eventually absorbed by an aluminum
core but the transmission is disfavored since the proton is in a 3/2 state while
the aluminum isotope looking for a 5/2 state. There fore there should be a
Al pair for each

Ni

Li

core. The abundance ratio is then 1:1 for Ni to LiAl which

is transformed into a weight ratio of approx.

34/59 ' 60%.

For the neutron owing into the nickel core the abundance ratio could be

found by setting n

62

N i.

Li

isotopes for each neutron that is required to get to

The correct abundance ratio is then for natural nickel 3.21 which then is

40%.
Li + N i 6 Li + N i and 7 Li +27 Al 6 He +28 Si
20% Lithium and 30% lithium aluminum.

transformed into a weight ratio of

The ideal mixture of a
device is then

50%

nickel,

References
[1] R.~B.~Wiringa,

V.~G.~J.~Stoks

and

R.~Schiavilla,

%An

Accurate

nucleon-nucleon potential with charge independence breaking, Phys.\ Rev.\

C {\bf 51} (1995) 38 [nucl-th/9408016].
[2] S.~C.~Pieper,

V.~R.~Pandharipande,

R.~B.~Wiringa

and

J.~Carlson,

%Realistic models of pion exchange three nucleon interactions, Phys.\

Rev.\ C {\bf 64} (2001) 014001 [nucl-th/0102004].
[3] http://www.elforsk.se/Global/Omv%C3%A4rld_system/ler/LuganoReportSubmit.pdf
[4] Investigation

of

new

version

of

the

device

similar

to

high-

temperature Rossi heat generator A.G. Parkhomov http://www.unconvscience.org/en/n8/parkhomov/