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VIETNAMESE STANDARD

TCVN 7957:2008
Drainage and Sewage - External Networks and Facilities - Design Standard

PREFACE
This Standard TCVN 7957:2008 was reviewed by Vietnam Water, Sanitation and Environment Joint
Stock Company (VIWASE) on basic of the Standard TCXDVN "Drainage and Sewage - External
Networks and Facilities - Design Standard", and was proposed by the Ministry of Construction, appraised
by the Directorate for Standards, Metrology and Quality, and issued by the Ministry of Science and
Technology.

Drainage and Sewage - External Networks and Facilities - Design Standard

1 Applicability
This standard specifies requirements that are mandatory or encouraged for application in design of new,
rehabilitated, expanded or upgraded drainage and sewage works (external networks and facilities) of
urban, centralized residential areas and industrial zones.
NOTE: Design of drainage and sewage works shall also follow other relevant codes and standards issued
by the Government.
2 References
TCVN 7222:2002, General Environmental Requirements for Central Domestic (Municipal) Wastewater
Treatment Plants.
TCVN 6772: 2000, Water Quality - Domestic sewage - Permissible Pollution Limits TCXDVN 33:2006,
Water Supply- External Networks and Facilities - Design Standard
TCVN 5942-1995, Water Quality - Surface Water Standard
TCVN 5945:2005, Industrial Waste Water - Discharge Standard
TCVN 7382-2004, Water Quality Hospital Wastewater Discharge Standards
3. General Requirements
3.1 Schemes and basic solutions for designing of drainage and sewerage works shall comply with
construction planning of the targeted urban, centralized residential areas or industrial zones.
3.2 During selection of new drainage and sewerage systems and schemes for designing, existing works
shall be assessed on economic, technical and sanitation aspects as well as on the possibility of their
continuing service in the future systems.
3.3 Drainage and sewerage systems for residential areas may be general, semi-separated, fully
separated or mixed, depending on local terrain and climate conditions, sanitation requirements of the
existing drainage and sewerage systems, with consideration to technical and economical aspects.
3.4 For drainage systems, open channels can be used, if applicable, but contaminated rainwater should
be treated.
3.5 Drainage and sewage systems for industrial facilities are usually of fully-separated type. In certain
cases, all of parts of industrial wastewater can be collected in combination with domestic wastewater.
3.6 The following issues should be considered in design of drainage and sewage systems for industrial
facilities:

- Possibilities of collection of valuable substances in industrial wastewater.


- Possibilities of reduction of industrial wastewater discharged to external environment by application of
reasonable technical process, fully-recycled water supply systems or using wastewater of some
production units for other units.
Note: Only treated and disinfected domestic wastewater can be used as a water source for production.
3.7 Uncontaminated industrial wastewater can be reused. If not, it should be discharge to wastewater
collection systems or drainage systems.
3.8 Discharge of industrial wastewater to urban drainage systems or wastewater treatment works shall be
based on contents of pollutants in the discharged wastewater, economical and technical requirements of
the drainage systems and sanitation requirements of the collection systems.
In these cases, industrial wastewater shall meet the following requirements:
- not to have negative impacts to operation of the drainage systems and wastewater treatment works;
- to have concentration of suspended and floating matter of not more than 500 mg/l;
- not to content the substances that can destroy materials, stick on pipe wall or block drainage channels
or other works of drainage systems;
- not to content flammable and combustible substances (such as oil, gasoline, etc.) and dissolved gases
that can make an explosive mixture within the drainage and/or wastewater pipelines or facilities;
- not to content harmful substances with concentrations that can have negative impacts to biological
treatment processes or discharge of wastewater into collection works;
NOTE: Industrial wastewater that fails to meet the above requirements shall be preliminarily treated on
site. Levels of preliminary treatment shall be accepted of local environmental authorities and local
wastewater companies.
3.9 For connection of wastewater channels of manufacturing facilities to urban networks, each of the
facilities shall have separated outlets and manholes outside their premises.
Note: General wastewater channels for factories can be installed downstream of the manholes of the
factories.
3.10 Detoxication and disinfection shall be made for wastewater that contains inimical and pathogenic
bacteria before discharging onto general drainage and sewage networks of urban and/or residential
areas.
3.11 It is not permitted to discharge wastewater of several types onto the same drainage and sewage
networks, since the mixture may create toxics, explosive gas or insoluble with large amounts.
3.12 Discharge in periods of industrial wastewater with high concentration of pollutants is not allowed. If
volume and content of wastewater are remarkably changeable during the day, a regulation tank shall be
provided.
3.13 Besides the requirements stated in this standard, process diagrams, treatment solutions, parameters
for design calculation of treatment works and sludge treatment of industrial wastewater shall respectively
comply with standards and codes for design of industrial facilities, documents issued by research
agencies and experiences in management of similar works.
3.14 Levels of wastewater treatment before discharging it into delivery works shall be determined by
calculations with consideration to environmental safety assurance in accordance with relevant
Vietnamese environmental standards and shall be approved by local environment management agencies.
3.15 Wastewater treatment works of industrial facilities should be constructed within their own premises.
3.16 Environmentally safe distance from wastewater treatment works and pumping stations to the
building lines of public residential housing and food manufacturers (with consideration to future
development of such houses and manufacturers) shall be as follows:

- For domestic wastewater treatment works and pumping stations, required distances are as shown in
Table 1;
- For industrial wastewater treatment works and pumping stations outside the premises of manufacturers,
if the wastewater is pumped and treated separately or pumped and treated in combination with domestic
wastewater, sanitation standards for design of sanitation works according to design standards for
industrial works issued by the Government or Ministries, but not lower than those required in Table 1.

Table 1

Names of Facilities

Environmentally safe distance in meter, subject to


work's designed capacity, 000 m3/d
< 0.2

0.2 to 5

5 to 50

>50

1. Mechanical or biological treatment work


with sludge lagoon

150

200

400

500

2. Mechanical or biological treatment works


with mechanical sludge treatment

100

150

300

400

3. Wetlands

200

300

4. Irrigation field

150

200

400

5. Stabilization ponds

200

200

300

6. Oxidation ditches

150

200

400

7. Pumping station

15

20

20

30

NOTE:
1. If the minimum distances cannot be assured, proper technology solutions shall be employed so that the
sanitation requirements are met and the works are acceptable to local environment agencies.
3. If there is a wetland with area of less than 0.5 ha inside the area of a mechanical and biological
3
wastewater treatment plant that has capacity of less than 50m /day, the distance shall be 100m.
3

4. Environmentally safe distance from a wetland with capacity of 15 m /day shall be 15 m


5. Environmentally safe distance from a septic tank shall be 5m, and from a seepage pit shall be 8m.
6. Actual distances can be increased but not more than twice of those specified in Table 1 if the
residential buildings are constructed at disadvantaged areas in term of wind direction in comparison to the
wastewater treatment plant, and not more than 25% if the buildings are constructed at the areas with
advantaged direction in term of sanitation.
7. If sludge lagoons are used, environmentally safe distance shall comply with local environment
standards and be acceptable to local environment management agencies.
8. For rehabilitated works, the distances may be different from those specified in Table 1 provided that
they are accepted by local environment management agencies.
3.17 Discharge of rainwater is not allowed in the following situations:
- discharge directly to beach areas;
- discharge to low areas without gravity drainage and make it wet permanently.
- discharge to eroded soil areas, if embankment solutions are not included in designs.
3.18 During design, possibilities of partially or wholly operation of the works as well as its future
development should be considered.

NOTE: Partially or wholly operation of the works shall be based on sanitation conditions when wastewater
is discharged to delivery works.
3.19 Design technical solutions shall be based on comparison of eco-technical data of proposed options.
The selected solution should be the most economic and feasible.

4. Wastewater discharge standard and hydraulic calculation for drainage and sewage network
4.1 Wastewater discharge standard and peak factor
4.1.1 Wastewater discharge standards for urban, including domestic and service wastewater, is
determined in accordance with water supply standards respectively to targeted groups and construction
stages.
4.1.2 Day peak factor of wastewater of urban or residential areas (Kd) shall be 1.15 -1.3, depending on
features of individual urban.
General peak factor K0 shall be as shown in Table 2, depending on daily average wastewater flow qtb.
Table 2
General peak factor K0

Average wastewater flow qtb (l/s)


5

10

20

50

100

300

500

1000

5000

K0 max

2.5

2.1

1.9

1.7

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.47

1.44

K0 min

0.38

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.59

0.62

0.66

0.69

0.71

NOTE:
1. If the average flow is between the values stated in Table 2, general peak factor shall be determined by
interpolation.
2. Where industrial wastewater accounts for not more than 45% of total wastewater volume of the urban,
K0 shall be as shown in Table 2.
3. Where average wastewater flow is less than 5 l/s, K0 shall be 5.
4.1.3 Distribution of wastewater flows of urban and residential areas at certain hours of the day is
determined by water use diagrams. If water use diagrams are not available, the distribution can be based
on management documents of respective targeted groups.
4.1.4 Standard and peak factor of domestic wastewater from industrial manufacturers, residential houses
or individual public works shall be determined in accordance with standard for wastewater from internal
works and facilities.
4.1.5 Standard and peak factor of industrial wastewater from industrial manufacturers shall be determined
in accordance with their technical process documents.
4.1.6 Flows of industrial wastewater from industrial facilities shall be determined as follows:
- Wastewater pipelines from manufacturing units are determined by maximum hour flow;
- General pipeline of the whole factory according to hourly wastewater discharge diagrams;
- General pipeline of a group of factories according with hourly wastewater discharge diagrams with
consideration to flowing time of wastewater inside the pipeline.
4.2. Calculation of flow and regulation of storm water flow
4.2.1 Designed storm water flow of a culvert (l/s) shall be determined by the following equation:
Q= q.C.F (1)
q - Rainfall rate (l/s.ha)
C - Flow factor
F - Surface run-off area (ha)
The flow factor C depends on coverage and cycle of calculated rainfall P, which is determined as shown
in Table 5.q - Rainfall intensity (l/s.ha);

4.2.2 Rain intensity can be determined by various diagrams or formulas; however, comparison between
the results should be taken for high accuracy:
a. According to diagram of relationship of I D F (Intensity - Duration - Frequency) developed for
individual territory.
b. Wenzel's equation shall be applied:

i=

C
Td + f

(2)

Where:
i- Rainfall intensity (mm/h);
Td - Rain duration (min)
f - Return period
C - Dependent factor of return period
c. The following formula shall be applied:

q=

A(1 + C lg P)
(t + b) n

(3)

Where:
q - Rainfall intensity (l/s.ha);
t - Duration of rainfall (min);
P- Return period (year);
A,C,b,n- A,C,b,n- Value determined by local rainfall condition which can select from those values in
Appendix B. If value for a certain area is not available, data for its neighbor areas can be used as a
reference.
Rainfall should be observed by self-recording rain gauges during a time of 20 to 25 years, with maximum
rain duration of 150 to 180 minutes.
Return period of the rainfall (P) for urban areas depends on scale and nature of the works, and shall be
determined as shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Scale of Works
Urban's nature

Canals,
channels

Main culverts

Branch culverts

Large cities, Grade I

10

2-1

Urban of Grade II & III

1 - 0.5

Others

0.5-0.33

NOTE: For hilly urban or urban areas where drainage area more than 150 ha and terrain gradient more
than 0.12, if the main culverts locate on the depressed strip of the basin, P value should be higher than
that specified in Table 3 despite scale of the urban. P can be 10-20 years, based on analyses of total
risks and safety of the works.
For centralized industrial zones, P value depends on the nature of the industrial zone and shall be
determined as shown in Table 4.
Table 4

Nature of Industrial Zones

P value

Industrial zones with general technologies

5 - 10

Industrial zones which have facilities with special requirements

10 -20

For design of drainage works in the areas near important works (such as metro, train stations, pass
tunnels) or important roads where flooding may cause serious sequences, P value should be higher than
those specified in Table 3, maybe 25 years. For areas with disadvantaged terrain, P value may be higher
(50 or 100 years) according to analysis of total risks and safety requirements.
4.2.3 For large cities with many rain gauge stations, correlation of rainfall rates recorded by the stations
should be analyzed for calculation of rainfall distribution factor by locations and areas. Where there is only
one rain gauge station, the calculated flow should be multiplied with rainfall distribution factor (n). If
national research documents are not available, diagrams prepared by the World Meteorological
Organization can be used, or reference to Appendix B should be made.
4.2.4 The flow factor C shall be determined by application of mathematical model of permeable progress.
In case this application is impossible, the factor C shall be selected from the values shown in Table 5,
depending on the nature of the basin surface and the rainfall return period P.
Table 5
Nature of the drainage surfaces

Return Period (P, in year)


2

10

25

50

Asphalt road surface

0.73

0.77

0.81

0.86

0.90

House roofs, concrete surfaces

0.75

0.80

0.81

0.88

0.92

- Small gradient 1-2%

0.32

0.34

0.37

0.40

0.44

- Medium gradient 2-7%

0.37

0.40

0.43

0.46

0.49

- Large gradient

0.40

0.43

0.45

0.49

0.52

Grass surfaces, garden, parks (where


grass accounts for less than 50%)

NOTE: Where a surface area is a combination of surfaces of various types, average C factor shall be
determined by the mean per area.
4.2.5 The design rainfall curve shall be selected based on typical rains. Duration of rainfall depends on
scale of the urban or urban area, which can be 3 hours to 6 hours. The design rainfall curve depends on
rainfall nature of individual territory. The I-D-F diagram can be used for designing of rainfall curve.
4.2.6 In general, hydraulic calculation of rain water drainage system is carried out in two steps:
- Step 1: Preliminary determination of the dimension of the work (by Ultimate strength method or rational
method).
- Step 2: Checking the calculation results of Step 1 by hydraulic model and adjust the results if necessary.
- Design calculation for rain water drainage systems by the ultimate strength method shall comply with
provisions from 4.2.7 to 4.2.12.
4.2.7 Duration of rainwater runs to the designed points (t, in minute) shall be determined by the following
formula:
t = to + t1 +t2

(4)

Where:
to -Duration that water runs from surface to the road ditches (can be 5 to 10 minutes). If there are
rainwater collection wells in the area, the duration shall be the time water reaches the road culverts

(rainwater collection time) and be determined as specified in 4.2.8. For the areas that urban features are
not clear, this value shall be determined as provided in 4.2.10;
T1-Duration water flows along the road ditches to the collection chamber (when rainwater collection
chambers are not installed in the sub-areas) and shall be determined as indicated 4.2.8;
t2 - Duration water flows in the culvert to the design cross section, determined as indicated in 4.2.9.
4.2.8. Duration rainwater flows along the road ditches t1 (in minutes) shall be determined by the formula:

t2 = 0,021

L1
V1

(5)

Where:
L1 - Length of road ditch (m);
V1 - Flow rate at the end of road ditch (m/s).
4.2.9 Duration water flows in the culvert to the design cross section, determined by the formula:

t2 = 0,017

L2
V2

(6)

Where:
L2 - Length of each design culvert section (m);
V2 - Flow rate in respective culvert section (m/s).
4.2.10 For urban areas where the rainwater drainage systems are not well developed (no collection
chambers, no road ditches), duration for collection of surface rainwater (t0 + t1) shall be determined by the
following formula:

t = t0 + t1 =

1,5n 0, 6 L0, 6
Z 0,3 i 0,5 I 0,3

(In minutes)

(7)

Where:
n - Mannings roughness coefficient
L - Flow length (m)
Z - Coverage factor, selected from Table 3-5
I - Rainfall intensity (in mm/minute)
i - Surface slope
Table 6
Type of coverage

Z Factor

- House roof, asphalt pavement

0.24

- Stone paved road surface

0.224

- Aggregate road surface

0.145

- Portuguese stone pavement

0.125

- Soil road

0.084

- Park, planting soil (clay loam)

0.038

- Park, planting soil (sand loam)

0.020

- Grass field

0.015

NOTE: Where a surface area is a combination of surfaces of various types, average Z factor shall be
determined by the mean per area.
4.2.11 The design water collection area for each culvert section can be equal to all or part of water
collection is so that the design flow is the maximum.
4.2.12 Basin area and flow factor of tree gardens and parks will not be considered if there are no
rainwater drainage systems there. But if the their ground have inclination of 0.008 or more to the streets,
water basin of the soil strip along the road with width of 50 - 100 m shall be included.
4.2.13 Regulation of rainwater flows, including solutions for slow down the flows, such as permeable or
storage in order to reduce the peak flow, flow if the drainage system and minimize negative impacts of
rainwater, maintain the stability of groundwater and local environment.
Permeable works include: natural and artificial permeable works.
Storage works include: Water ponds, reservoirs, regulation ponds and low areas in tree gardens, grass
fields that can temporarily store rainwater during rain.
4.2.14 Design of regulation pond shall satisfy the following requirements:
The inlet and outlet of the pond shall be arranged reasonably to facilitate the controlling of water level in
the pond, suitable to the rain situation and maintain the landscape.
For operation of the regulation pond, consideration to changing pond water (twice a year average) to
maintain sanitation conditions.
The depth of water layer from the minimum water level to the pond bottom shall not be less than 1m.
3

4.2.15 The value W, regulation volume of the pond (in m ) shall be determined by diagram of rainwater
influent and effluent according to average and maximum water levels.
For small works and high accuracy is not required, limit strength method can be applied to calculate the
regulation volume as follows:
W = K. Qn.t

(8)

Where:
3

Qn - Design rainwater influent to the pond (m /s);


t - Design rainfall duration of all the basins belong to the culvert line to the discharge outlet to the pond
(based on the sheet of hydraulic calculation for rainwater drainage network);
K - Factor, dependant , selected from Table 7.
Table 7

0.1

0.5

0.4

0.42

0.15

1.1

0.45

0.36

0.7

0.13

0.20

0.85

0.5

0.3

0.75

0.1

0.25

0.69

0.55

0.25

0.8

0.07

0.30

0.58

0.6

0.21

0.85

0.04

0.35

0.5

0.65

0.16

0.9

0.02

NOTE: is the ratio of regulated rainwater flow running to the pipelines after the pond Qx and design
rainwater flow to the pond Qn:

Qx
.
Qn

4.3 Hydraulic calculation for wastewater drainage network


4.3.1 For calculation of hydraulics of gravity or pressure drainage network, flow for calculation shall be the
maximum wastewater flow. For hydraulic calculation, Manning's equation can be used.
Q = 1/n x A x R

2/3

1/2

xI

(9)

Where:
3

Q Design flow (m /s);


I - Hydraulic slope;
R- Hydraulic radius (m);
A Culvert cross section (m2);
n - Maning's roughness coefficient
The roughness coefficient shall be selected from Table 8.
Table 8
Types of culverts and channels

Maning's roughness coefficient


(n0

Pipes:
- RC

0.013

- Iron

0.012

- Steel

0.012

- PVC

0.011

Types of culverts and channels

Maning's roughness coefficient


(n0

Channels:
- Grass slopes

0.03

- Rock slopes

0.025

- Concrete slopes

0.022

- Concrete slopes and bed

0.015

4.3.2 Hydraulic calculation for sludge pressure pipes (conveying fresh sludge, fermented sludge,
activated sludge) shall consider to movement mechanism, physical characteristics and features of the
sludge.
4.4 Hydraulic calculation for general and semi-separated wastewater drainage network and
calculation of discharge outlet for mixture of rainwater and wastewater into receiving waters
4.4.1 General drainage network shall drain the quantity of rainwater during the rainfall with estimated
intensity. For culvert sections with total flow of domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater of more
than 10 l/s, hydraulic conditions in dry season shall be verified. Minimum flow rate depending on fullness
of the culvert or channels shall be selected as shown in Table 9.
Table 9
Respective fullness to flows in dry season (in cm)

Minimum flow rate of wastewater

(m/s)
10 - 20

0.75

21 - 30

0.8

31 - 40

1.0

41 - 60

1.1

61 - 100

1.2

100 - 150

1.3

> 150

1.5

NOTE: If the households have septic tanks, the minimum flow rate can be reduced 30%.
4.4.2 Design flow for the general culvert section before the first discharge outlet shall be determined by
total flows in dry season Qkh (domestic and industrial wastewater) and rainwater flow.
The flow Qn of the pipe section after the discharge outlet shall be determined by the following formula:
Qn = Qkh + n0.Qkh + Qm

