Co-ordinate Geometry

Straight line
Gradient form: y = m + b
General form: A + By + C = 0

Tests for special quadrilaterals:

Distance: d = (1-2) + (y1-y2)

Midpoint: mp = (1 + 2 , y1 + y2 )

P=

Gradient: m = y2-y1
2-1
Perpendicular distance
A1 + By1 + C
A2 + B2

m = tan

Geometrical Properties

The angle sum of a quadrilateral is

360

Complementary angles add to 90

Supplementary angle add to 180
Vertically opposite angles are equal
Angles at a point add to 360
Angle sum of a triangle is 180
The exterior angle of a triangle is
equal to the sum of the opposite
interior angles
An isosceles triangle has equal base
angles
Equilateral triangles have all angles
60
Alternate angles on parallel lines are
equal
Corresponding angles on parallel
lines are equal
Co-interior angles between parallel
lines are supplementary
The angle sum of a polygon is
(n-2)x180
The sum of the exterior angles of
any polygon is equal to 360

Parallelograms:
Two opposite sides equal and
parallel or
Opposite sides are equal or
Opposite angles are equal or
Diagonals bisect each other
Rhombus:
All sides equal or
Diagonals bisect each other at right
angles
Rectangle:
All angles are right angles or
Parallelogram with equal diagonals
Square:
All sides equal and one angle right
or
All angles right and two adjacent
sides equal.
Tests for congruent triangles

SSS
SAS
AAS
RHS

Tests for similar triangles

AA
Corresponding sides proportional
(SSS)
Two sides are proportional and
included angles are equal (SAS)

Applications of Differentiation

First derivative dy/d

- Stationary point when equals 0
- Curve increasing>0
- Curve decreasing<0
-Max turning point if second
derivative negative
-Minimum turning point if second
derivative positive
Second derivative d2y/d2
- Point of inflexion when equals 0
-Concave up when >0
-Concave down when <0

Horizontal point of inflexion if both

first and second derivative equals
zero.

Logarithmic Functions

loge =

logef() =

Integration
1

n d = n+1 n+1 + c

d = loge = c

Area between curve and axis

A = ba f() d

d = logef() + c

Log laws

logee2 = 2logee = 2

logek = logek + loge

loge = loge = loge

loge/k = loge - logek

Volume of revolution
V = ba [ f() ]2 d

Area between two curves

A = top curve - bottom curve

2.5
2

Volume between two curves

A = (top curve)2 (bottom curve)2

1.5
1

Approximating integrals

0.5

Simpsons Rule

A = h [ f(a) + 4 x f((a+b)/2) + f(b) ]

3

0
0

Trapezoidal Rule

10

Trigonometric Functions

A = h [ f(a) + f(b) ]

Arc length
l = r
area of sector
A = r2
y = sin

Logarithmic and Exponential

Functions

Exponential functions

e = e

1.5
1

ec = cec

0.5
0
0

-0.5

ef() = f() ef(x)

e d = e + k

-1

ec d =

-1.5

Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
y = cos

ec + k

1.5
1

8
0.5

7
0

5
4

-1

-1.5

1
0
-3

-2

-1

-4

-0.5

Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
y = tan

Decay y = Ae-k
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Exponential Growth
If the rate of change is proportional
to P, ie dP/dt = kP
Then P = Poekt
Exponential Decay
If dP/dt = -kP
Then P = Poe-kt
Where Po is the initial value of P
k is the constant of proportionality
P is the amount of quantity present at
time t

Period =

=1

Derivatives
sin = cos
cos = -sin
tan = sec2

Integrals
sina d = -1/a cos + c
cosa d = 1/a sin + c
sec2a d = 1/a tan + c

Rates of Change
The rate of change of some physical
quantity Q is defined as dQ/dt
Given Q = f(t) then rate of change,
dQ/dt = f (t)
Given the rate of change, R = dQ/dt,
then Q = R dt

Kinematics
Displacement =
Velocity = v = d/dt
Acceleration = a = dv/dt = d2/dt2
= v dt
v = a dt

Exponential Growth and Decay

Series and Applications

Arithmetic Series

Tn = a + (n-1)d
Sn = n/2 (a+l) or
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]

Geometric Series

Tn = arn-1
Sn =

if r > 1

Sn =

if r < 1

S =

where

<1

Compound Interest

A=P
Superannuation

If $P is invested at the beginning of each

year in a superannuation fund earning
interest at r% pa, the investment after n
years will amount to T
A1 = P

If e = a, then = logea
Growth y = aek

A2 = P

And so on, so that investment = A1 +

A2
=P
+P

forms a geometric series with

a=P

n = number of years

and r =

Time payments

A person borrows $P at r% per term,

where the interest is compounded per
term on the amount owing. If they pay
off the loan in equal term instalments
over n terms, their equal term instalment
is M, where
M=

Deriving the equation:

An = P (rate)n M (1 + rate + rate2)
After fully paid An = 0
Rearrange to find M, using (1 + rate +
rate2) as a geometric series.

Probability
Probability of an event occurring =

The probability of two events A and B

occurring is given by:
P(AB) = P(A) x P(B)

Sum and Difference of Two Cubes

X 3+ Y 3 = (x + y)(X 2 - XY + Y 2 )
X 3 -Y 3 = (X - Y)(X 2 + XY + Y 2 )

Parabolas
(-b)2 = 4a(y-c)
where (b,c) is the vertex
a is the focal length