(10)

Where:
Qkh - Total average flow of wastewater in the design culvert section;
Qkh - Total wastewater flow of basins ahead the discharge outlet;
n0 Delusion factor, selected as required by 3.27;
Qm - Rainwater flow of direct basin of culvert sections after discharge outlet;
4.4.3 For verification of hydraulic condition of general drainage network in dry season, flow of domestic
wastewater and industrial wastewater shall be determined as similar as for completely separated
drainage system.
4.4.4 Arrangement of combined discharge outlet of rainwater and wastewater, and determination of
dilution factor n0 shall be based on specific sanitation condition, hydrological regime, self-cleaning
capability and usage of the receiving waters. Dilution factor n0 shall be usually selected from 1 to 3,
depending on location of discharge outlet on the network. For discharge outlet at the beginning of the
drainage basin, n0 shall be 3; for those at the end of basin, n0 shall be 1.
Besides the above requirements, selection of the receiving waters for arrangement of combined
discharge outlets shall meet the following requirements:
- The river shall have continuous flow with minimum flow of not less than 0.3m/s. The river flow
participating in dilution shall be 5 times higher than wastewater flow.
- Natural or artificial ponds shall have large volume and depth, continuous flow and possibility of changing
of pond water 4 or 5 times a year at average.
NOTE: Currently, many urban drainage projects arrange outlets to discharge wastewater into small and
swallow pond in the town, without possibility to change water. This is a temporary solution. When these
discharge outlets are rehabilitated, wastewater separation chambers shall be provided.
4.4.5 Flow of mixture of rainwater and wastewater to the treatment plant in rainy season can be 2 - 2.5
times of average flow of wastewater in dry season.
4.4.6 Flow of wastewater qmix (l/s) of the general culvert line in semi-separated drainage system shall be
calculated by the following formula:
qmix = qcit + qlim

(11)

Where: qcit Flow of domestic and industrial wastewater, with consideration to peak factor (l/s).

qlim Flow of polluted rainwater to be treated, equal to total limited flow of rainwater qlim discharged to
general culvert line from each water separators to the design culvert section (l/s).
4.4.7 Flow of polluted rainwater to be treated qlim (l/s) shall be determined according to provision of 4.2.1
of this document with the return period of the design rainfall P = 0.5-1,0 year, to ensure treated rainwater
of not less than 70% of total polluted rainwater quantity.
4.4.8 Wastewater and rainwater drainage culvert lines in semi-separated drainage system shall be
calculated according to standards of the respective network in the completely separated system.
4.5 Minimum diameter of culvert and design fullness in culverts and channels
4.5.1 Minimum diameter of drainage culverts shall be as follows:
Table 10
Types of drainage systems

Minimum Pipe Diameter D (mm)


In sub-areas

Streets

Domestic wastewater drainage systems

150

200

Rainwater drainage system:

200

400

General drainage system:

300

400

Pipe connect from the rainwater collection chamber to culvert, with diameter of D = 200 mm 300 mm.
NOTE:
3

1. In residential areas with wastewater flow rate of less than 500 m /d, it is allowable to use D200 mm
pipes on street.
2. In special cases, 200 mm pipes can be used for drainage of industrial wastewater.
3. If manufacture conditions allowed, smallest culvert lines in the domestic wastewater system and
general drainage line should have oval cross section.
4.5.2 Maximum design fullness of the culvert depends on the culvert diameter and shall be as follows:
+ For culverts D = 200 - 300 mm, fullness shall not be more than 0.6 D
+ For culverts D = 350 - 450 mm, fullness shall not be more than 0.7 D
+ For culverts D = 500 - 900 mm, fullness shall not be more than 0.75 D
+ For culverts D > 900 mm, fullness shall not be more than 0.8 D
NOTE:
1 - For channels with height of 0.9m and above, and of any cross section, the fullness shall not be more
than 0.8 H;
2 - The general and rainwater drainage culverts shall be design with complete fullness.
3. Fullness value of the first culvert line (without calculation) shall not be required.
4.5.3 Rainwater drainage channel constructed within residential housing groups shall have flow depth of
not more than 1m, and channel walls shall be higher than the highest water level at least 0.2m.
4.6 Flow of wastewater
4.6.1 Minimum wastewater flow rate depends on content and dimension of suspended particles in
wastewater, hydraulic radius or fullness of the culverts or channels.
For domestic wastewater or rainwater, minimum flow rate Vmin shall be respective to the maximum
fullness of the culvert, which shall be as follows:
- Culverts with diameter of 150 200 mm

Vmin = 0.7 m/s

- Culverts with diameter of 300 400 mm

Vmin = 0.8 m/s

- Culverts with diameter of 400 500 mm

Vmin = 0.9 m/s

- Culverts with diameter of 600 800 mm

Vmin = 1 m/s

- Culverts with diameter of 900 1200 mm

Vmin = 1.15 m/s

- Culverts with diameter of 1300 1500 mm

Vmin = 1.2 m/s

- Culverts with diameter >1500 mm

Vmin = 1.3 m/s

Minimum flow rate of industrial wastewater shall be selected according to requirements of the sector or
research documents.
NOTE:
1. For industrial wastewater types which have features similar to domestic wastewater, minimum flow rate
for domestic wastewater can be applied.
2. For rainwater with return period P up to 0.5 years, minimum flow rate shall be 0.7m/s.
3. For culverts at the beginning of the networks that don't have minimum flow rate as required or the
fullness under 0.2D, cleaning manholes should be constructed.
4.6.2 Value for minimum flow rate in wastewater culvert of clarified water or stabilized water can be 0.4
m/s.
4.6.3 Maximum flow rate of wastewater in metal culverts shall not be more than 8m/s, and not more than
4 m/s for non-metal culverts.
For rainwater, these values should be 10 and 7 m/s respectively.
4.6.4 Design flow rate of wastewater in siphons shall not be less than 1m/s; flow rate of wastewater in the
culvert connection to siphoned pipes shall not be more than that in siphoned pipes.
4.6.5 Value for minimum flow rate in compacted sludge pressure pipes (fresh sludge, digested sludge,
activated sludge,..) shall be selected from Table 11.
Table 11
Sludge humidity %

Design flow rate in sludge pressure pipes (in m/s) depending on


diameter of sludge conveying pipe D (mm)
D = 150 - 200

D = 250 - 400

92

1.4

1.5

93

1.3

1.4

94

1.2

1.3

95

1.1

1.2

96

1.0

1.1

97

0.9

1.0

98

0.8

0.9

4.6.6 Maximum flow velocity in rainwater and industrial wastewater conveying channel allowed
discharging into receiving waters, selected from Table 12.
Table 12
Types and reinforcement

Maximum flow rate (in m/s) respectively to


flow depth H = 0.4-1m

- Reinforced by concrete slabs

- Limestone, sandstone

4
3-3.5

- Mortared paved rock


- Fine sand, medium sand, sandy clay

0.4

- Coarse sand, lean clayed soil

0.8

- Clayed loam

1.0

- Clay

1.2

- Grass layer in channel bottom

1.0

- Grass layer on channel wall

1.6

NOTE: When the value of flow depth 'H' is out of the range of 0.4 - 1m, the velocity shown in the above
table shall be multiplied with the adjustment factor K.
+ If H less than 0.4 m, K shall be = 0.85.
+ If H more than 1 m, K shall be = 1.25.
4.7 Slope of drainage culverts, channels and ditches
4.7.1 The value for minimum slope imin shall be selected based on the assumption to assure the minimum
flow regulated for individual culvert types and their dimension.
Slope of connection culvert from the rainwater collection chamber to drainage culvert should be 0.02.
4.7.2 Slope of road ditches and rainwater drainage channels shall be selected from Table 13.
Table 13
Minimum slope of road
ditches, channels

Categories
- Asphalt pavement road ditches

0.003

- Crusted stone or rock pavement road ditches

0.004

- Pebbles, gravels pavement road ditches

0.005

4.7.3 Minimum dimension of channels types with trapezoidal cross section shall be as follows: Width of
bottom shall be 0.3m, depth shall be 0.4m. Slope degree shall be selected from Table 14.
Table 14
Types of soil in channel bed
+ Fine sand

Slope degree
1:3

+ Coarse, medium and find sand


a) Bunk or with average compaction

1:2

b) Compacted

1:15

+ Sandy loam

1:1.5

+ Clay or clay loam

1:1.25

+ Gravelly soil

1:1.125

+ Rocky soil and water bearing soil

1:0.5

+ Decayed rock

1:0.25

+ Rock

1:0.1

5. Drainage Diagram and Drainage System


5.1. Drainage Diagram and Drainage System for residential areas
5.1.1. Typical drainage systems shown in 3.3 can be used for residential areas. In fact, depending on
natural condition, drainage status and urban features, design of drainage systems can be flexible.
- General drainage system: should be used for old towns with existing general drainage systems, or
towns with advantaged natural conditions.
- Possibility of rehabilitation of general culverts to separate culverts in the future should be considered in
drainage planning.
- Separate drainage system: should be used for new urban, expanded urban, highly populated centralized
residential areas (above 200 persons/ha).
- Mixed drainage system: should be used for large cities.
In old urban areas, rainwater from house roof or garden is usually drained together with domestic
wastewater. It is difficult to do rehabilitation to divide these systems into two separate systems. In this
case we have an incompletely separate system.
This semi-separate drainage system is applied for new urban areas with high environment standard, in
order to maintain safety for water resources, reservoirs and beaches.
5.1.2. For small residential areas with population of less than 5,000, depending on annual precipitation
and other conditions, semi- separate system or simple general culverts can be used.
NOTE: A simple general culvert is a box culvert with reinforced concrete cover, mainly for drain of
roadway surface water. Domestic wastewater that was preliminarily treated by septic tank in each house.
5.1.3 For hilly areas, semi-separate drainage system can be used, where rainwater is discharged directly
to the receiving streams, and wastewater can be delivered by gravity or pressure.
5.1.4 Centralized management model can be applied for a group of residential areas or group of separate
houses, or combine with management of industrial wastewater.
5.1.5 Decentralized drainage systems can be used in low populated areas (less than 200 persons/ha)
provided that they meet sanitation requirements, especially environmental safety for soil and water supply
sources.
In cases of decentralized drainage system, the following wastewater treatment works can be used:
- Septic tanks of all types;
- Septic tanks with underground treatment works;
- Aerotank of prolonged aeration;
- Wastewater stabilization ponds and free water surface wetlands;
5.2 Design features of drainage systems of industrial facilities
5.2.1 Number of drainage systems within industrial facilities is determined by wastewater content, flow,
and temperature, re-uses possibility and necessity of preliminary treatment.
5.2.2 Depending on wastewater contents, drainage pipelines can be placed inside closed ditches, open
channels, tunnels or elevated supports.
5.2.3 Distance from tunnel wall to wastewater culverts containing corrosive substances or evaporative
toxic substances or flammable substance (i.e. those with gas and vapor density less than 0.8 to air) shall
not be less than 3m. Distance from these pipes to underground floors shall not be less than 6m.
5.2.4 Fittings for stop, checking and connection on pipelines conveying wastewater with toxic substances,
evaporative substances or flammable substance shall be sealed tight.

5.2.5 Pipe types (glazed terra cotta, proclaim, glass, PVC, composite, rubber-lining steel, bitumen coated
DI...) shall be selected reasonably depending on content and temperature of corrosive industrial
wastewater.
NOTE: Polyethylene pipes, bitumen coated DI pipes, rubber-lining steel pipes can be used when
o
temperature of the wastewater not higher than 60 C. The use of other plastic pipes shall be in
accordance with instructions of the manufacturers.
5.2.6 Socket of pipes conveying acid wastewater shall be sealed by bituminous asbestos fibers and
covered by acid-resistant cement mortar.
5.2.7 Solutions shall be applied to prevent the works on network of corrosive wastewater drainage system
from impacts of vapor and water, and prevent water from permeable into soil.
5.2.8 The bed of manhole on corrosive wastewater pipes shall be made by corrosion resistant material.
Ladders inside these manholes shall not be made of metals that easy to be impacted by corrosion.
NOTE: If diameter of the wastewater pipeline is less than 600mm, the bed may be lined by halves of PVC
pipes or other suitable corrosion resistant materials.
5.2.9 Chambers for discharging of wastewater from production units containing flammable or explosive
substances shall be provided with hydraulic shields. Design for chambers on external drainage network
shall comply with standards for design of industrial enterprises or other relevant regulations of functional
authorities.
5.2.10 In the areas of stores or reservoirs for flammable substances, hazardous substances, acid
substances or alkaline substances without dirty wastewater, rainwater should be drained though a valved
distribution chamber. In normal condition, rainwater shall be drained into rainwater drainage systems and
shall be discharged to standby reservoirs.
5.3 Diagram of drainage of polluted surface water in residential areas and industrial zones
5.3.1 For residential areas where local separate drainage systems not include solutions for treatment of
polluted surface water (first rainwater, road/year cleaning water), this requirement should be consider in
the drainage master planning in order to make possibility to provide in the future. However, in advantaged
conditions, simple solutions (such as permeable, storage) are encouraged to apply to reduce pollution
caused by surface water.
5.3.2 When rainwater is designed to discharge to beach areas or aquaculture areas, appropriate solutions
shall be made to minimize pollution and meet the water demand of individual each serviced groups.
5.3.3 For industrial zones, rainwater and other surface water types shall be strictly controlled. Polluted
surface water shall be treated satisfactorily to sanitation standards. Surface water considered not being
polluted shall also be collected in reservoirs to control before discharge to receiving waters.
6. Drainage Networks and the Works
6.1 Principles of Setting-out and Culvert Installation
6.1.1 During division of drainage areas and setting out of wastewater drainage networks, natural
conditions and urban master planning shall be considered and advantages of the local topographical
conditions shall be used for construction of gravity culverts.
For urban rehabilitation, re-use of existing drainage network shall be considered.
6.1.2 Location of drainage network in master plan as well as minimum distance from the culvert wall outer
surface to other works or technical infrastructure works shall comply with the standard for construction of
technical infrastructure works, the urban master plan and conditions
Of particular drainage lines.
Possibility of construction by machines and plants shall be considered during setting out of the culvert
lines.

6.1.3 Where several pressure culverts are installed in parallel, distance between the wall outer surfaces
of the culverts shall allow sufficient area for construction and maintenance.
Distance between culvert lines 'B' shall be not less than the following values, depending on manufacture
material, pressure inside the culverts and geotechnical conditions:
- When culvert dia. up to 300 mm: B = 0.7 m
- When culvert dia. 400 to 1000 mm: B = 1.0 m
- When culvert dia. larger than 1000 mm: B = 1.5 m
NOTE: When it is necessary to reduce the distance "B", the culverts shall be placed on concrete
foundation.
6.1.4 In addition to the main culverts on the streets, service culvert lines (grade 3 or grade 4) shall be
arranged simultaneously to connect with the local households.
For connection of domestic drainage pipes with the general drainage pipes, a control manhole shall be
provided. Manhole is the mark for dividing the maintenance responsibility of the local drainage company
and the household.
6.1.5 Standby outlet shall be provided on drainage network so that wastewater can be discharge onto
rainwater drainage system or to receiving streams when failure occurs. Arrangement and location of such
outlets shall be subject to approval of the local drainage company and local environment management
agency.
6.1.6 Pressure drainage pipes in residential areas shall not be placed on ground or elevated.
NOTE: Where passing through deep holes, rivers, ponds or outside residential areas, drainage pipes can
be placed on ground or elevated on overpass.
6.2 Pipe bending canners, pipe connection and pipe burial depth
6.2.1 The Conner connected between two drainage pipelines shall not be less than 900.
NOTE: The bending Conner can be of any value if the pipe connection is through a vertical drop chamber
or connection of rainwater collection chamber and drop chamber.
6.2.2 At the points of direction changing of the pipeline, manhole shall be constructed with curve bottom
with radius of not less than the manhole radius. For pipeline with pipe diameter of 1200 mm and larger,
the pipeline can be curved with a radius of not less than 5 times of pipe radius and inspection manholes
shall be constructed at the two ends of the curved pipeline section.
6.2.3 Pipes with different diameters shall be connected by inspection manholes according to pipe crown
level or designed water level.
6.2.4 Connection of a ditch and closed culvert shall be through a manhole with sludge chamber and
debris screen.
6.2.5 The minimum burial depth "hmin" for pipe crown level shall be as follows
- For pipes with diameter of under 300 mm installed at area without passing vehicles hmin = 0.3 m .
- At areas with passing vehicles, hmin = 0.7 m. In special cases when the depth is less than 0.7m, method
of pipe protection shall be provided.
NOTE: Maximum burial depth shall be determined by calculation, depending on pipe material,
geotechnical and hydrological conditions, construction method and other technical factors.
6.3 Pipes, thrust blocks, fittings and pipe trench bed
6.3.1 The following types of culverts can be used for drainage:
a) Gravity culverts Non-pressure reinforced concrete, culverts, concrete culverts, centrifugal fibro-cement
culverts, glazed tera-cotta culverts and assemble reinforced concrete elements.

b) Pressure culverts Pressure reinforced concrete pipes, fibro-cement pipes, iron pipes, stainless steel
pipes and plastic pipes.
NOTE:
- All of culvert types, in addition to meet the requirements of mechanical strength and permeable
resistance, shall meet the requirements of international standard for smoothness of the inner surface.
- For selection of culvert type to be used, production from local material and other on-site construction
conditions (such as geotechnical conditions, underground water level, etc.) shall be considered.
Iron pipes can be used for gravity drainage and steel pipes can be used for pressure drainage in the
following conditions:
- When culverts are located at the areas that difficult for construction, soil with subsidence, heave or
wetness, mining areas, areas of karts cavern, railways or roadways, intersection with domestic water
supply pipelines, when culverts are placed on supports, or at places where mechanical impacts may
occur.
- When culverts are placed in corrosive environment, corrosion resistant products shall be used or
protection solutions shall be provided.
- Steel pipes shall be covered with a metal corrosion protection layer. Points with electrochemical
corrosion shall be provided with special protection solutions.
6.3.2 If hard PVC pipes are used, wrapping protection tapes shall be considered to protect the pipes.
6.3.3 Type of pipe foundation shall depend on soil bearing capacity and mechanical loads on the pipes.
Sewage pipes can be placed directly on well-compacted natural soil foundation. In cases of weak soil,
artificial foundation shall be made to place culverts.
Types of pipe foundation shall be selection based on natural conditions, construction performance skills
and possibility of locally material provision.
6.3.4 Fittings of pressure pipes such as valves, release valves, flexible couplings, etc. shall be installed
inside manholes.
6.3.5 Inclination of pressure pipes towards release valves shall not be less than 0.001.
Diameter of release valves shall assure draining of pipe sections within not more than 3 hours. Sewage
should be discharged into rainwater drainage systems or surface water sources if sanitation requirements
are met. Where discharging is impossible, local pumping stations shall be constructed or sewage shall be
disposed by tankers.
6.3.6 At the points when flow direction is changed in the pipelines, thrust blocks can be used internal
force is not transferred to the connection.
NOTE:
Thrust block are not required in the following cases:
2

- Socketed pressure pipes with working pressure up to 100 N/cm and bending corner up to 100.
- Welded steel pressure pipes installed underground with bending corner up to 300 in a vertical plane.
6.4 Pipe connections
6.4.1 Rubber gasket connection for socketed pipes and concrete belt connection for spigot pipes shall be
used for pipelines with small diameter.
6.4.2 Requirements for pressure drainage pipelines shall comply with standards for design of water
supply pressure pipes.
6.5 Manholes
6.5.1 In a wastewater drainage network, manholes shall be constructed in the following locations:

- Connections between culvert lines.


- Direction change, gradient change or diameter change of culverts.
- Manholes shall be constructed in line with the culverts, at a certain interval and dependent to the culvert
diameters shown in Table 15.
Table 15
Pipe Diameter D (mm)

Distance between manholes (m)

150-300

20-30

400-600

40

700-1000

60

>1000

100

NOTE: For pipes with diameter of D400-600 mm, if the conveying capacity less than 0.5 D and the design
velocity is the minimum, interval between manholes shall be 30 m.
6.5.2 The top edge of manhole trough shall be horizontally equal to the top elevation of the pipe with
maximum diameter.
Manholes for pipes of diameter of 700mm or more can have working platform at one side of the trough.
The platform shall have distance of not less than 100m from the opposite wall. In manholes for pipes with
diameter of 2,000mm or larger, working platform can be placed on a cantilever beam. In this case the
dimension of the open part of manhole shall not be less than 2000x2000 mm.
6.5.3 Dimension on plane of the manhole shall be as follows:
a) Pipes with diameter up to 800 mm, internal diameter of manhole shall be: D = 1000 mm or an x b =
1000 x 1000 mm).
b) Pipes with diameter of more than 800mm, manhole dimension shall be 1200 mm long x D+500 mm
wide).
c) Manhole mouth shall have dimension of 600x700 mm at minimum or diameter of 700 mm.
NOTE:
- Small manhole shall have width of not more than 700 mm, depth shall not be more than 1.20 m.
- Manhole shall be made of concrete or reinforced concrete.
areas or towns, brick manholes can be used.

For drainage works in small residential

6.5.4 Possibility of curving of manhole trough shall be considered when arrangement for plan dimension
of manhole at bending Conner is made.
6.5.5 The height of manhole working part (from working platform to the collar supports ) is normally 1.8 m
Collar is not required for manholes with depth of less than 1.8 m.
6.5.6 Ladder shall be provided inside manhole for maintenance work. Ladder can be of fixed type
(mounted on manhole walls) or portable ladder
Distance between steps shall be 300 mm. Distance from the manhole head to first step of the ladder
shall be 0.5 m.
6.5.7 In developed areas, elevation of the manhole cover shall be equal to the road pavement elevation.
In planting areas, manhole cover shall be higher than the ground 50-70 mm, and 200mm if in
undeveloped areas. For special cases (to prevent flooding by rainwater) cover can be placed at a higher
elevation
6.5.8 Manholes in rainwater drainage system have similar structure as those in sewage drainage system,
except sludge collection chambers at the bottom. Depending on the development of the area, the depth
of the sludge collection chambers can be from 0.3 0.5 m.

6.5.9 Permeable resistance shall be provided for manhole wall and bottom. For brick manholes, the layer
of permeable resistance shall be higher than the groundwater level 0.5 m.
6.5.10 Manhole covers and drop manholes can be made of iron or reinforced concrete and shall bear the
standard load of H30.
If reinforced concrete cover is used, the manhole head shall have appropriate structure to avoid damages
due to traffic or opening/closing.
Dimension of reinforced concrete cover shall assure convenience of opening/closing.
NOTE:
- When manhole covers are on the roads with heavy weight traffics, specific design shall be made.
- Covers in an urban or urban area shall be made of the same types.
6.5.11 When a culvert locates on a highway roads with heavy traffic, manholes can be constructed on the
sideways and connect with the culvert by tunnels. Height of the tunnels shall be equal to that of the
biggest culvert, and the tunnel bottom shall be higher than the culvert bottom 0.3 m.
6.6 Observation manholes and manholes for connection to municipal drainage culverts
6.6.1 Observation manholes (please see 6.1.4) has round or square shape, with dimension of 400x400
mm or 600x600 mm. These manholes are usually located on street and rarely opened, so they can be
made of reinforced concrete.
Manhole for connection to the municipal general pipelines can have simple structure. In case of streets
with distributed/tube houses, where there are many household sewer connections near each others.
6.7 Pipe cleaning manhole
6.7.1 Due to low flow velocity, self cleaning is usually not satisfactory in the pipe sections at the beginning
of the completed separated drainage system, so manual or semi mechanical pipe cleaning manholes are
usually used.
6.8 Drop manholes
6.8.1 Drop manholes are used for:
- To transfer sewage and rainwater to a deeper elevation.
- To ensure the water velocity inside the pipes not exceed the allowable values or to prevent suddenly
change of flow rate.
- To avoid underground works.
- To discharge with flooded discharged method.
NOTE: For pipes with diameter of smaller than 600mm, if drop height is less than 0.3m, drop manhole
can be replaced by observation manhole with smooth flowed overflow weir.
6.8.2 Overflow weir typed drop manhole with height of less than 3m should be used for pipelines with
diameter of 600 mm or higher.
6.8.3 Drop manhole with height of less than 3m on pipelines with diameter of less than 500mm should
have an internal riser with cross section of not less than that of the inlet pipe.
Above of the riser should have water collection cone, and a cushioning chamber with a metal plate on the
bottom.
NOTE: For risers with diameter of less than 300 mm. flows direction bends can be used instead of
cushioning chamber.
6.8.4 If the dropping height is higher than those specified in 6.8.2 and 6.8.3, specific design structure can
be made for the manhole. Manhole types for these cases include: stepping manholes, whirl overflow weir,
etc.

6.9 Rainwater collection chamber


6.9.1 Rainwater collection chambers are placed in the middle of road side ditches at interval calculated by
design. In addition, collection chambers shall be provided at low areas, road intersections and before
zebra crossings.
When the road width is less than 30m and without rainwater collection chambers in sub-areas, distance
between the collection chambers can be selected from the values in Table 16.
Table 16
Roadway slope

Distance between Collector Chambers (m)

< 0.004

50

0.004 to 0.006

60

0.006 to 0.01

70

0.01 to 0.03

80

NOTE:
1. This provision shall not apply to frog-jaw chambers.
2. When the width of street is more than 30m or when gradient is more than 0.03, distance between the
collections chambers shall not be more than 60m.
3. For urban with high rainfall intensity, leafy roads or road with many rags, the combination collection
chamber (collection of water on road pavement as well as water on road herbs), or the length of the
collection chamber shall be doubled from standard one.
4. At areas with low elevation (road intersections, etc.) where several water for gathered, number of
collection chambers shall be double.
5. For mountainous or hilly towns, streets usually have large gradient, the road elevation should be
lowered by 0.1m at the location of collection chambers, or bending corner should be made to increase the
collection ability of the chambers.
6.9.2 Length of the pipe section from the collection chambers to the observation manholes of the pipeline
should be not more than 40m.
6.9.3 Rainwater drainage system from households can connect with the rainwater collection chambers.
6.9.4 Bottom of the water collection chamber should have a sludge chamber with depth of 0.3 - 0.5 m and
bar screenings shall be provided at the inlet gate. The upper surface of the bar screenings shall be placed
lower than the road ditches of about 20=30 cm,
6.9.5 For general drainage system in resident areas, hydraulic lock should be provided to prevent odor.
Height of water layer shall not be less than 0.1m. For the towns with high annual evaporation amount,
hydraulic locking should be used in manholes (connection to collection chambers). Despite of hydraulic
locking, ventilation shall be provided for the sewage and drainage networks in any cases.
6.9.6 Open channels shall be connected with closed culverts by manholes with sludge collection
chambers. Screenings with opening width of not more than 50mm should be provided on the chamber
head. Diameter of the connection pipes should be determined by calculation but not less than 300 mm.
6.9.7 For rainwater drainage systems, when elevation difference of the culvert bottoms is not more than
0.5m, diameter of culverts less than 1500 mm and flow velocity is not more than 4m/s, connection can be
made by manholes. - If elevation difference is too high, drop manholes shall be used.
6.10 Pipe ducts through streams
6.10.1 Diameter of pipe ducts through river springs shall not be less than 150 mm.

Number of duty pipe ducts shall be not less than two, and the ducts shall be made of steel covered with
corrosive resistance layer and free from mechanical impacts. Ability of water conveying at design flows of
ach of the pipes shall be checked in consideration with the allowable raising levels.
If sewage flow not meets the requirements of minimum design velocity, only one duty pipe will be used
with another standby pipeline.
In addition to the two duty pipelines, a standby pipelines should be constructed in case of a failure occurs.
Design of pipe ducts through river for water supply shall obtain approval from local natural resources and
environment agency or local protective health care agency.
Design of pipe ducts through river with high traffic shall comply with river-way safety regulations and shall
obtain approval of the river-way management agency.
NOTE: A pipe duct can be installed for pipeline though a dry valley.
6.10.2 The following values should be used for design of pipe ducts:
- Top of deep pipe ducts should be located at a minimum distance of 0.5m from the river bed.
- At river area with high traffic, such depth shall not be less than 1m.
- Inclination of the inclined pipe sections in both of the river banks shall not be more than 200 from the
lateral direction.
- Distance of the offsets of two pipe ducts shall not be less than 0.7-1.5m, depending on water pressure
inside the pipe.
6.10.3 Stop logs should be installed in manholes at the inlet, outlet and emergency discharge chambers.
Arrangement for emergency discharge chambers shall be subject to approval of the local water resources
and environment agency.
6.10.4 If manholes are constructed at alluvial flats near rivers, possibility of prevention of manholes from
flooding in flooding season should be taken into account.
6.10.5 For general drainage system, one pipe duct should be checked to assure drainage during dry
season as provided by the applicable standards.
6.11 Road crossing pipes
6.11.1 Drainage pipes through railways, heavy load roadways or main streets shall be placed inside
protective sleeves or tunnels.
6.11.2 Manholes shall be provided before and after road crossing points and should be provided with
locking in special cases.
6.11.3 Documents of design of road-crossing pipes shall be subject to approval of the relevant agencies.
6.12 Sewers, rainwater drainage and rainwater overflow chamber
6.12.1 Sewers that discharge wastewater onto waters shall assure good dilution of receiving water with
the effluent and shall not affect local aesthetic and environment conditions.
Wastewater discharge points should be located at areas that can increase the whirling motions of the flow
(narrow areas of flow, falls...) Type of discharge shall depend on condition of treated wastewater,
including discharge near the river bank, in the center of the river bed, concentrated discharge or diffused
discharge.
For discharge of treated wastewater into water reservoirs, discharge mouths shall be placed underwater.
6.12.2 Pipes conveying treated wastewater to discharge points in the middle of river bed or discharge
deep under the water shall be steel pipes covered with corrosive resistance layer and placed in ditches.
Discharge mouths in the middle of river bed, near the river bank or underwater shall be reinforced by
concrete.

Structure of discharge mouth shall consider the boat traffic, river water levels, wave impacts, geological
conditions, changes of river bed...
6.12.3 Rainwater discharge culverts can be of the following types:
1. Without river bank embankment - open channel
2. With river bank embankment - closed pipe discharge mouth
NOTE: To prevent water flows from the receiving waters back to the culvert system (where water level in
receiving waters are higher than that inside the culvert), gate valves shall be provided at discharge
mouths.
6.12.4 Combined sewer overflow shall be provided for rainwater overflow chamber of the general
drainage system. Dimension and structure of the overflow depends on effluent flow rate into the receiving
streams, water level inside culvert and in receiving stream. Grit chamber and bar screening shall be
provided for rainwater overflow chamber.
6.12.5 Locations of the rainwater and wastewater discharge outlets and their structure shall be approved
by the local natural resource and environment management agencies and local river-way management
agency.
Construction of primary treatment works (grit chamber or sludge settling) at the locations of CSO should
be considered when design the drainage network to assure rainwater or mixture of rainwater and
wastewater will not have negative impacts to sanitation conditions of the receiving streams.
6.13 Air release for drainage network
6.13.1 Air release shall be made through indoor risers or slots in manholes.
6.13.2 Special air release equipments shall be located at the inlet of the river crossing pipes, in manholes
(where flow velocity reduces in culverts with diameter of more than 400mm) and in drop manholes when
the drop height is more than 1m and wastewater flow of more than 50 l/s.
6.13.3 In special cases, force air release can be used.
6.13.4 In cases of natural air release for external drainage network that conveys toxic or flammable
wastewater, an air release riser with diameter of not less than 200 mm shall be installed at each
connection between household culverts and external culverts.

7. Wastewater Pumping Station and Air Pumping Station


7.1 General Requirements
7.1.1 Depending on reliability, wastewater pumping stations and air pumping stations shall be divided into
three types as shown in Table 17.
Table 17
Classification by reality

Operation features of pumping station

Class I

Flow reduction or pumping interruption is not allowable

Class II

Wastewater pumping interruption not more than 6 hours

Class III

Wastewater pumping interruption not more than 1 days

NOTE: Pumping interruption for stations of Class II and Class III with consideration to the station's
technical process conditions or water supply interruption for not more than 1 day for residential areas with
population of less than 5,000.
7.1.2 For pumping stations for hot wastewater, wastewater contains flammable or detonating or
hazardous substances, design shall also comply with applicable sectoral standards.
7.2 Wastewater pumping station
7.2.1 Selection of pumps, equipment and pipes shall base on the design flows, height of water head to be
pumped, chemical and physical characteristics of the wastewater and sediments, with consideration to
specifications of pumps and pipes as well as possibilities of usage of the work in stages. Number of
standby pumps shall be determined as indicated in Table 18.
Table 18
Domestic wastewater or industrial wastewater with
features nearly similar to domestic wastewater

Corrosive wastewater

Number of pumps
Number of duty
pumps

Number of standby pumps


depending on reality of pumping
station

Number of duty Number of standby


pumps applicable for
pumps
all station types

Class I

Class II

Class III

2-3

3 or more

1 and 1 in
store

5 or more

Not less than 50%

NOTE:
1 Standby pumps are not necessary in rainwater pumping station, except for the cases when failure
occurs and rainwater cannot be discharged
2 For design of upgrading pumping capacity of pumping station grade III to pump domestic wastewater
and industrial wastewater with features nearly similar to domestic wastewater, standby pump is not
necessary to be installed, but shall be available in store.
7.2.2 Pumping station for domestic wastewater and polluted surface water shall be constructed as a
separate work.

Industrial wastewater pumping station can be constructed as integral part of production house or in
auxiliary house. Pumps for different types of wastewater can be installed in the same room in the
pumping station, except pumps for hot wastewater or wastewater contains flammable or detonating or
toxic substances.
Domestic wastewater pumps can be installed in auxiliary houses of the pumping station.
7.2.3 Stop valves shall be provided in influent pipeline to the pumping station and shall be operable when
the operator stands on the ground.
7.2.4 Number of pressure pipes shall not be less than 2 for pumping station grade I and shall be assure
that each of the pipes have sufficient capacity to load 100% of the design flow when the other pipe out of
service, and use of standby pumps can be considered.
For pumping station grade II and grade III, one pressure pipe is allowable.
7.2.5 Submersible pumps should be used for wastewater pumping. If select other types of pumps, they
shall be self priming. Priming solution shall be provided if pump is in a higher location from the water level
in intake compartment.
Elevation of sludge pump's shaft shall always be lower than the sludge level in sludge compartment.
7.2.6 A separate suction pipe shall be provided for each pump.
7.2.7 Velocity of wastewater and sludge in inlet pipes and outlet pipes shall not cause sediments. For
domestic wastewater, minimum velocity shall be as indicated in 4.6.1.
7.2.8 Solutions for flushing of inlet and outlet pipes of pumping station shall be provided. In special cases,
mechanical flushing can be used for these pipes.
7.2.9 To prevent pumps from clogging, manual cleaned bar screens, mechanical cleaned bar screens or
screenings grinder shall be installed in the sewage intake chamber.
3

Where quantity of large solids is less than 0.1 m /day, manual cleaned bar screen can be used. The
width of an opening in a bar screen shall be 10 - 20 mm smaller than the diameter of pump's inlet.
Where mechanical cleaned bar screens or screenings grinders are used, standby equipment shall be as
shown in Table 19.
Table 19
Quantity

Bar screen types


Duty

Standby

1 to 3

>3

2 Screenings grinders

1 to 3

1 (manual cleaned)

Installed on conveying pipes

1 to 3

Installed on channels

>3

3 Manual cleaned bar screen

1. Mechanical cleaned bar screen with openings


above 20 mm
16 - 20 mm

7.2.10 Velocity of sewage in respective to maximum flow through openings of a mechanical cleaned bar
screen shall be 0.8 - 1 m/s, and through that of a screenings grinder shall be 1.2 m/s.
7.2.11 If mechanical cleaned bar screens are used in pumping station, solids grinders shall be provided.
Grinded solids shall be discharged ahead the bar screens. If the quantity of large solids more than 1.0
ton/day, standby solids grinders shall be provided.
7.2.12 Quantity of large solids taken from bar screens can be roughly calculated as shown in Table 20.

Table 20
Width of bar screen opening (in mm)

Quantity of solids removed from bar screens per


head (l/year)

16 - 20

25 - 35

40 - 60

2.3

60 - 80

1.6

90 - 100

1.2

Specific weigh of the solids shall be around 750 kg/m3, peak hour factor of solids delivered to the
pumping station shall be 2.
7.2.13 For determination of dimension of pumping station area, minimum width of walkways between the
most projected parts of pumps, conveying pipes and engines shall be as follows:
a) Between equipment groups - if electrical engines have voltage of less than 1000 V, maximum width
shall be 1 m. If the engines have voltage of more than 1000 V, maximum width shall be 1 m.
b) Between equipment groups and station walls:
0.7m for well typed pumping station.
1 m for pumping stations of other types.
c) In front of electric panel: - 2 m
d) Between projected area of fixed parts of equipment: 0.7 m.
Platform for equipment assembly shall be provided in pumping stations. Dimension of the platform shall
include a walkway around the equipment with a width of not less than 0.7m, even when lifting equipment
is provided in assembly location.
NOTE:
1 In deep pumping stations where engines with voltage of less than 1000 V and suction pipes with
diameter of less than 200mm are used, pumps can be installed with a minimum distance of 0.25cm from
the room wall, but the width of walkway between equipment groups shall still be as specified above.
2 2 pumps that have electric engines with capacity up to 125 KW and voltage below 1000 V can be
installed in the same basement without walkway between them, but a walkway around the basement with
a width of not less than 0.7m shall be provided.
7.2.14 The height of the on-ground part of the equipment room (from the assembly platform to the lower
surface of the roof beams) depends on lifting equipment, height of the pumps, height of cables (from 0.5
to 1m), distance from the assembly platform to group of pumps (not more than 0.5m), size of lifting
equipment (from the hook to the lower face of roof beams).
7.2.15 To lift equipment and their parts, lifting equipment shall be provided for pumping stations:
- If the equipment weights less than a ton, fixed hanging hoist or manual controlled hanging beam cranes
shall be used.
- If the equipment weights less than 5 tons, manual controlled hanging beam cranes shall be used.
- If the equipment weights more than 5 tons, electric overhead cranes shall be used.
NOTE: For lifting equipment with height of 6m or more or when the length of equipment room is more
than 18m, electric lifting equipment shall be used.
7.2.16 The equipment room floor shall have leak water collection chamber and private sump pump or
solution of leak water collection shall be provided. Grade of the floor to the leak water collection chamber
shall be 0.01 - 0.02.

7.2.17 The volume of intake chamber shall be determined according to influent flow, capacity and working
mechanism of the wastewater pumps, but shall not be less than that of a pump with the highest capacity
running within 5 minutes.
3

The intake of pumping stations with capacity of more than 100,000 m /day shall be divided into two
compartments but shall not cause increase of the total volume.
Volume of the intake compartment of pumping stations for fresh sludge, fermented sludge or activated
sludge shall be determined according to quantity of sludge to be discharged from settling tanks, methane
tanks, circulating activated sludge and residual activated sludge.
Minimum volume of the intake compartment of sludge pumping station to pump the sludge to areas
outside the treatment plant shall be determined by capacity of a pump working within 15 minutes. If
sludge from the treatment works is delivered intermittently to the sludge storage compartment during the
pump operation, volume of storage compartment can be reduced.
The storage compartment of sludge pumping station can be used for dosing or for storage of water for
washing of sludge conveying pipeline.
7.2.18 Equipment for sludge scouring and tank washing shall be provided in sludge storage compartment.
Grade of the tank bottom to the water collection chamber shall not less than 0.1.
7.2.19 The intake compartment of a wastewater pumping station can be divided into several parts to
separate different sewage types if separate treatment is required or when their mixture will generate toxic
gas or sediments.
7.2.20 Distance from the outer wall of the intake compartment for industrial water containing flammable,
detonating or toxic substances that may impact other works shall be as follows:
- To pumping station house: not less than 10m.
- To other housings: not less than 20 m.
- To public housings: not less than 100 m.
7.2.21 Structure of sewage intake compartment containing corrosive or toxic substances shall prevent
these substances from peaceable into soil. Corrosion resistance solution shall be provided for intake
compartment contains corrosive substances.
7.2.22 Corrosion resistance solutions shall be provided for construction structures (floor, foundations,
etc.) of equipment room of the sewage pumping station.
7.2.23 In pumping stations for sewage containing corrosive, flammable, detonating, and evaporate toxic
substances, pipes and fittings should be placed on the floor, convenient for inspection and maintenance,
and the number of valves to be installed shall be minimized.
NOTE: When pipes are installed in trenches, ventilation for trenches shall be provided, or trenches shall
be backfilled with sand.
7.2.24 Grit chamber shall be provided before sewage pumping station in general sewage systems or halfprivate systems.
7.2.25 Living auxiliary area (sanitation amenities, shower, clothes change) shall be provided in pumping
station. Area of auxiliary housings shall depend on capacity of the pumping station, as indicated in Table
21.
Table 21
2

Auxiliary area (m )

Pumping Station Capacity


3

(m /d)

Service area

Workshop

Store

To 5,000

5,000 to 15,000

10

15,000 to 100,000

12

15

>100,000

20

25

10

NOTE:
1 Maxillary work in pumping station inside factories, manufacturers or treatment works may be not
required if similar works are available in neighbor houses. When the distance is more than 50m, sanitary
amenities shall be provided in the pumping station.
2 Maxillary rooms are not required for pumping stations without regular operators.
7.3 Air pumping station
7.3.1 Air pumping station shall be located near the works where the air is used, and near electrical
distribution equipment in the premises of sewage treatment plant. It is allowed to installed air filtration
equipment, pumps for process water supply and dewatering of aerotank, activated sludge pumps,
centralized controlling equipment, distribution equipment, power transformer, restroom and other auxiliary
equipment.
7.3.2 Design of air pumping station shall consider to possibilities of upgrading of design capacity by
installation of additional air blowers or replacement of existing air blowers by those with higher capacity.
7.3.3 Power shall be supplied to air pumping station continuously.
7.3.4 Capacity, types and number of the air blowers shall be selected based on calculations for technical
process of the air supplied works, with consideration to characteristics of these works.
7.3.5 At least 2 duty air blowers shall be provided for air pumping station with capacity of more than 5000
3
m /h. With smaller pumping station, 1 duty air blower is allowable. Required number of standby air
blowers is as follows:
- 1 standby pump for 3 duty pumps
- 2 standby pumps for 4 or more duty pumps
7.3.6 In necessary cases, centralized oil supply can be carried out for air blowers.
7.3.7 Cooling water shall be supplied continuously for bearings of engine groups and oil cooling parts of
the air blower. Quality and temperature of the cooling water shall meet the requirements of the air blower
manufacturers.
7.3.8 The equipment room shall be separate from other rooms and shall have doors that go directly to
outside.
7.3.9 Arrangement of equipment in the equipment room shall meet the following requirements:
a) Walkway between equipment group and house wall:
- From the air blower: not less than 1.5 m.
- From electric engines: Sufficient room for rotor removal.
b) Walkway between projected parts of equipment groups shall not be less than 1.5 m.
7.3.10 For lifting of equipments and parts, lifting equipment shall be provided for pumping station as
stated in 7.2.16.
7.3.11 Equipment for air exchange shall be design in accordance with standards on ventilation, heat
provision and air condition, or following instructions of professional consultants.
Air shall be filtered in a closed filter. Arrangement of air filters shall be assure the possibility of removal of
each of the filters for replacement or maintenance.
When there are 3 duty air filters, a standby air filter shall be required. For more duty filters, 3 standby
filters shall be provided.

NOTE:
1 If air in aerotank is distributed through perforated pipes, air filtration is not necessary.
2 For air pumping station with capacity of above 20,000 m3/h , each of equipment groups shall have
separate intake and air filtration compartments.
7.3.12 Design air moving velocity shall be:
- In filtration compartments: under 4 m/s
- In conveying channels: under 6 m/s
- In conveying pipes: 10 m/s to 40 m/s
7.3.13 During calculation for conveying pipes, consideration should be made for temperature increase
when the air is compressed, and difference of pressures among the compartments of the air supplied
work shall be minimized.
NOTE: Calculation of pressure loss in distribution equipment shall consider the resistance increasing that
directly propositional with the operation duration.
7.3.14 If thin-walled steel pipes, electrical welded, are used as conveying pipes for pressure air, solutions
for noise resistance and heat insulation for the pipes installed inside residential house shall be provided.

8. Wastewater Treatment Facilities


8.1 General Requirements
8.1.1 Methods and levels of wastewater treatment depend on flow, content and nature of the wastewater,
characteristics of the receiving streams and sanitation requirements for discharging of wastewater into
streams as well as local conditions. Wastewater discharged to source streams shall meet the applicable
environment standards.
Local existing natural conditions such as ponds, lakes, tree-planting soil areas, etc. should be used for
wastewater treatment. Artificial wastewater treatment works shall be constructed only when treatment
solutions with by natural conditions are not allowable or impossible. Treated wastewater shall be reused
as much as possible for agricultural cultivation or other economical purposes.
Wastewater sludge shall be treated before use as fertilizer or for other purposes.
NOTE: Levels of wastewater treatment should be limited within the treatment efficiency that biological
treatment works can provide in artificial conditions.
8.1.2 Capacity of a wastewater treatment plant shall be determined in accordance with the following
principles:
- Capacity:
(12)

Q = 0.8 a N (m/d)

Where: a - water supply standards; N-number of people access to water supply service.
Normally, number of people access to water supply service are less than the population of the urban,
depending on coverage ratio of local drainage system 'm',
(13)

N = m No
Where: m - connection factor; No - population in the area.
- Maximum flow in dry season:

Qmax .kh =

1
Q.k (m/h)
24

(14)

- Maximum flow in rainy season:

Qmax .m =

1
Q.n (m/h)
24

(15)

Where: k - peak hour factor; n - dilution coefficient.


8.1.3 Capacity of wastewater treatment plants of centralized industrial zones shall be determined by
wastewater volume delivered from all the factories to the plant. In case these data are not available, the
3
capacity Q(m /d) shall be determined by the following formula:
Q= qxF

(16)

Where:
3

q -Wastewater standard (m /ha.d), depending on production lines in the industrial zones. For those lines
3
that produce low quantity of wastewater, the preliminary q factor shall be 15-25 m /ha.d. For the lines that
3
produce medium quantity of wastewater, q shall be 30 to 40 m /ha.d, and for the lines that produce large
3
quantity of wastewater, q shall be 50 to 70 m /ha.d.
F- Area of the industrial zone serviced by the wastewater drainage system (in ha);

8.1.4 A mixture of domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater delivered to a biological treatment plant
shall meet the following requirements:
- pH not lower than 6.5 and not higher than 8.5
o

- Temperature not lower than 10 C and not higher than 40 C


- Total dissolved Salts (TDS) not more than15g/l
- Content of BOD5 shall not be higher than 500mg/l when delivered to biological or pushed aeration tank
and not higher than 1000mg/l when delivered to dispersed distribution aerotanks.
- Content of organic substances shall not be higher than the values specified in Table 22 and content of
hazardous substances shall not be higher than the values shown in Table 23. The wastewater shall not
include dissolved fat, plastic or fuel oil.
- Unoxidized surface active agents shall not be stored in treatment works.
- Content of nutrients shall not be lower than the values shown in Table 24.
Table 22

Substances

Permissible Average oxidation Permissible content


content limits
speed when
(in mg/l), in urban
BOD5
COD
for
treated in mixing
wastewater
(mg/mg of
(mg/mg of wastewater
aerotanks (mg (biologically treatment
substance
substance treated in BOD5/ g active dry
in aerotanks with
s to be
s to be
sludge / hour)
sludge content of
mixing
controlled
controlled) aerotank (in
1.8g/l, duration of
)
aeration shall be 7
mg/l)
hours)

Aniline

1.9

2.4

100

Acetaldehyde

1.07

1.88

750

12

20

Acetone

1.68

2.17

600

28

40

Benzoic acid

1.61

1.97

150

14

15

Butanol

1.8

2.58

600

15

10

Glycerin

0.86

1.23

1150

30

90

Caprolactam

1.8

2.12

300

22

25

Crotonic aldehyde

1.6

2.5

400

3.5

Methanol

1.05

1.5

950

23

30

Propanol

1.68

2.4

600

18

12

Toluene

1.1

1.87

200

15

Acetic acid

0.86

1.06

200

26

45

Phenol

1.18

2.38

1000

14

15

Ethanol

1.45

2.08

700

19

14

Dietyl hecxanol

1.55

2.55

400

100

NOTE:
1. Average oxidation speed of a mixture including several substances shall be determined by
experiments. Where it is impossible to determine this value by experiments, it can be calculated by
asthmatic average of oxidation speed of each of the substances (according to their ratio of weight and
BOD5) during aeration.

2. Where drainage culverts of industrial facilities are connected with the urban drainage facilities, the
contents of substances for design are those in the mixed flow.
Table 23
Permissible content of individual Level of rejection of
substances in wastewater
dirty substances
delivered to completely biological during completely
treatment works (mg/l)
treatment process
(%)

Names of Substances

Oil and petroleum products

(1)

25

85 - 90

- Easily oxidized anionic substance

20

80

- Easily oxidized non-ionic substance

50

90

- Anionic intermediate substance

20

60

- Non-ionic substance

20

75

Formaldehyde

25

80

Sulfite

99.5

Copper

0.5

80

Potassium

0.5

50

Cadmium

0.1

60

Chromium(III)

2.5

20

Zinc

70

Vulcanizing coloring agents

25

90

Complex coloring agents

25

70

0.1

50

Cyanide

1.5

Mercury

0.005

0.1

50

20

Complex surface active agents

Arsenic

(2)

(3)

Lead
Cobalt
NOTE:

1. Petroleum products are agents that are not easy to be coagulated or uncoagulatable and dissolved in
hexane.
2. If anionic surface active compounds exist in wastewater but with small content, the total content of
these compounds shall not be higher than 20 mg/l.
3. Not including ferrocyanide
Table 24
Minimum mandatory content of nutrients
Mixture of domestic and industrial wastewater

BOD5 per 100 mg/l (for aerobic biological treatment

Total nitrogen
(mg/l)

Total phosphorus
(mg/l)

works)
BOD5 per 350 mg/l (for anaerobic biological treatment
works)

NOTE:
1. After consideration of treatment results and dilution rate in receiving streams, permissible content of
the substances indicated in Tables 23 and 24 may have to be reduced to meet the sanitation
requirements of the receiving streams.
2. Where BOD5 of wastewater delivered to biological treatment works is to be reduced, treated
wastewater should be used for dilution.
3. When industrial wastewater is discharged into urban sewers, COD content shall be: BOD5 shall not be
more than 1.5.
8.1.5 If the requirements stated in 8.1.4 are not satisfied, preliminary treatment shall be made for
industrial wastewater before disposal into sewers of local residential areas.
8.1.6 Requirements for industrial wastewater to be treated in private treatment works of industrial facilities
or in mixture of industrial wastewater and domestic wastewater shall be adjusted in accordance with
experiments or documents of the similar industrial facilities.
8.1.7 For design of a treatment plant for a new constructed urban, depending on local conditions and
comforts, quantities of per capita pollutants for determination of pollutant content of domestic wastewater
can be preliminarily determined as indicated in Table 25.
Quantity and method of wastewater discharge, the content and pollutants in industrial wastewater shall be
determined as technical language.
Table 25
Parameters

Quantity(g/person/day)

Suspended sediment (SS)

60 -65

BOD5 of sediment wastewater

30 -35

BOD5 of unsedimented wastewater

65

Nitrogen in ammonium salt (N NH4)

Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)

3.3

Chloride (Cl-)

10

Surface active agents

2 - 2.5

NOTE:
- If the serviced households in the urban use septic tanks, reduction of suspended sediment should be
considered. As experiences, contents of suspended sediment reduces about 55%-65% after treatment by
septic tanks.
- Where domestic wastewater of industrial facilities is discharged to a general sewer of a residential area,
it is not necessary to calculate additional pollutants in such wastewater.
8.1.8 Selection of location and area for construction of a wastewater treatment plant shall comply with
planning and construction design for the targeted service groups, with consideration to solutions for
external urban utilities (railways, roadways, water supply, gas supply, power supply...) Location of the
wastewater treatment plant shall meet the requirements indicated in 3.16 or other relevant provisions of
the Standard TCVN 7222:2002- General Environment Requirements for Centralized Domestic
Wastewater Treatment Plants.

8.1.9 Location of wastewater treatment plant should be at the summer main downwind in comparison to
location for residential accommodation construction, and downward of residential areas along the river
flow.
The construction area shall have appropriate slope so that wastewater can run in gravity through the
works and rainwater can be well drained. The plant shall be located in an area without floods and with low
ground water level.
NOTE: Wastewater treatment plant can be located at an upwind area, but the separation distance shall
be larger as specified in 3.16.
8.1.10 Planning for wastewater treatment plant shall assure to use the land area reasonably for the
projected stage as well as for development in the future. Arrangement for the works shall meet the
following requirements:
- Construction can be performed in stages;
- Treatment capacity can be increased when local wastewater flow is higher;
- The length of pipework (carrier channels and pipes, etc.) is shortest;
- Convenience for operation and maintenance.
8.1.11 Design of wastewater treatment plant shall consider the possibility of integration of the works and
minimization of odor spreading to ambient environment.
8.1.12 Wastewater treatment works shall be open. Covered works shall be used only in special cases
with acceptable reasons.
8.1.13 The following equipments and instruments shall be provided in wastewater treatment plant:
a) Equipment for evenly distribution of wastewater to the units;
b) Equipment for stopping of treatment operation for sludge removal and washing the works or pipelines if
required;
c) Equipment for water discharge when a failure occurs before or after mechanical treatment works;
access to operation controlling equipment;
d) Instruments for measurement of quantities of wastewater, recycled active sludge, residual active
sludge, air, vapor, power, etc.
e) Equipment and instruments for automatic sampling, automatic recording of parameters of wastewater
and sedimented sludge quality;
8.1.14 Capacity of the carrier channel in wastewater treatment plant shall be calculated by maximum flow
in one second multiplies by 1.4.
8.1.15 Besides the main technical process works, auxiliary and services works shall also be constructed
in the plant, depending on its capacity and local conditions (please refer to Appendix D).
8.1.16 Wastewater treatment plant shall be completed and have protection fence and lighting system.
Depending on local conditions, soil erosion prevention for slopes shall be provided. In necessary cases,
depending on technically safe requirements, private fences for individual works may be required.
8.2 Bar screens
8.2.1 Wastewater treatment plant shall have bar screens with distance between two bars of 15 - 20mm.
8.2.2 Number and dimension of the bar screen, flow velocity through it, quantity of rags and large objects
taken from the screen, distance between equipments, etc. shall be in accordance with provisions in 7.2.9
and 7.2.13.
8.2.3 Where quantity of debris is more than 0.1 m3/day, machines should be used for debris removal and
3
grinding. For quantity of smaller than 0.1 m /day, manual work should be used.

8.2.4 Grinded debris can be disposed to the flow before the bar screen or delivered to the methane gas
tank.
8.2.5 Floor elevation of the housing where the bar screens placed shall be higher than the maximum
water level in carrier channel at least 0.5m.
8.2.6 Reassure loss through bar screen shall be determined by the calculation formula for a bar screen
without debris and increase 3 times.
8.2.7 For maintenance and replacement purposes, penstocks shall be provided before and after the bar
screens and equipment for water draining shall be provided for the carrier channel.
NOTE:
- If manual bar screens are used, places for future installation of penstocks shall be provided.
- Collected debris shall be stored in covered bins and transferred to solid waste treatment areas.
- Grinded organic debris shall be treated together with organic sludge of the wastewater treatment plant.
8.2.8 For purpose of installation and maintenance of bar screens, debris grinders and other equipment,
lifting equipments shall be provided as indicated in 7.2.15.
8.2.9 Sand pumps of the grit chamber should be installed in the same housing of bar screen.
8.3 Grit chamber
8.3.1 Grit chamber shall be provided for wastewater treatment plant with capacity of more than 100
3
m /day. Selection of type of grit chamber shall be based on the plant capacity, wastewater and sludge
treatment process diagram.
8.3.2 Number of tanks or units operates simultaneously shall not be less than two, and stand-by tanks
shall be provided if sand comb machines are used.
8.3.3 Horizontal grot chamber and aerated grit chamber shall be calculated with the following formula:
2

1. Wetted cross sectional area W (m ):

W=

Q
V n

(17)

Where:
3

Q - Maximum flow of wastewater (m /s);


n - Number of tanks or units;
V - Velocity of water inside tank (m/s).
2. Working length of the tank, L (m):

L=

K 1000 H n
.V
U0

(18)

Where:
U0 and U - Hydraulic size of a particle (mm/s) which is determined by free settling velocity of the sand
particle at static state and active state in the tank as shown in Table 26.
K- Ratio value U0: U selected from Table 27.
Hn - Calculated height of sand settling tank For aerated grit chamber, select the height with value of half
of total height of the tank.
V - Velocity of wastewater flow in the tank, in mm/s, selected from Table 28.
Table 26

Sand Particle Diameter


D (mm)

0.1

0.12

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.40

0.50

Hydraulic Size U0
(mm/s)

5.12

7.27

11.2

17.1

24.2

29.7

35.1

40.7

51.6

Table 27
Minimum diameter
of sand particle to
be kept (mm)

Hydraulic size of K value dependent of sand settling tank type and B:H
ratio of aerated grit chamber
particle, U0
(mm/s )
Horizontal grit
chamber

Aerated grit chamber


B:H=1

B:H=1.25

B:H=1.5

0.15

13.2

2.62

2.5

2.39

0.20

18.7

1.7

2.43

2.25

2.08

0.25

24.2

1.3

Table 28
Types of Hydraulic size
of sand particle,
grit
U0
chamber

Water velocity
(mm/s) at flow
Min

Depth, H
(m)

Max

(mm/s )

Retained
sand
amount
(l/day)

Sand
Sand
humidity content in
sludge
(%)
(%)

Horizontal

18.7-24.2

0.15

0.3

0.5 - 2

0.02

60

55 - 60

Aeration

13.2-18.7

0.08 - 0.12

0.7 - 3.5

0.03

90 - 95

Circular

18.7-24.2

0.5

0.02

60

70 - 75

Select minimum diameter of particle to be retained in the tank, depending on the type of the sequent
treatment work. For those settling tank that sludge is treated in the methane tank, or imhoff tank,
minimum diameter of sand particle to be retained shall be 0.2 - 0.25 mm.
To create an even velocity inside the tank, the inlet shall be constructed as an extended channel, while
the outlet shall be kind of reduced channel, with respective lengths.
8.3.4 Design of grit chamber shall meet the following requirements:
a) Horizontal grit chamber:
- Velocity of flow in the tank at max. flow shall be 0.3 m/s and at min. flow shall be 0.15 m/s.
- Hydraulic sizes of retained sand particle (U0) shall be 18 to 24 mm/s.
- settling time of the sand at maximum flow shall not be less than 30 seconds.
- Depth (Hn) shall be 0.25 to 1m.
b) Aerated grit chamber:
- Hydraulic size of sand particle (U0) shall be 18mm/s.
3

- Aeration intensity shall be 3 - 5 m /m h.


- Lateral grade of tank bottom (towards collection trough) shall be 0.2 04.

- The inlet shall be of the same direction with the flow direction of the water inside the tank and the outlet
shall be under the water level.
- Total depth of the tank (H) shall be 0.2 - 3.5 m.
- Air shall be distributed by perforated pipes with hole diameter 3.5 mm and placed at the depth of 0.7H.
- Flow velocity at maximum flow rate (V) shall be 0.08 - 0.12 m/s.
- Ratio of width and depth of the tank B : Select H =1: 1.5.
c. Circular grit chamber:
3

- Select surface load (q) with 110 m /m .h, respectively to wastewater maximum flow rate.
- Wastewater shall run to the tank by tangent way,
- Depth shall be half of the diameter,
- The tank diameter shall not be more than 6 m.
Table 29 show the dimensions of horizontal sand settling tank with circle water flow.
Table 29
Calculated flow for a
tank

Diameter
(m)

Width of settling Total height of


trough
settling trough

( l/s)

Total length of
settling trough

(m)

(m)

(m)

25 - 200

0.6 - 0.9

0.44 - 0.78

300

1.6

1.75

13.8

8.3.5 Quantity of retained sand in the settling tank depends on local environment conditions, performance
of wastewater collection system as well as performance of sand settling tank.
Where practical data are not available, calculation of retained sand quantity can use the following criteria:
- For completely private wastewater collection system retained sand quantity shall be 0.02 l/persons/day.
- For general drainage system, the value shall be 0.04 l/person/day.
3

- Sand humidity shall be 60% and its density shall be around 1.5 T/m .
Sand can be removed from the tank by:
3

- Manual method when sand quantity reaches 0.1 m /day.


- Machines, hydraulic lifting method or pumps and transferred by conveyor benches when settled sand
3
quantity more than 0.1 m /day.
Technical water flow, qh (in l/s), when sand is removed by hydraulic lifting equipment shall be determined
with the formula:
qh = vh lscbsc

(19)

Where:
vh -Upward velocity of washwater flow in channel, selected value shall be 0.0065 m/s.
lsc - Length of grit chamber excluding sand collection chamber.
bsc -Width of the lower bottom of grit chamber, selected value shall be 0.5 m.
Technical water quantity can be 20 times of the quantity of sand to be removed from the tank.
8.3.6 The volume of sand collection chamber shall not be higher than that of total sand settled within 2
days, and the inclination of sand collection bottom shall not be less than 600 horizontally.

8.3.7 For stability of flow velocity in horizontal grit chamber, a broad crested weir shall be constructed at
the end of the tank. Calculation for design of weir shall follow the formula below:
- Difference between the elevation of grit chamber bottom and overflow level (in meter):

P=

hmax K q2 / 3 hmin

(20)

K q2 / 3 1

Where:
Kq - Ratio of maximum flow and minimum flow (K= qmax: qmin).
hmax,and hmin - Water depth inside tank respectively to qmax and qmin and flow velocity "V" = 0.3 m/s.
-Weir width b0 (m):

b0

qmax

(21)

m 2 g ( p + hmax ) 3 / 2

Where:
m - flow factor of the weir, depending on reduction of flow, shall be 0.35 - 0.8.
8.3.8 To dry the sand taken from the settling tank, sand drying yard or sand storage chamber shall be
provided. Sand drying yards shall have boundary with height of 1m -2 m. Dimension of sand drying yard
shall be determined with the following conditions: Selected total height of sand layers (h) shall be 3 - 5
3
2
m /m year. Dry sand shall be regularly transferred to other places. Water collected from sand shall be
delivered to the inlet of the wastewater treatment plant.
8.4 Equalization tank
8.4.1 Equalization tank shall be used for equalization of flow and content of pollutants in industrial and
urban wastewater. The tank volume shall be determined subject to diagrams of influent flow and
fluctuation of pollutant content in wastewater.
NOTE: If diagrams of influent flow are not available, the tank volume can be determined by influent of a
production shift.
8.4.2 Where equalization tank is placed before clarifier in the process, sludge sedimentation prevention
equipment shall be provided inside the tank.
Selection of equalization tank type (mixing by compressed air, mixing by mechanical mixers, or tanks with
several corridors) shall be based on the nature of fluctuation of pollutant concentration (periodical, mixed
or concentrated influent) as well as characteristics and concentration of suspended substances.
8.4.3 For the tanks where compressed air mixing or mechanical mixers are used, if wastewater contains
evaporated hazardous substances, solutions for coverage and ventilation shall be provided for the tanks.
8.4.4 When concentration of suspended substances below 500 mg/l with hydraulic particle size of 10
mm/s, compressed air mixing shall be used for equalization tank.
- Volume of equalization tank when wastewater is discharged concentratedly shall be calculated with the
following formula:

Wdh =

1,3qwt Z
K yc
ln
K yc 1

W h = 1.3 qW . ttt
Where:

When Kyc below 5

when Kyc >5

(22)

(23)

qW - wastewater flow, m /h;


ttt - Duration of discharging with concentrated wastewater flow, in hour;
Kyc - Equalization factor shall be required and equivalent:

K yc =

Cmax CTB
CTB Cmax

(24)

Where:
Cmax - Maximum concentration of pollutants when wastewater is discharged concentratedly, in mg/l;
CTB - Average concentration of pollutants in wastewater, in mg/l ;
Ccp - Permissible concentration of pollutants after equalization, depending on operation condition of the
sequent work in the technical process, in mg/l.
8.4.5 Equalization tank volumeh'W' (in m3), when concentration fluctuates periodically, shall be
determined with the following formula:
W h = 0.21 qt. tck

K yc 1

W h = 1.3 qt. tck Kyc

when Kyc < 5

(25)

when Kyc >= 5

(26)

Where:
tck - Fluctuation period of the concentration, in hours;
Kyc - Required equalization factor, shall be determined with the formula (24).
With any fluctuation of concentration, the tank volume shall be determined with approximation method.
8.4.6 Distribution of wastewater on surface of aerated equalization tank shall be evenly. Distribution pipes
with holes or overflow channel of V-shape or U-shape can be used. Flow velocity in the channels shall be
not less than 0.4 m/s.
8.4.7 Aeration system of equalization tank shall be designed as follows:
- Aeration pipes: shall include perforated pipes with hole diameters = 5mm, at interval of 3 - 6 cm and
placed at the underside of the pipes. The pipes shall be placed horizontally along the vertical wall of the
tank, on supports at height of 6-10cm from the bottom.
If the pipes are placed at one side only and next to the tank wall, the distance from the pipes to the
opposite tank wall shall be 1 to 1.5 H.
- Diameter of aeration pipes shall be 50 mm if the aeration intensity lower than 8m3/h for 1meter of length
and 75mm for higher intensity.
8.4.8 Equalization tank with mechanical mixers shall be used for equalization when concentration of
suspended substances is more than 500 mg/l in any influent flows. Calculation of volume of equalization
tank with mechanical mixing is similar as for aerated equalization tank.
8.4.9 Capacity of equalization tank with several corridors when influent is concentrated shall be
determined with the formula below:

Wdh =

qt ttt K yc
2

Where:
3

qt - wastewater flow (m /h);


ttt - duration of concentrated influent, (in hour);
Kyc - required equalization factor.

(27)

8.4.10 The structure of equalization tank shall be similar to primary clarifier or general reservoir and shall
be provided with sludge collection chamber and sludge removal work. Pumps can be used to deliver
wastewater to the next water treatment work at the hours with minimum flow. Calculation of capacity of
equalization tank is similar to calculation for ground or elevated reservoirs in water supply systems.
8.4.11 Select the value of non-equalization factors after equalization 'Kh', volume of the equalization
tank 'W h' according to the following relations:
yh = Kh / Kh0

(28)

h = W h/ qTB

(29)

Where:
Khy0 - Non-equalization factor of influent to the tank;
qTB - Mean hour flow of influent.
Dependence of yh and h shall be determined in compliance with Table 30.
Table 30
yh

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8

0.75

0.67

0.65

0.24

0.5

0.9

1.5

2.15

3.3

4.4

8.4.12 When both flow and concentration of wastewater need to be equalized, capacity of the
equalization tank shall be calculated in steps.
Increment of the water volume 'W' (in m ) and concentration 'C' (in g/m ) after one calculation step
shall be determined with the following formula:
3

W = (in qout) t

(30)

C = [ (Cin Cout) t]/W h (31)


Where:
qin, Cin, Cout - Flow and concentration of pollutants in wastewater after one calculation step.
W h -Volume of wastewater in equalization tank respective to the time of calculation.

8.5 Clarifier
8.5.1 Selection of clarifier type shall be based on capacity and nature of wastewater, natural conditions
and other local conditions.
In general, the selection by capacity of wastewater treatment plant can preliminarily be as follows: Vertical
3
clarifier: Under 20,000 m /d.
3

Horizontal clarifier: Above 15,000 m /d.


3

Centrifugal clarifier: Above 20,000 m /d.


Imhoff clarifier or clarifier in combination with sludge fermentation are usually used for wastewater
3
treatment plant with small or medium capacity (less than 10,000 m /day).
8.5.2 Number of clarifiers shall not be less than two and all of the clarifiers shall operate simultaneously.
8.5.3 Calculation for clarifiers (except secondary clarifier after the biological treatment work) shall be
based on study of kinetics of clarification of suspended sediments, with consideration to the necessary
clarification effectiveness.
After clarification and discharged to receiving waters, the remaining suspended sediment content in
outfluent shall meet the sanitation requirements of environment standards.
8.5.4 The following formula shall be used for design of clarifier:
a) Clarifier dimension:
Length of horizontal clarifier 'l' (in meter):

I=

V .H
K .U 0

(32)

Radius of vertical clarifier, centrifugal clarifier 'R' (in meter):

R=

Q
3,6K .U 0

(33)

Where:
Q - Flow of wastewater (in m3/s);
H - Depth of clarification area (from the upper surface of the neutral layer to the open surface of the tank,
in meter), as indicated in 8.6.2;
V - Average velocity in clarification area. For centrifugal clarifier, it is the speed in the cross section at the
middle point from the centre to the edge of the radius (in mm/s). For horizontal and centrifugal clarifiers, V
value shall be 5-10 mm/s;
K - Factor dependent of clarifier type and structure of water distribution and collection, shall be as follows:
- 0.5 for horizontal clarifier;
- 0.45 for centrifugal clarifier;
- 0.35 for vertical clarifier;
U0 - hydraulic magnitude of sediment particle (in mm/s).
b) The hydraulic magnitude 'U0'(in mm/s) shall be determined according to the clarification kinetics curve
or the following formula:

U0 =

1000.K .H
KH
.t

(34)

Where:
- Factor including impact of water temperature to viscosity, selected from the values in Table 31;
- The vertical component of speed of wastewater in the clarifier, selected from the values in Table 32;
t - Clarification time (in second) of wastewater in cylinder laboratory jar with the water depth 'h', and actual
clarification efficiency is the same as designed efficiency. If experiment data is not available, 't' value shall
be as indicated in Table 33 (for certain particle types);
n - Flocculation factor, depending on suspension feature of the main particle types, this factor shall be
determined by experiments depending on features of sediments in wastewater. When experimental data
are not available, the following values can be applied:
- n = 0.25 for suspended particles capable to flocculate in domestic wastewater;
3

- n = 0.4 for solid mineral particles with density of 2 - 3 g/cm ;


3

- n = 0.5 for heavy sediment particles with density of 5 - 6 g/cm .


n

KH
for design of primary clarifier for domestic wastewater can be as indicated in Table 34.
h

Value

Table 31
Average temperature according to
the month with lowest
temperature, in degree C
Factor

60

50

40

30

25

20

15

10

0.45

0.55

0.66

0.8

0.9

1.44

1.3

Table 32
V (in mm/s)

10

15

20

(in mm/s)

0.05

0.1

0.5

Table 33
Clarific
ation
efficien
cy 'E'
(%)

Time of clarification in a cylinder with depth of h = 500mm (in s)


n = 0.25

n = 0.4

n = 0.6

Concentration (in mg/l)


100

200

300

500

500

1000

2000

3000

200

300

400

20

600

300

150

140

100

40

30

900

540

300

180

180

1200

120

50

40

1320

650

450

390

200

180

150

60

75

60

45

50

1900

900

640

450

240

200

180

80

120

90

80

60

3800

1200

970

680

280

240

200

100

180

120

75

70

3600

2600

1830

360

280

230

130

390

180

130

80

5260

1920

690

570

370

3000

580

380

90

2230

1470

1080

100

3600

1850

NOTE:
o

1. Clarification time is respective to temperature of 20 C.


2. For intermediate values of sediment concentration and clarification efficiency in comparison to the
values in Table, clarification time shall be determined by interpolation.
3. Clarification kinetics of suspended substances in wastewater and flocculation factor shall be
determined in condition of static clarification in cylinder laboratory jar that have diameter of not less than
120 mm.
Table 34
Working height of
clarifier 'H'

KH
for clarifiers of type
h

Value
Vertical clarifier

Centrifugal clarifier

Horizontal clarifier

1.0

1.5

1.08

1.1

2.0

1.11

1.16

1.19

3.0

1.21

1.29

1.32

4.0

1.29

1.35

1.41

5.0

1.46

1.5

- After the values 'L' and 'R' are determined, the actual speed "Vth' (in mm/s) in the clarification section.
- For horizontal clarifier:

Vth =

Q
3,6 HB

(35)

Where: B Width of clarifier shall be within the range of 2 to 5 H.


- For centrifugal clarifier (in cross section at the radius center):
If the values of Vth and V are different, then the values of L and R shall be adjusted.
8.5.5 Quantity of sludge disposed from the tank shall depend on clarification efficiency.
For all types of primary clarifier with gravity sludge disposal, the humidity of sludge of domestic
wastewater shall be around 95% and shall be around 93.5 94% when sludge is disposed by piston
pumps. Humidity of sludge of industrial wastewater shall be in accordance with experimental results.
8.5.6 Design for secondary clarifier after the biological filter shall be calculated according to the surface
3
2
hydraulic load 'q0' (in m /m /h) as follows:
qo = 3.6 KSuo

(37)

Where:
uo - hydraulic magnitude of the biological membrane, when completely biological treatment is used.
uo = 1.4mm/s;
KS - Volumetric factor, selected from values in 8.5.7.
Volume of clarifiers shall be determinate in consideration to circulating sludge flow.

8.5.7 Calculations for the secondary clarifier after the aeration tank shall be based on the material
balance of the hydraulic load system
'qo' (in m/m.h), depending on the concentration of activated sludge 'a' (in g/l), sludge value 'I' (in cm/g)
and allowable sludge concentration in clarified water 'at' (in mg/l). Hydraulic loading value can be
calculated with the following formula:

4,5 K 5 H 0,8
q0 =
(0,1Ia) 0,50, 01at

(38)

Where:
KS - Volumetric factor of the clarification area, select 0.4 for centrifugal clarifier, 0.35 for vertical clarifier,
0.45 for vertical clarifier with water discharge from perimeter and 0.4 for horizontal clarifier;
a - Concentration of activated sludge in aeration tank shall not more than 15 g/l;
at - Concentration of activated sludge in clarified water shall not less than 10 mg/l.
8.5.8 Values of time of clarification and velocity of maximum flow for design of secondary clarifier shall be
as shown in Table 35.
Table 35
Data for calculations for secondary clarifier
Clarification duration Maximum flow velocity
(hour) at maximum flow
(mm/s)
Tank's utility

Types of clarifiers
Horizontal, centrifugal
vertical

Horizontal,
centrifugal

vertical

Secondary clarifiers
a) After drop biofilter

0.73

0.5

a) After high rate biofilter

1.5

0.5

- When BOD is reduced up to 20%

0.75

0.7

- When BOD is reduced up to 80%

0.5

c) After completely clarifying aerotank

0.5

c) After incompletely clarifying aerotank

NOTE: In general, data for calculation of secondary clarifier after aerotanks shall be based on
experiments and depends on operation mechanism of aerotanks.
8.5.9 Value for content of suspended substances in outfluent after secondary clarifier for domestic
wastewater shall be selected from Table 36, and use experimental results for industrial wastewater.
Table 36
Clarification
duration
(hour)

Content of suspended substances in domestic wastewater after secondary


clarifier
(in mg/l) when BOD of clarified wastewater (in mg/l) by
15

20

25

50

75

100

0.75

21

27

33

66

86

100

18

24

29

58

80

93

1.5

15

20

25

51

70

83

12

16

21

45

63

75

8.5.10 Sludge of domestic sewage can be disposed from primary clarifier by piston pumps or hydrostatic
pressure of not less than 1.5m of water head. In secondary clarifier, hydrostatic pressure shall not be less
than 1.2m for clarifiers after drop or high rate biofilter; not less than 0.9m for clarifiers after aeration.
For primary and secondary clarifiers after biofilters, the volume of sludge compartment shall be equal to
the quantity of sludge settled during the time of not more than one day; and not more than 2 hours for
secondary clarifier after aeration.
If sludge mechanical discharge is selected, the volume of sludge storage compartment of primary
clarifiers shall be equal to quantity of sludge settled within 8 hours. Diameter of the pipe conveying sludge
out of primary and secondary clarifiers shall be determined by calculation but shall not be less than 200
mm. The height of clarifier's wall from water level upward shall be 0.3m.
The structure of a primary clarifier shall include parts for collection and separation of floating substances
and scum.
Overflow troughs to collect clarified water in clarifiers can be of plain or sawtooth types. Hydraulic loading
of the troughs shall not be more than 10 l/s.m.
8.5.11 Design of clarifiers shall meet the following requirements:
a) Horizontal clarifier:
+ The depth of clarification area 'H' shall be 1.5 - 3m or up to 4m in some cases, depending on capacity of
the wastewater treatment plants.
+ Ratio of length and depth of the clarifier shall be 8 12, or up to 8 20 in some cases (for industrial
wastewater).
+ Sewage influent and outfluent shall be distributed across the width of the tank.
+ Inclination of the wall of sludge collection chamber shall not be less than 500.
+ Equipment for tank dewatering shall be provided.
+ Inclination of tank bottom shall not be less than 0.005.
+ Height of neutral water layer shall be higher than tank bottom higher 0.3m (at the tank tail end).
+ Height of sludge layer in secondary clarifier shall be 0.2 0.5m.
b) Centrifugal clarifier:
+ Depth of settling area, 'H' shall be 1.5 5m. + Ratio of tank diameter and depth of the settling area shall
be 6 12, or up to 6 30 in some cases (for effluent).
- The tank diameter shall not be less than 1 m.
+ Height of neutral water layer shall be 0.3 m.
+ Depth of sludge layer in secondary clarifier shall be 0.3 0.5m.
For secondary clarifier with sludge dredgers, inclination of tank floor shall be 0.01 0.03, and shall be
0.01 if rakes are used.
c) Vertical clarifier:
+ Clarifier diameter 'D' shall be = 4 9m
+ Design depth of settling area 'H' shall be 2.7 - 3.8 m. For secondary clarifier, H shall not be less than
1.5m.
+ The central pipe shall have length equal to the design height of settling area, with a hopper outlet and a
fixed inclined plate at the lower part.

+ Diameter and height of the hopper shall be 1.5 time of diameter of the central pipe.
+ Diameter of the inclined plate shall be 1.3 times of the diameter of hopper outlet. Inclination of the
inclined plate to the lateral plane shall be: 170. Height from the lower surface of the inclined plate to the
surface of sludge layer shall be 0.3m.
+ Velocity of flow in the central pipe shall not be higher than 30 mm/s. Velocity of water through the gap
between the lower edge of the central pipe and surface of the inclined plate in primary clarifier shall not
be higher than 20 mm/s, and shall be 15 mm/s in the secondary clarifier.
+ Clarified water collection trough shall be placed in the inner wall of the clarifier.
+ The inclination of primary and secondary clarifiers shall not be less than 500 to lateral plane.
8.6 Imhoff clarifier
8.6.1 Imhoff clarifier Imhoff clarifier can be single or double clarifier. Double clarifier shall be able to
regularly change flow direction in settling trough.
8.6.2 Design of imhoff clarifier shall comply with provisions specified in 8.5.1 ; 8.5.2; and 8.5.3, as well as
the following requirements:
- Free aeration surface of the tank for floating sludge shall not be less than 20% of the area of the tank.
- Distance between the outer walls of clarified water collection troughs shall not be less than 0.5 m.
- Inclination of the wall of clarified water collection troughs shall not be less than 500, and the two inclined
walls of the troughs shall cover each other at least 0.15m. Depth of the troughs shall be 1.2 to 2.5m,
depending on their length. The width of slot of the clarified water collection troughs shall be 0.15m.
- Height of the neutral water layer from the slot of the clarified water collection trough to the surface of the
sludge layer in digestion compartment shall be 0.5m.
- Inclination of the cone-shaped bottom part of the digestion compartment shall not be less than 300.
- Humidity of sludge discharge from the tank shall be 90%.
- Efficiency of suspended sediment settling of the tank shall be 45 50%.
- Efficiency of digestion of organic matters shall be 40%.
8.6.3 Volume of the digestion compartment of imhoff clarifier can be determined by data shown in Table
37.
Table 37
Average temperature of wastewater Volume of digestion compartment in
in winter
imhoff clarifier (in liter per head)
10

65

12

50

15

30

20

15

25

10

NOTE:
1. The volume of the digestion compartment of the imhofff clarifier shall increase 75% if it receives sludge
from the completely treatment aeration tank or high rate trickling biofilter, or shall increase 30% if receives
sludge from the clarifier after trickling biofilter, or from the incompletely treatment aeration tank.
2. When experimental data on wastewater temperature are not available, annual average air temperature
can be used for calculation.

3. Volume of the digestion compartment of imhoff tank for treatment of wastewater before discharging to
wetlands can be reduced but not more than 20%.
8.7 Oil skimmer
8.7.1 Oil skimmer is used for retain crude oil particles when oil concentration more than 100mg/l.
Calculations for oil skimmer is similar to calculations for horizontal clarifier, with more attention to floating
kinetics of types of oil particles. If kinetics data of oil particles are not available, the following values can
be used:
- Hydraulic magnitude (floating speed of oil particle) shall be from 0.4 - 0.6 mm/s.
- Design average velocity of flow in the tank 'V' shall be 4 6mm/s.
- Quantity of oil particles retained in this case shall be around:
- 70% when hydraulic magnitude of oil particle is 0.4 mm/s.
- 60% when hydraulic magnitude of oil particle is 0.6 mm/s.
8.7.2 The following values should be used for design of oil skimmer:
- Depth of flow area of the tank 'H' should be 2m.
- Ratio between length and depth should be 15 20.
- Width of each compartment should be 3 6m.
- Number of compartments should be not less than 2.
- Thickness of floating oil layer should be 0.1m.
- Thickness of sludge layer should be up to 0.1m.
- Humidity of newly settled sludge should be 95%, specific weight should be 1.1 ton/m3.
- Humidity of coagulated sludge should be 70%. Specific weight should be 1.5 ton/m3 .
- Quantity of retained sludge as a dry matter should be 80 120 g/m3 wastewater. Equipment for
skimming and discharge of floating oil scum shall be provided.
8.8 Hydraulic cyclones
8.8.1 Low pressure hydraulic cyclones are used for separating sludge and floating impurities that have
structure of course
diffused system. High pressure hydraulic cyclones are used to separate compounds that have stable
particle-typed structure of coarse diffused system.
8.8.2 The following three hydraulic cyclones can be used:
a) Hydraulic cyclone without internal equipment: Used to separate impurities of fine and coarse
distribution system which have hydraulic magnitude of 5 mm/s or larger.
b) Hydraulic cyclone with baffle membrane and cylinder wall: Used when rate of each flow tank up to
200m3/h for treatment of substances of coarse and fine distribution system with hydraulic magnitude of
0.2 mm/s or larger, as well as settled suspended substances and petroleum products.
c) Multi-staged hydraulic cyclone is used when flow rate of each tank is more than 300m3/h. It is used to
separate uncoagulated impurities of coarse and fine distribution system with hydraulic magnitude of
0.2mm/s or larger as well as petroleum products.
8.8.3 The following issue shall be taken into account for design of hydraulic cyclone:
- Sludge should be removed by buckets, hydraulic lifting equipment or hydrostatic pressure.
- A half submerged annular-shaped baffle should be placed before overflow weir at a distance of not more
than 50mm to keep floating impurities.

- Floating matters should be separated by a reversed cone placed in water. The following values should
be used for design of hydraulic cyclones:
3

a) For all low pressure hydraulic cyclones, hydraulic load 'q' (m /m .hour) shall be determined with the
following formula:
(39)

q = 3.6K.U0
Where:
K - Factor dependent of cyclone type;

U0 - Hydraulic coarseness of retained sediment particle (in mm/s). Pressure loss in hydraulic cyclone shall
be 0.5m.
b) For hydraulic cyclone without internal equipment.
- Select K value = 0.61. The height of the cylinder part 'H' shall be equal to the diameter of cyclone.
- Diameter of discharge nozzle shall be 0.10m.
- The inclination of wall at the cone-shaped part shall be 600.
c) For hydraulic cyclone with baffle membrane and cylinder-shaped baffle.
- Select K value = 1.98.
- Diameter of cylinder part of the tank (H) shall be D.
- Diameter of the holes on the baffle membrane shall be 0.5D.
o

- Cone-shaped angle of the baffle membrane shall be 45 .


- Diameter of baffle shall be 0.85D.
- Height of baffle shall be 0.8D.
- Number of injectors connected in tangent line with the lower part of the baffle shall be 3 5.
- Diameter of injector shall be 0.05 0.07 D.
- Inclination of cone part shall be equal to the sliding angle of sediments in water, but not less than 600.
d) Multi-staged hydraulic cyclones
- Coefficient

K=

D2 d 2
D2

(40)

- Number of stages shall be 4 20.


- Diameter of hydraulic cyclone shall be 2 6m.
- Diameter of the central hole of baffle membrane 'd' shall be = 0.5 1.4m.
- Vertical distance between stages shall be 200 to 300mm.
- Number of injectors for each stage shall be 3, and shall be placed in tangent line (at interval of 1200
mm).
- Velocity of influent from each injector shall be 0,3 0.5m/s.
- Inclination of membrane shall be equal to the sliding angle of sediments in water, but not less than 450.
NOTE: In general, hydraulic loading of multi-staged hydraulic cyclone is directly proportional with the
number of stages.
8.8.4 Selection of dimensional structure of high pressure hydraulic cyclones shall depend on quantity,
concentration and features of sludge in wastewater.

It is allowable to use hydraulic cyclones for types of wastewater with concentration of suspended matters
3
of 0.2 0.4 g/l with specific weight of 2.5g/cm . Value of structure and specifications of hydraulic
cyclones shall be selected from Table 38.
Table 38
Hydraulic
magnitude of
retained sediment
particle in hydraulic
cyclone

Value of structure and specifications of pressure hydraulic cyclones

(in mm/s)
Specific Specific Diamete Dimension of the parts according to Pressure Capacity Water
diameter of cylinder part
loss in
of an
weight
weight
r of
and
shall be 2 shall be cylinder
hydrauli equipme sludge
3
3
Equivale Diameter Diameter Height
3.5g/cm 5g/m of part (in
c
nt (in
loss in
of
of
of
3
nt
of original original
mm)
cyclone m /h) percent
diameter injector sludge cylinde
concentrat concentr
in meter
accordin
of inlet (in meter) injector r part
ion. 2000- ation
of water
g to
(in
pipe (in
(in
head.
capacity.
4000mg/l 200-800
meter)
meter) meter)
mg/l
1.7 - 1

0.25-0.2

50

0.28

0.4

0.12

10 - 15

3-4

2-3

2.1 - 1.3

0.4-0.3

15

0.24

0.27

0.12

15 - 20

5-6

3-5

3.7 - 2.7

0.5-0.4

250

0.2

0.23

0.1

0.7

15 - 25

46 - 53

5-7

4.6 - 3.6

1.1-0.8

350

0.18

0.22

0.07

0.88

20 - 30

75 - 85

2-3

4.8 - 4.3

2-1.8

500

0.13

0.22

0.05

0.8

25 - 35

85 - 90

1.5 - 2

8.9 Flotation works


8.9.1 Mechanical flotation works used to separate oil and grease, mineral wool fibers, asbestos, wool,
surfactants which are not dissolvable in water and have large surface, and matters that have density of
approximation of water... contained in wastewater.
Mechanical flotation works are used to separate impurities of coarse diffused system from water.
Pressure flotation works are used to separate impurities of coarse diffused system from water.
When completely removal of those impurities is required, alum can be used for coagulation.
8.9.2 The following values can be used for design of flotation works:
a) Mechanical flotation works
- Flotation duration: 20 30 minutes.
- Rotation speed of impeller: 12 15 m/s.
- Diameter of impeller 'D' : 200 750mm.
3

- Amount of air in an area unit in flotation compartment: 4050m /m .hour.


- Water depth in flotation compartment: 1.5 to 3m.
If the tank in square shape, dimension of each side should be 6D. Service area of each impeller: not more
2
than 35D .
3

Volume of flotation compartment 'W' (in m ) shall be calculated with the following formula:
W = 0.85Q.t
Where:

(41)

Q Wastewater flow (in m /h);


t Flotation duration (in minutes);
a) Pressure flotation works:
Air quantity value shall be 3 5% of quantity of wastewater to be treated. Air shall be injected to suction
pipe of water pump by ejector.
2

Residual pressure in pressure tank: 30 50N/cm Duration of air saturation: 1 3 minutes.


Rectangle flotation clarifier, depth 1 1.5m, flotation duration of 20 minutes, used for wastewater
3
treatment plant with capacity of less than 100 m /h.
Centrifugal flotation clarifier with depth of not less than 3m (depth of flotation area and settling area shall
3
not be less than 1.5m) used for plant with capacity of more than 100m /h.
NOTE: Possibility of emulsion concentration increase of 10% in wastewater shall be taken into account
when design of flotation works.
8.10. Stabilization ponds
8.10.1 Stabilization ponds can be used for completely or incompletely biological treatment of wastewater.
Stabilization pond can also used for thorough treatment of wastewater with high requirements.
8.10.2 Types of ponds:
- Anaerobic
- Facultative
- Aerobic
NOTE: Stabilization ponds can be used for treatment of wastewater after mechanical treatment in clarifier,
or can be used as a complete treatment work.
8.10.3 In design of stabilization ponds, possibility of combination of wastewater treatment function with
other purposes should be considered, such as rainwater regulation, aquaculture, water storage for
agricultural irrigation, etc.
8.10.4 Stabilization ponds can be a single pond or ponds operating in series. Selection and arrangement
of the ponds shall depend on requirements of wastewater treatment, local natural condition and possibility
of their use for other economical and technical purposes. Please refer to Annex E for arrangement of
pond location.
8.10.5 Anaerobic ponds are used for treatment of domestic wastewater or industrial waste with
characteristics nearly similar to domestic wastewater. This type of pond is used for combination of
wastewater and sludge treatment. It is appropriate for areas with average winter temperature of more
o
than 15 C. Duration of water retaining in anaerobic pond should be 2 to 5 days.
Minimum separation distance from the pond to nearest residential areas shall be 1000m. When the pond
locates at advantaged windward or good sanitation conditions, or the pond is of closed type, the distance
can be reduced but not less than 500m.
8.10.6 Formula for design of anaerobic pond:

F=

La.Q
v.H

W = F.H

(42)
(43)

Where:
2

F - Average surface area of the pond ( in m );


3

W - Working capacity of the pond (in m );

La BOD5 of influent (in mg/l);


3

Q Wastewater flow (in m /day);


H Pond depth;
v Surface organic loading of the pond (in gBOD5/m .day), depending on temperature and shall be
selected from Table 39.
3

Table 39
Average air temperature in winter
o
'T' (in C)

v (gBOD5/m .day)
3

Affiance of treatment
according to BOD5
(%)

10 - 20

20T 100

2T+20

20 - 25

10T +100

2T+20

>25

350

70

8.10.7 Depth of anaerobic pond should be 3 5m, and if possible, deeper to reduce odor. Pond shall
have at least 2 duty compartments that operate simultaneously. Value for quantity of sludge inside the
3
pond can be 0.03 0.05 m /person/year. Sludge shall be periodically removed to maintain good
operation.
8.10.8 Structure of inlet and outlet gates of the pond is as follows:
Inlet gate can be submerged or unsubmerged type. Submerged inlet gate should be placed in the middle
of the pond depth. Placement at the pond bottom is not allowable.
Location of inlet gate shall assure even distribution of sediments all over the pond area. For pond with
area of less than 0.5 ha, inlet gate can be in the middle of the pond.
- Outlet gate can be of unsubmerged type and solutions should be provided to prevent scum to join the
effluent.
8.10.9 Facultative pond is used for treatment of wastewater that was primarily treated in clarifiers, septic
tanks, anaerobic ponds or untreated wastewater. Treatment rate according to BOD5 normally shall not be
more than 70 85%.
8.10.10 Working surface area of facultative pond shall be determined as follows:

F=

Q La
( 1)
H .K Lt

(44)

Where:
3

La - BOD5 of influent (in g/m );


3

Lt - BOD5 of effluent (in g/m );


3

Q Wastewater flow (in m /day);


H - Pond depth (in m), from 1.5 to 2.5 m, selected from Table 40.
-1

K - Organic matter decomposition factor in facultative pond (day ). At temperature of 20 C, select K =


-1
0.25 d . At temperature T, K value shall be determined by the following formula:
T-20

K = 0.25 x 1.06

(45)
Table 40

Depth (in m)

Temperature and features of wastewater

1.5 - 2.0

Equally warm temperature, wastewater was primarily clarified

2.0 - 2.5

Seasonal temperature changing, wastewater contains sedimentable particles


3

8.10.11 When flow rate of facultative pond is more than 500 m /day, the pond should be divided into
several (at least two) compartments that work simultaneously. If available natural ponds are used or in
windy areas with wind speed of more than 3m/s, it may not necessary to divide the pond.
8.10.12 Maturation pond is mainly used for disinfection of wastewater and completely treatment of
organic matters to maintain sanitation for the receiving waters. This type of pond works in natural aerobic
condition (with depth of 1.0m to 1.5m) or force aerobic (with depth from 1.5 to 2.5 m).
Duration of retaining water in the pond shall be from 7 to 10 days or longer. To preliminarily determine the
treatment efficiency, the following formula can be applied:

Nt =

Na
(1 + K bt1 )(1 + K bt 2 )...(1 + K bt n )

(46)

Where:
Na and Nt - amount of pathogenic bacteria in influent and effluent (amount of coliform /100ml);
t1, t2, ..., tn - Time water stored in pond steps, in days;
n - Number of pond steps
0

Kb - Fecal coliform sterilization factor. At 20 C Kb shall be 2.6 day-1. At temperature T, Kb shall be


determined as follows:
T-20

Kb = 2.6 x 1.19

-1

, (day )

(47)

8.10.13 In artificial aeration tank, oxygen is mainly supplied by force method due to surface mixing or
aeration. Pond shall have depth (H) of 2 to 6 m, water retaining time (t) from 3 to 10 days and
concentration of activated sludge (Xva) from 200 to 400 mg/l.
8.10.14 The volumetric value of artificial aeration tank shall be determined based on the duration of water
retaining in the pond with the following formula:

Lt
1
=
La 1 + K T t

(48)

Where:
La and Lt - BOD5 concentration of influent and effluent (mg/l).
-1

-1

KT - Factor of BOD conversion in the pond (day ). at temperature of 20 C, KT shall be 2.5 day . At
different temperature, KT shall be calculated as follows:
T-20

KT= 2.5.

(49)

Where: - Temperature factor, shall be 1.056 when 20< T 30 C and shall be 1.135 when T 20 C.
o

8.10.15 Oxygen amount required for artificial aeration tank GO2 (gO2/day) shall be determined as follows:
GO2= a(La - Lt)Q
Where:
a- Factor for oxygen consumption in wastewater, shall be from 0.9 to 1.5;
3

Q- Influent flow to the pond (in m /day).


8.11 Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Wetlands

(50)

8.11.1 Agricultural irrigation fields can be applied for pervious soil in various climate regions.
When using wastewater for irrigation, it should be estimated that the irrigation would be carried out all
year around. If continuous irrigation is not impossible, local ponds and lakes should be used as much as
possible to store wastewater. Additional treatment works (working out of irrigation time) shall be
considered in necessary cases only
8.11.2 Irrigation standards and water quality depend on climate conditions, types of plants, soil features,
ground water depth, etc. and shall be determined according to instruction of local agricultural and
environment management agencies.
8.11.3 Wetlands for wastewater treatment include two types: surface flow wetlands and subsurface flow
wetlands. which usually apply for sandy loam and light clay loam to completely treat wastewater by
biological method after primary clarification. Area for wetlands shall be even, with gradient of not more
than 0.02. Soft stemmed and layering stemmed trees shall be planted on wetlands.
8.11.4 Wetlands shall not be constructed on land areas that use groundwater as well as karst areas.
8.11.5 Wetlands shall be located under flow for groundwater collection works. Its distance shall be
determined by impact radius of collection well, but shall not be less than the following limits: 200m for fine
clay, 300m for sandy loam and 500m for sand.
When wetland are located on groundwater flow, hydrological and geological conditions and requirements
for water resource sanitation protection shall be taken account in calculation of distance from wetlands to
water intake works.
8.11.6 Wastewater shall be treated preliminarily in septic tanks of other types of primary clarifiers before
delivered to wetlands for treatment. Values of hydraulic weights from experimental researches shall be
used for calculation of wetlands area. When research data are not available, area of wetlands shall be
calculated by formulas specified in 8.12.3 and 8.13.1.
2

8.11.7 Useful area of surface flow wetlands 'F' (in m ) shall be determined as follows:

F=

Q.(ln La ln Lt + ln f )
( Av )1, 75 .KT (d m .n + d w )

(51)

Where:
3

Q - Average flow of wastewater to be treated in the wetlands (in m /d);


dm - Depth of filtering soil layer (in m);
dw - Height of surface soil layer (in m);
n Soil mechanics factor 'n' shall be 0.75;
2

Av - Surface area useful for bacteria activities (in m /m ). Selected Av value usually is 15.0 m /m ;
f - Untransformed BOD part of sludge settled at the beginning area of wetlands. f value for domestic
wastewater shall be 0.52 to 0.62
KT Factor dependent on wastewater temperature and shall be calculated by the following formula:

K T = K 20 . T 20 , day-1

(52)

at temperature of 20 C, K20 shall be 0.0057 day , popular selected value 1.1.


o

8.11.8 Useful area of subsurface flow wetlands 'F' (in m ) shall be determined as follows:

F=
Where:

Q Lt L *

ln
K La L *

(53)

Q - Average flow of wastewater to be treated in the wetlands (in m /d);


K - Organic matter decomposition factor, usual selected value: 0.095 m/d;
L*- BOD concentration of the base inside submerged filter media layer (in mg/l), depending on original
BOD value 'La' and shall be determined by the following formula:
L*= 3.5 +0.053 La (54 )
8.11.9 Irrigation pipes of subsurface flow wetlands shall be installed at least 1m higher the groundwater
level. The depth for placement of these pipes shall not be more than 1.8 m and shall not be less than 0.5
m from the ground. The pipes shall be covered by a layer of pebbles, gravels, furnace slogs, crushed
stones or coarse sand with thickness of 20 250 cm. Total length of irrigation pipes shall depend on unit
load of the pipes. The length of each pipe section shall not be more than 20m.
8.11.10 Select unit load value of irrigation pipes from Table 41:
Table 41
Soil

Sand

Sandy
rock

Annual average air


o
temperature, in C

Irrigation load (in l/s) on 1 meter of the length of irrigation


pipe, depending on groundwater level to the bottom of the
pipe, in m
1

< 11

20

24

27

>11

22

26

30

< 11

10

12

14

>11

11

13

16

NOTE: For regions with annual rainfall of more than 1500 mm/year, the above values shall be
reduced to 15 - 20%.
8.11.11 Irrigation network can be made of plastic pipes or brick channels or reinforced concrete channels,
with diameter or width of 75 100mm. Irrigation pipes installed in sandy soil shall have an inclination of
0.001 0.003. Pipes can be installed laterally in sandy loam. Distance between the pipes installed
parallel in sandy soil shall be 1.5 to 2m, for sandy loam shall be 2.5m. A vertical ventilation pipe shall be
installed at the end of irrigation pipe, with diameter of 100mm, and the pipe top shall be 0.5m higher than
the ground.
8.12 Preliminary aeration and biological flocculation
8.12.1 Preliminary aeration tank or biological flocculation tank shall be used for:
- Increase the settling efficiency of the preliminary clarifier, assuring that concentration of suspended
sediment in wastewater shall not exceed the allowable limits (normally 150 mg/l) before running to
biological treatment works.
- Collection of heavy metal salts (by absorption) and other pollutants that may have negative impacts to
biological treatment process.
8.12.2 The primary aeration and biological flocculation tanks are placed before primary clarifiers and shall
be separate from or integral to the primary clarifiers. For biological flocculation tank, sludge from the
secondary clarifier shall be conveyed to the tank. Sludge quantity conveyed to the biological flocculation
tank shall be 50-100% for residual activated sludge or 100% for biological membranes.
NOTE:
1. Sludge shall be transferred from regeneration tank to the biological flocculation tank. When
regeneration tank is not available, sludge regeneration function shall be integrated in the biological
flocculation tank. Volume of the regeneration compartment shall be equivalent to 0.25 - 0.3 of the total
tank volume.

2. For biological membranes transferred to biological flocculation tank, regeneration shall be made within
24 hours.
8.12.3 Design of primary aeration and biological flocculation tanks shall meet the following requirements:
- Number of the tanks shall not be less than two and all of them are duty tanks.
- Selected primary aeration duration shall be 20 minutes.
- Amount of air supplied to the tank shall be 0.5m3 for 1 m3 of wastewater.
- Effectiveness of removal of pollutants in primary clarifiers (according to BOD5 and suspended
substances) shall be increased 10-15% for primary aeration tanks and 20-25% for biological flocculation
tanks.
- Selected value of hydraulic weight in the settling area of the biological flocculation tank shall be
3m3/m2.hour.
8.13 Biofilter - General requirements
8.13.1 Biofilters (trickling biofilters and high rate trickling biofilters) are used for treatment of wastewater
by completely or incompletely biological method.
Trickling biofilters can be used for completely biological treatment of wastewater in treatment plants with
3
capacity normally of not more than 1,000 m /day).
3

High rate trickling biofilters can be used for treatment plants with large capacity (up to 30,000 m /day and
higher).
Two stepped biofilters may be used for treatment of industrial wastewater.
8.13.2 Biofilter can be designed in the form of circular or rectangle tanks, and have tank wall, filter
platform and tank floor. The filter platform has ditches which are filled with filter media. Dimension and
structure of the biofilter shall be as follows:
- Spatial height between the filter platform and the tank floor shall be less than 0.6m.
- Grade of the tank floor to the water collection channel shall not less than 0.01.
- The inclination along the length of the collection troughs shall be the most inclination allowable by the
tank structure, but not less than 0.005.
- The biofilter wall shall be vertically 0.5m higher than the filter media.
8.13.3 Trickling biofilters shall be ventilated naturally, while high rate trickling biofilters shall be ventilated
naturally or artificially.
Natural ventilation will be done by openings placed evenly around the tank wall (mainly in the area of filter
platform and tank floor). Total ventilated area in the filter platform and the tank floor shall be equivalent to
1- 5% the area of the biofilter.
For artificial ventilation, the tank wall shall be tight and air shall be supplied by air blowers to the area
between the filter platform and tank floor with a pressure of 100mm water head (at the door) and the
outlet pipe shall have hydraulic locking with the depth of 200mm.
8.13.4 Filter media can be used: crushed stones, pebbles, gravels, slogs, keramzit, plastics (which can
o
bear temperature of 6 30 C without impacts to durability).
Natural and artificial filter media (except plastics) shall:
2

- bear a load of not less than 10 N/cm with a heaped load up to 10,000N/m in natural state.
- bear the soaking of saturated sodium sulfate solution for at least 5 times.
- bear to be boiled within 1 hour in acid chlohydric solution 5%; weight shall be 3 times larger than that of
the testing material.

- After all tests, the filtering media shall have no significant damages and its weight shall not reduce less
than 10% than original weight.
8.13.5 Filter media shall have the same height and same particle sizes according to the tank height. For
the supporting layer with thickness of 0.2m, larger particle sizes are required (70 100mm).
8.13.6 Particle size of filter media in biofilter shall be selected from Table 42.
Table 42
Types of filters and
filter media

High rate trickling


biofilter with filter
media of stones and
pebbles
Trickling biofilter with
filter media of crushed
stones and gravels

Nominal
Percent according to weight of filter material retained on
media with hole diameter 'd' (in mm)
diameter of
filter media
70
55
40
30
25
20
type 'D' (in mm)
40-70

0-5

40-70

95-100

25-40

0-5

40-70

95-100

20-40

0-8

not
specified

not
specified

98-100

Trickling biofilter with


filter media of keramzit
NOTE:
1. Quantity of flat and long particles in biofilter media shall not be less than 5%.
2. In all cases, the supporting media shall have particle size of 70 - 100mm.
8.13.7 Distribution of wastewater on the filter media surface shall be performed by various ways.
If wastewater distribution by injectors, design shall meet the following requirements:
- The starting free pressure at the last injector shall not be less than 0.5m.
- Diameter of the nozzle shall be 18 40 mm.
- Injector nozzle shall be higher than the filter media 0.15 - 0.2 m.
- For trickling biofilters, the irrigation duration shall be 5-6 minutes when water flow rate is at maximum
rate.
- When reaction irrigation equipments are selected, it is necessary to select:
- Number and diameter of the irrigation distribution pipes shall be determined by calculation in condition
that velocity of wastewater at the pipe end shall be 0.5 1m/s.
- Number and diameter of holes on irrigation pipes shall be determined by calculation provided that
velocity of water flow though those holes not be less than 0.5 m/s, and hole diameter not less than 10mm.
- Pressure at the injector nozzles shall be determined by calculation but not less than 0.5m.
- Position of the irrigation pipes shall be higher than the filter media surface 0.2m.
8.13.8 Total units of the filters shall not be less than 2 but not more than 8 and all of them are duty.
Maximum flow rates shall be used for calculation of distribution troughs and dewatering of the biofilter.
Equipment for sludge discharge and filter washing shall be provided.
8.14 Trickling biofilter
8.14.1 Concentration of BOD5 of influent to trickling biofilter shall not be more than 200mg/l. If BOD5
concentration value in wastewater is more than 200 mg/l, circulation solution shall be applied. Circulation
method shall be determined by calculation.

8.14.2 Values should be selected for design of trickling biofliters including: Working height value 'H' shall
be 1.5-2m.
3

- Hydraulic weight 'q': 1 -3 m /m filter media/day.


8.14.3 'K' value shall be determined during calculation of trickling biofilter:

K=

La
Lt

(55)

Where:
La BOD5 of influent ;
Lt BOD5 of effluent (normally 15mg/l).
Parameters of trickling biofilter as height of filter media 'H' (in m) and volumetric hydraulic weight 'q' (in m
3
wastewater/m filter media/day) shall be selected from Table 43 respectively to the determined K value.

Total area of biofilter shall be determined according to wastewater quantity (even when it is diluted) to be
treated by the biofilter in a day and the hydraulic weight 'q'.
Table 43
Hydraulic weight 'q' (in
3
3
m /m /day)

K value is respective to the height of filter media 'H' (in m) and


average temperature of wastewater in winter 'T' from 14 to
o
20 C
H=1.5

H=2

11.4

15.1

1.5

10

12.8

11.5

2.5

6.7

10.7

5.9

10.2

NOTE:
o

When the design temperature is above 20 C, K value shall be determined by experiments. When
o
experimental data are not available, calculation for T= 20 C can be applied.
When the calculated K value is higher than those specified in Table 43, circulating solution shall be
provided. In these conditions, calculations shall comply with provisions in 8.15.7.
8.14.4 The quantity of residual biological membranes in trickling biofilter shall be around 8g of dry
substance per head per day, with humidity of 96%.
8.15 Artificial ventilation high rate trickling biofilter
8.15.1 Concentration of BOD5 of influent to high rate trickling biofilter shall not be more than 250 mg/l. For
cases with higher concentration of BOD5, circulation solution shall be applied. Other cases shall be
determined by calculation.
8.15.2 Values should be selected for design of high rate trickling biofliters including:
- Height of filter media: 'H' = 2 4 m.
3

- Hydraulic weight 'q': 10 30 m /m /d.


3

- Unit air flow 'B': 8 12 m /m water, including circulating water flow.


8.15.3 'K' value shall be determined during calculation of high rate trickling biofilter:

K=

La
Lt

(56)

Where:
La - BOD5 of influent (mg/l);
Lt- BOD5 of effluent (mg/l).
Parameters
of
high
rate
trickling
biofilter
such
as
H, q and B shall be selected from Table 44 respectively to average temperature of wastewater in winter
'T' and selected K value. When K value is not available in the table, approximate value can be used. If
non-diluted circulating water is applied, the value shall be lower. If diluted circulating water is applied, the
value shall be lower.
Area of high rate trickling biofilter without circulation shall be calculated according to hydraulic weight
3
2
3
value 'q; (in m /m /day) and quantity of wastewater in the day 'Q' (in m /day).
Where circulation is applied, BOD5 of influent mixture and circulating water Lh (in mg/l), circulation factor
2
'n' and area factor 'F' (in m ) shall be determined by the following formula:
Lh = KLt

(57)

n=

La Lh
Lh L1

(58)

F=

Q(n + 1)
q

(59)

NOTE:
5

In cases of calculation of biofilters to treat wastewater with BOD more than 250mg/l:
K = 250:Lt
if the value K 250 is shown in Table 44: Lt,: Lh =250mg/l and shall be determined according Lh, if K
value = 250: If Lt values are not available in this Table shall then approximate K value can be used, and
respective Lh and n shall be calculated.
Table 44
3

T=14 C
q=10

10

12

K value depends on hydraulic weight 'q' (in m /m /d), supplied air amount
3
3
'B' (in m /m wastewater), height of the filter media 'H' (in m) and average
o
temperature of wastewater in winter 'T' (in C)

q=20

T=20 C
q=30

q=10

q=20

T=25 C
q=30

q=10

q=20

q=30

4.3

3.02

2.56

6.85

4.31

3.50

10.36

6.18

4.709

8.95

5.25

4.09

12.02

8.93

6.53

14.45

11.48

10.10

12.1

9.05

6.95

16.26

12.16

10.67

21.0

15.2

12.86

5.09

3.67

3.16

7.76

5.08

4.168

12.03

7.08

5.52

9.9

6.04

4.84

16.22

9.86

7.31

19.95

15.49

11.22

16.4

10

7.42

21.03

16.37

12.85

28.84

20.41

17.31

5.97

4.31

3.7

9.33

6.02

4.89

14.53

8.472

6.546

11.7

7.2

5.72

23.01

11.7

8.73

26.01

19.72

13.40

23.1

12

8.83

27.10

23.12

15.56

31.88

30.20

23.83

8.15.4 Quantity of biological membranes in secondary clarifiers after high rate trickling biofilter shall be
around 28 grams/person/day with humidity of 96%.
8.15.5 BOD5 of wastewater to biofilter with plastic filter media shall not be more than 250 mg/l.
8.15.6 For biofilter with plastic filter media, the design value can be selected as follows:
- Height of filter media: 'H' = 3 4 m.
- Filter media can be a block of pipes or PVC sheets, polystyrol, PE, PP, PA with smooth surface or
perforated, with pipe diameter of 50 100 mm or separate pipe sections of 50-150mm long, diameter of
30-75 mm, smooth or rough surface.
2

- If the filter media have porosity of up to 90-96%, and the surface area of 90-110 m /m filter media,
natural ventilation can be made for the tank.
In case flow of wastewater to biofilter is stopped, circulating pumping station shall be arranged to prevent
damages of the biological membrane on the filter media surface.
3

8.15.7 When design a biofilter with plastic filter media, the hydraulic weight q m /m /day shall be
determined respectively to the treatment necessity level 'E' with given wastewater temperature and
selection height 'H' and as specified in Table 45. Volume of filter media and area of the biofilter shall be
determined according to the hydraulic weight and wastewater flow.
Table 45
Treatment efficiency
(%)

Hydraulic weight q (m /m /day) and height of filter media H (in m)


H = 3m

H=4m
o

Annual average temperature of wastewater ,T C


10

12

14

10

12

14

90

6.8

7.5

8.2

9.1

10

10.3

85

9.2

10

11

12.3

13.5

14.

80

11.2

12.3

13.3

15

16.4

17.

8.16 Aerotank
8.16.1 Aeroten is used for complete or incomplete biological treatment of industrial and urban waste
water kinds. Basing on hydrokinetic mode, aerotank is divided into 2 categories: mixing and pushed
3
aerotanks. Pushed aeroten shall be used for sewage treatment plant with capacity over 10,000 m /d.
Mixed aerotank can be integrated with clarifiers, clarifiers and applied for the sewage treatment plant with
3
capacity of under 20,000 m /d.
8.16.2 The effectiveness in sewage purification of aerotank is shown in two aspects: processing
effectiveness of biological activities in aerotank and settling effectiveness in secondary clarifier. If
aerotank is suitably designed, the second round clarifiers can work with loads as follows:
- For aerotank with low sludge load (< 0.2 kg BOD/kg sludge.d), the secondary clarifier can work with load
3
2
of q= 0.9 m /m .h.
- For aerotank with average sludge load (0.2 1.0 kg BOD/kg sludge.d), the secondary clarifier can work
3
2
with load of q= 2,0-2,5 m /m .h.
- For aerotank with high load (>1,0 kg BOD/kg sludge.d), the secondary clarifier shall work with low load,
3
2
possibly only with load of q= 0.4 m /m .h.
- For design calculation of aerotank, a number of different formulas can be used, but the calculation
checking should be made to confirm: material balance in the whole system and working load of aerotank
and secondary clarifiers within allowable range.
8.16.3 Activated sludge should be regenerated for pushed aeroten in following cases:
- BOD5 of inflowing aeroten La over 150 mg/l.
- Production waste water containing biochemical difficult-to-oxidize substances.
- Waste water with only incomplete biological treatment (after-treated BOD5 of greater than 20 mg/l).
3

8.16.4 Aeroten volume W (m ) is calculated by following formula:


W = Qtt(1+R).t, m3

(60)

Where:
t Blowing time (h). This time is not smaller than 2 h;
3

Qtt Calculated flow (m /h), to be determined as follows:


- For peak factor Kch1,25, Qtt=Qtb;
- For peak factor Kch>1,25, Qtt is taken as same as Qtb, max while t with maximum waste water flow.
R- Mud circulation ratio, to be determined by following formula:

R=

a
1000
a
I

Where:
I Mud index, normally from 100 to 200 ml/g;
a- Activated sludge quantity by dry content (g/l), to be selected as follows:
2-3 g/l for aeroten with high sludge load;
2,5-3,5 g/l for aeroten with medium sludge load;
3-4 g/l for aeroten with low sludge load;
3-5 g/l for prolonged blowing aeroten;

(61)

5g/l for complete mineralization aeroten


8.16.5 Blowing time (treatment time) of waste water t (h) of mixing aeroten shall be determined by
following formula:

La Lt 15
.
a (1 Tr ) T

(62)

Where:
o

T - average temperature of mixed waste water in winter ( C);


La and Lt- BOD5 of waste water before and after treatment (mg/l);
Tr Ash content of activated sludge, depending on each type of waste water and to be selected by the
Table 46;
- Own oxidization rate of organic substances (mg BOD5/g ash-free dry substances of sludge in 1h), to
be determined by following formula:

= max =

Lt C0
1

Lt C0 + K l C0 + K 0 Lt 1 + a

(63)

Where:
max - The largest own oxidization ratio (mg BOD5/g ash-free dry substances of sludge) in 1 h;
C0 - Dissolved oxygen contents required to be maintained in aeroten (mg/l);
Kl Characteristic constant for nature of organic contaminants in waste water, (mg BOD/l);
K0 Constant taking into account the influence of dissolved oxygen (mgO2/l);
The coefficient taking into account the inhibition of biological processes by the decomposition
products of activated sludge (l/h).
Values as max, Kl, K0 , and Tr of different kinds of waste water will vary and be determined by
experimental research, or as indicated in Table 46.
Table 46

max

Kl

K0

Tr

Urban waste water

85

33

0.625

0.07

0.3

Waste water from Oil filtration system 1

33

1.81

0.17

Waste water from Oil filtration system 2

59

24

1.66

0.158

Waste water from Fertilizer production

140

2.4

1.11

Waste water from Synthetic rubber


production

80

30

0.6

0.06

0.15

Waste water from Paper production

650

100

1.5

0.16

Waste water from Beer production

232

90

1.66

0.16

0.35

Waste water from Slaughter-house

454

55

1.65

0.176

0.25

Waste water from Viscose fiber production

90

35

0.7

0.27

Types of waste water

8.16.6 Air supply time (processing time) of waste water t (h) in pushed aeroten without regeneration
chamber shall be determined by following formula:

t=

Lhh
1 + a
(C0 + K 0 )( Lhh Lt ) + K l C0 ln
K p
max C0 a(1 Tr )
Lt

(64)

Where:
Kp - Coefficient taking into account the influence of mixing process along the tank, taken by 1.5 for
complete biological treatment (Lt<20 mg/l) and taken by 1.25 for incomplete biological treatment (Lt>20
mg/l);
Lhh - BOD of mixture of waste water and circulated activated sludge into aeroten (mg/l), to be determined
by following expression:

Lhh =

La + Lt R
1+ R

(65)

8.16.7 Pushed aeroten with activated sludge regeneration shall consist of two parts: aeroten part and
activated sludge regeneration part. The calculation of pushed aeroten with regeneration chamber shall
comply the following steps.
1. Determination of working time of aeroten compartments.
- Oxidization time of organic substances t0 (h):

t0 =

La Lt
Rar (1 Tr )

(66)

Where:
ar Activated sludge quantity in regeneration chamber, g/l, to be determined as follows:

ar = a (

1
+ 1)
2R

(67)

Own oxidization rate of organic substances (mg BOD5/g ash-free dry substances of sludge in 1 hour),
shall be determined by the expression (63) with activated sludge content ar.
- Air supply time in aeroten chamber ta:

ta =

2,5 La
lg , h
a 0,5 Lt

(68)

- Required time for activated sludge regeneration tts:


tts = to -ta

(69)

2. Aeroten volume.
3

- Volume of aeroten chamber W a (m ):


W a = ta(1+ R)Qtt

(70)
3

- Volume of regeneration chamber W ts (m ):


W ts = tts R Qtt

(71)

- Total aeroten volume W (m ):


W = W a+W ts

(72)

8.16.8 Pushed aeroten is usually divided into corridors. Activated sludge shall be put from the tank top,
waste water shall be distributed from the top and along the tank length. Mixture of sludge and waste
water shall be collected from the tank bottom.

To ensure the hydrodynamic mode of tank by pushing principle, dimension of aeroten corridor shall be as
follows:
- Working height H = 3-6 m;
- Depth of each corridor B 2H;
- Length of corridor L 10H.
For pushed aeroten with regeneration compartment, the number of aeroten corridors shall be based on
the W ts/W ratio. For the ratio of 25%, 4 aeroten corridors shall be selected, for the ratio of 30%, 3
corridors shall be selected and for the ratio of 50%, 2 corridors shall be selected, etc.
8.16.9 The possibility of working with changing capacity of regeneration chamber by aerotank shall be
considered.
8.16.10 The circulated activated sludge volume in Aeroten without sludge regeneration shall be
determined by sludge concentration required in the tank and concentration of circulated activated sludge,
taken as prescribed in articles 8.16.4 and 8.16.7.
8.16.11 During calculating aeroten, for treatment of waste water produced, sludge concentration, average
oxidization speed, unit air flow and the increase in sludge production shall be taken by experimental study
results.
8.16.12 The increase in sludge production Pr (mg/l) in aeroten chambers during processing domestic
waste water shall be determined by formula:
Pr = 0,8C1 + 0,3 La

(73)

Where: C1 Suspended substances in inflowing waste water to aeroten (mg/l).


NOTE: When calculating the sludge thickener, diameter of sludge line and sludge vent stack, the value of
the increase in sludge production to be determined by formula (73) should be increased by a factor of 1.3
to take into account the peak factor by season.
3

8.16.13 The unit air flow D (m air/m waste water) when processing waste water in aeroten to supply
compressed air from air blowers shall be determined by the formula:

D=

z ( La Lt )
K1 K 2 n1n2 (C p C )

(74)

Where:
Z The unit oxygen flow calculated by mg for processing 1mg BOD5 to be determined as follows:
- For complete biological treatment 1.1 mg oxygen/mg BOD5;
- For incomplete biological treatment 0.9 mg oxygen/mg BOD5;
K1 The coefficient taking into account air charger, to be taken as follows:
- Small-size foam air charger is taken by the ratio between air charging area and aeroten area (f/F), taken
by the Table 47.
Table 47
f/F
K1
3

Jmaxm /m -h

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.75

1.34

1.47

1.68

1.89

1.94

2.13

2.3

10

20

30

40

50

75

100

- The medium-size foam air distributing device and compressed air distribution system is taken by 0,75.
2

K The coefficient depending on the laying depth of air distributing device h (m), to be taken by the
Table 48.

Table 48
h(m)

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

K2

0,4

0,46

0,6

0,8

0,9

2,08

2,52

2,92

3,3

43

42

38

82

28

24

3,5

2,5

Jmaxm /m -h

n1 The coefficient taking into account the influence of waste water temperature, to be determined by the
formula:
n1 = 1 + 0,02(Ttb 20)

(75)

Where:
o

Ttb Average temperature of waste water in summer months ( C);


n2 The coefficient taking into account the relation between the oxygen dissolving speed to mixture of
water and mud with oxygen dissolving speed in fresh water, to be taken as follows:
+ For domestic waste water, n2 taken by 0.85.
If the domestic waste water containing surfactant, n2 is taken by Table 49, depending on f/F value.
Table 49
f/F

0,05

0,1

0,2

0,2

0,4

0,5

0,75

n2

0,50

0,59

0,04

0,66

0,72

0,77

0,88

0,99

+ For production waste water, it shall be taken by the experimental research data. If these data is not
available, n2 can be taken by 0.7.
Cp The dissolving of oxygen in water (mg/l) shall be determined by the formula:

h
CT (10,3 + )
2
C =
10,3

(76)

Where:
CT - The dissolving of oxygen in water depending on temperature and pressure, to be taken by the
calculation of the dissolving of oxygen in water;
C The average concentration of oxygen in aeroten (mg/l) taken by 2 mg/l.
The air supply area is taken by layout area of air distributing device.
For minor foam air distributing devices, if the distance between the two devices up to 0.3 m, then the
surface area between the devices is taken into the blown area.
3

According to obtained D and t values, the aeration intensity J (m /m .h) shall be determined by the
formula:

J=

DH
t

(77)

Where: H Working depth of aerotank. If the calculated aeration intensity is greater than Jmax value and to
be taken by K1 value, it shall be increased for blown area, if it is smaller than Jmin and to be determined by
K2 value, the air flow shall be increased to obtain Jmin value.
8.16.14 The aeroten and sludge regeneration chambers are usually designed in rectangular shape.
8.16.15 For aeroten with sludge regeneration, it is specified that:

- The number of units shall not be smaller than 2. For stations with capacity smaller than 50.000 m3/d, the
units shall be taken from 4 - 6. For stations with capacity greater than 50,000 m3/d, the units shall be
taken by 8-10 with all the units working.
- The working depth shall be taken from 3 - 6 m.
- The width and depth ratio of each corridor is from 1:1 to 1:2.
8.16.16 For air supply system by air blower, the materials in air distributing device can be used as follows:
- For minor foam air distributing devices, cellular materials (including foam, membrane diffuser tube) and
various synthetic fabrics.
- For medium foam air distributing devices, tubes with slot and borehole will be used.
- For large foam air distributing devices, 1 tube end will be remained open.
- If possible, mechanical stir-type air supply blower can be used.
8.16.17 The air supply equipment types under the compressed air system are normally arranged in
ranges, by separate diffuser or by network. Number of air distributing equipment in the sludge
regeneration chambers and in the first half of pushed - aeroten corridor (by the tank length) should be
double the other half.
8.16.18 The depth of laying air distributing devices in aeroten should be:
0.5 1m for low pressure air distributing system.
3 6m for other air supply devices, depending on tank depth.
8.16.19 The calculated value of pressure drop in compressed air supply equipment, taking into account
the coefficient by increased resistance by time of use, should be taken by:
- Not exceeding 0.7m of water head for small foam air distributing devices.
- 0.15m of water head for medium foam air distributing devices, laying 0.3m in water.
- 0.015 0.05m of water head for low pressure air supply systems when the air velocity out of hole from
5-10m/s.
8.16.20 In aeroten tanks, the system of sludge discharger and water discharging equipment out of gas
charging equipment should be provided.
Where necessary, anti-foam equipment by chemical or water spraying with water spraying strength
determined by experiment should be provided.
8.17 Extended Blowing Aerotank
8.17.1 Extended Blowing Aerotank to lengthen the complete oxidization of organic substances in waste
water by aerobic biological method. The blowing time in aerotank for complete oxidization t (h) shall be
determined by the formula:

t=

La Lt
a (1 Tr )

(78)

Where the average oxidization rate under BOD5 to be selected by 6 mg/g.h, sludge quantity to be
selected by 3-4 g/l, ash of sludge Tr to be selected by 0.35.
The own air flow to be selected by the formula (74), in which the own oxygen flow to be calculated by
mg/mg BOD5 for processing z to be taken by 1.25.
8.17.2 The works behind extended Blowing Aerotank for lengthening the complete oxidization of organic
substances shall be designed by following parameters:
- The time for water to be remained in the settling area of secondary clarifier with maximum flow shall not
be smaller than 1.5h.

- The amount of residual activated sludge shall be selected by 0.35 kg on 1 kg BOD5. The discharge of
the residual activated sludge can be implemented as same as the clarifier and from aerotank when the
sludge amount reaching 5-6 g/l.
- The humidity of discharged sludge is 98% from the clarifier and 99.4% from aerotank.
- The sludge loading from the drying yards shall be selected as same as the sludge after warm
fermentation.
8.18 Oxiditation ditch (OD)
8.18.1 The oxiditation ditch shall operate under the principle of activated sludge, which is used for treating
second-or third-stage water. The blowing time in the ditch shall also be calculated by the formula (78) with
the average oxidization rate under BOD5 is 6mg/g.h.
8.18.2 The oval shape of the circulating oxidiation ditch with the depth of 1-1.5 m on the plan shall be
selected, the amount of residual activated sludge shall be 0.4-0.5 kg/kg BOD5, the unit air volume z shall
be 1.25-1.45 mg/1 mg BOD5 to be treated.
8.18.3 The ventilation of circulating oxiditation ditch shall be performed by mechanical devices as
horizontal or vertical-shaft agilators, reels, etc.. to be placed in straight ditch segment. Depending on
oxygen-based capacity and water speed in the ditch, the size and working parameters of ventilated
devices shall be selected by Catalog,
8.18.4 The flow rate in circulating oxiditation ditch V, (m/s) generated by ventilated equipment shall be
determined by the formula:

Where:
Ja Pulse pressure of agilators/reels, to be selected by machine catalog;
la Length of agilators/reels (m);
- Cross section of the ditch (m );
2

n Roughness coefficient of the ditch surface. For concrete walls, n1= 0,014;
R Hydraulic radius of the ditch (m);
L Ditch length, m;
- Total local loss (m). For oval ditch, = 0,5m.
The selected length of agilators/reels shall not be smaller than the depth of ditch bottom.
8.18.5 The design of oxiditation ditch should be taken:
- Ditch shape in oval.
- Ditch depth of appx. 1.0 2.0m.
- The amount of residual activated sludge 0.5kg for 1 kg BOD5.
8.18.6 Time for water remained in the secondary clarifier shall be selected by 1.5h by the maximum flow.
The circulating sludge from the secondary clarifier shall be continuously taken to the ditch. The residual
activated sludge shall be periodically taken to the drying yards. The drying yards shall be calculated by
the fermented sludge load.
8.19 Sludge thickener

8.19.1 The sludge thickener should apply the vertical or centrifugal types; with at least two tanks working
at the same time.
NOTE: The sludge thickener is usually used for compression of activated sludge in secondary clarifier as
well as sludge mixture from aerotank.
8.19.2 For centrifugal sludge thickener, the following should be taken:
- The ratio between the diameter and the depth should be taken by 6 7
- The sludge pump or mechanical rake should be provided for sludge discharging out of the tank.
- Continuous discharging of thicken sludge by hydrostatic pressure shall not be smaller than 1m.
- Discharging of extracted water during thickening process to Aerotank or equalization tank.
8.19.3 Data for calculation of sludge thickener shall be taken by the Table 50.
Table 50
Data for calculation of sludge thickener
Humidity of
thicken activated
sludge (%)

Properties of residual activated


sludge

Thickening period Flow rate in settling zone in


vertical clarifier (mm/s)
(h)

Type of sludge thickening


Vertical Centrifuga Vertical Centrifug
l
al

Activated sludge from completey


biological cleaning aeroten.
- Sludge mixture from Aeroten with
concentration of 1.5 3 g/l.

97.3

5-8

- Activated sludge from secondary


clarifiers with concentration of 4 g/l

98

97.3

10-12

9-11

Not exceeding 0.1

- Activated sludge from settling zone


in settling Aeroten with
concentration of 4.5 6.5 g/l

98

97

16

12-15

- Sludge mixture from completey


biological cleaning aerotens with
concentration of 1.5 2.5 g/l

95

95

Not exceeding 0.2

NOTES:
1- The thickening time of residual activated sludge may be subject to be changed depending on sludge
properties.
2- Calculation of conduits and pump for thicken sludge pumping should be checked for sludge
discharging and pumping when the sludge humidity up to 98.5%.
3

8.19.4 Hydraulic load of sludge thickener (m /m .h) for excessive sludge from the oxygen tank or
combined settling aerotank working by clarifier regime with suspended sediment layer shall be taken by
the Article 8.5.7 depending on sludge index and selected by the Table 51.
Table 51
Sludge index I
3

qo (m /m .h)

100

200

300

400

500

600

5,6

3,3

1,8

1,2

0,8

0,7

8.19.5 The calculation of floatation-chamber for sludge thickening shall depend on the clarification level
and by suspended concentration in sludge mixture as stated in Table 52.
Table 52
Parameters

Suspended concentration (mg/l)


15

10

Floatation time (minutes)

40

50

60

Own air flow (l/kg suspended matters)

Pressure in the pressure tank shall be selected by 0.6 0.9 MPa (6 - 9 Kg/cm ), the saturation time shall
be 3-4 minutes.
8.20 Waste water neutralization
8.20.1 Waste water when taken for biological treatment shall have the pH value from 6.5 to 8.5 and pH
value from 6 to 9 when discharging to the receiving source. If the pH value is outside this range, waste
water needs to be neutralized.
a) To neutralize waste water, firstly it should be taken into account the self-neutralization of acid and
alkaline-containing waste water types. Only when the above possibilities can not be utilized, the
chemicals are allowed to neutralize the waste water types.
b) The dosimeter of the neutralizing agent of waste water shall be identified from the neutralizing
conditions and the acid or alkali composition as concentrations of heavy metals in waste water. 10% of
chemical residue shall be included compared to the calculated quantity.
NOTE: When determining the chemical dosimeter, the interaction between acid and alkaline and alkaline
reserves in the amount of domestic waste water and river water should be taken into account.
c) Chemicals for neutralization of acidic waste water shall be slaked lime in the form of activated calcium
oxide 5%, which is the most appropriate. The waste alkali (sodium or potassium hydroxide) can be also
utilized. Furthermore, waste water containing sulfuric acid can be filtered through the material layer as:
limestone or dolomite rock.
d) To form the acidity for waste water and neutralization of alkaline waste water, technical sulfuric acid
should be used.
e) For sedimentation, the clarifier with settling time of 2h should be used.
f) For separated sediment can be dried in the drying or dewatering beds by conveyor or vacuum filter
press.
8.21 The waste water treatment facilities by flocculation method
8.21.1 The chemical flocculation solutions shall be used to enhance the separating process of the crude
dispersions, in colloidal or soluble substances capable of depositing during chemical and physical
treatment process as well as detoxify water containing chromium and cyanide.
In case additional nutrients during biological treatment, the corresponding device should be available.
8.21.2 The commonly-used flocculated agents shall be aluminum salts, iron salts and lime. Flocculation
adjuvant are water-soluble organic polymer in the non-ionic or dissociation (anions, cations) forms.
8.21.3 Flocculated agent types and quantity shall be selected on the basis of experimental tests,
depending on the nature of the contaminants, the required treatment level and the other local conditions.
8.21.4 During waste water treatment by flocculated chemicals, the optimal pH value should be
guaranteed. For urban waste water with pH value of under 7, the sodium alum should be used, for pH
value of over 7, feather alum should be used. The preparation of flocculated chemicals and mixture of
aluminous solution with treated water shall be performed as same as the treatment of supplied water.

8.21.5 Flocculated agent can be mixed with waste water by agilator or on discharge tube of waste water
pump.
8.21.6 If flocculation by solid iron salt, mixing chamber and aeration, blowing grit chamber, preliminary
ventilated tank shall be used. These works will ensure the transfer of ferric hydroxide solution into Ferric
hydroxide III. Time for water to be remained in the mixing chamber shall be 7 minutes, aeration intensity
3
3
of 0.7 to 0.8 m /m of waste water to be treated in 1 minute, the depth of mixing chamber to be selected
from 2 - 2.5 m.
8.21.7 In the reactor, mechanical or hydraulic agilation can be used. If the flocculation tank including
many corridors with descending agitation intensity should be used.
8.21.8 Time for water to be remained in the reactor shall be selected as 10-15 minutes for alum and 2030 minutes for flocculation adjuvant when using flocculated sediment deposition. If the flotation is used for
treatment, the selected time shall be 3-5 minutes for alum, 10-20 minutes for the flocculated auxiliaries.
8.21.9 The mixing intensity of waste water with flocculation chemicals in the mixing chamber and reactor
shall be selected by average speed gradient value (s-1):
-1

-1

- 200s for flocculation chemical mixing tank, 300-500s for an flocculated auxiliary mixing chamber.
-1

-1

- 20 - 50 s for alum reactors alum and flocculated auxiliaries and 50-75 s for flotation.
8:21:10 To decant the flocculated sediment from waste water, clarifier, flotation tank, centrifugal casting
machine or filtration through filter materials shall be used.
8.22 Oxiditation for waste water detoxication
8.22.1 To detoxify waste water containing simple and complex cyanide with zinc, copper, nickel,
cadmium, etc. oxidation method using chemicals containing activated chlorine as chloride lime, sodium
hypochlorite or sodium, chlorine liquids with a pH value of 11-11.5 shall be used. After treatment with
active chlorine, the re-neutralization must be performed until the pH value 8 to 8.5.
8.22.2 Active chlorine quantity shall be selected by calculation at the rate of 2.73 mg/1 mg of simple
cyanide of zinc salts, nickel, cadmium with strong acids and 3.18 mg/1 mg mixture of cyanide and copper
with surplus not below 5mg/l.
8.22.3 Working solution concentration of oxidizing agent shall ensure 5-10% by active chlorine.
8.22.4 In order to process waste water containing cyanide, intermittent operation station shall be
constructed with reaction chamber not less than 2. The exposure time between the waste water and
chemicals shall be 5 minutes for simple cyanide oxidation, 15 minutes for complex cyanide oxidation.
8.22.5 The humidity of sedimentation volume of 98% after 2 hours shall equal 5% of waste water volume
to be treated.
When supplementing poliacrylamid (PAA) at a quantity of 20mg/l 0.1% solution, the deposition time can
be shortened to only 20 minutes.
8.22.6 To detoxifying waste water containing chromium, natri bisulphate or soleplate deoxidizers with pH
of 2.5-3 shall be used. The natri bisulphate quantity shall be 7.5 mg/mg Cr+6 for chrome concentration of
100 mg/l and 5.5 mg/mg Cr+6 for chrome concentrations of above 100 mg/l. Before detoxified waste
water is taken, the deposition shall be neutralized by slaked lime until the pH value of 8,5- 9.
8:23 Additional nutrients for biological treatment process of waste water
8.23.1 The following materials should be selected to supplement the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients
for the biological treatment process of waste water:
- Phosphorus substances as superphosphat or ortophosphoric acid.
- The Nitrogen substances as sulphate, ammonia water, etc.
- The salts containing both nitrogen and phosphorus as technical diamoniphotphat, ammophos, etc.
8.23.2 Working solution concentration shall be selected as 5% by P2O5 and 15% by N.
8.24 Waste water treatment facilities by adsorption

8.24.1 In order to completely process waste water from the dissolved organic contaminants by adsorption
method, the adsorbent as activated carbon in granular or powder form shall be used, in adsorption filter of
solid material layer or in adsorption tower of fluid bed. The active coal quantitys for treating waste water
shall be determined by experiment.
8.24.2 Structure of adsorption filter can be open, with or without pressure with granular coal layer, size of
0.8 - 5 mm.
8.24.3 Content of suspended matter in waste water taken into adsorption filter shall not exceed 5 mg/l.
8.24.4 The surface area of adsorption filter FADs (m2), shall be determined by the formula:
Fads = qV/V

(80 )

Where :
3

qV Hourly average flow of waste water (m /h);


V Selected flow rate not exceeding 12 m/h.
When separating a non-working tank, the increase of filtering speed of remaining tanks shall not exceed
20%.
8.24.5 The number of consecutive working adsorption tank Nads shall be determined by the formula:
Nads = Htot/Hads

(81)

Where:
Hads The height of adsorption material layer of a tank (m), to be selected by the structure;
Htot The total height of all adsorption layers (m) of tanks, shall be determined by the formula:
Htot = H1 + H2 + H3

(82)

H1 The height of all adsorption layer (m), in which the adsorption cycle tads the disabled absorption
capacity of the material layer to K, shall be determined by the formula:

H1 =

Dsbmin qv t ads
Fads sb

(83)

Where:
sb - Specific weight of activated carbon (g /m ), selected by the manufacturer's catalog;
3

min

Dsb the smallest quantity of activated carbon (g/l), removed from the filter with deactivation factor of
volume Ksb and shall be determined by the formula:

Dsbmin =

C a Ct
K sb asbmax

(84)

Where:
Ca , Ct The waste water concentration before and after being processed (mg/l);
max

asb

- The largest adsorption capacity of activated carbon (mg/l), to be determined by experiment;

Ksb Selected factor by 0.6-0.8;


H2 - The height of adsorbent material layer ensuring the operation of the station until it reaches the
concentration Ct in tads period, shall be selected by the operating conditions and shall be determined by
the formula:

max

The maximum quantity of activated carbon (g/l), shall be determined by the formula:

max

= (Ca - Ct)/ asb

Dsb
Dsb

min

asb

min

(86)

The minimum adsorption capacity of activated carbon (mg/l), determined by experiment;

H3 - The standby adsorption layer (m), calculated by the operation time of treatment systems in
overloading period and the adsorbent materials with H1 height is taken for regeneration.
8.24.6 Pressure drop in coal layers with a particle size of 0.8 - 5mm shall be selected not exceeding
0.5m/1m of filtering material layer.
8.24.7 Activated carbon with relative expansion of material layer of 20-25% is taken from the adsorption
filter by suction pumps, hydraulic lifting equipment or ejector through upstream water at speeds of 40 45m/h.
2

In the pressurized adsorption filter, coal can be taken under the pressure of 0.3 MPa (3kG/cm ).
8.24.8 Waste water flowing into the adsorption towers of fluid bed shall not contain suspended
concentration exceeding 1 g/l, with hydraulic size of sediment particles not exceeding 0.3 mm/s. The
suspended matter and small coal particles drifting from tower shall be separated after the adsorption
devices.
8.24.9 The adsorbent materials loaded in the adsorption tower of fluid bed with volume exceeding 0.7 T/
3
3
m may be quantified in wet or dry form, for density of under 0.7 T/m , it shall be only quantified in wet
form.
8.24.10 According to the height of absorption tower, the separating grid with hole diameter of 10-20mm
and a rate of 10-15% of cross section shall be provided for distance of every 0.5 - 1m. The optimal
number of chambers shall be 3-4.
8.24.11 The upward flow rate shall be selected by 30-40m/h with particle size of 1-2.5mm for activated
carbon and 10-20 m/h for carbon with particle size of 0.25-1mm.
8.24.12 All structural materials of adsorption towers, pipes, fittings, etc. should be protected from
corrosion.
8:25 The waste water treatment facilities by ion exchange method
8.25.1 The ion exchange tank is used to absolutely process waste water, removing the minerals and
dissociated organic compounds into ion, as well as desalination with the purpose of reuse of waste water
in circulating water supply system and utilizing valuable substances.
8.25.2 Waste water disposed into the tank shall not contain the salt concentration exceeding 3000 mg/l,
suspended matters not exceeding 8 mg/l and COD not exceeding 8 mg/l.
If the waste water containing suspended matters, COD exceeding the above-mentioned values,
preliminary treatment shall be performed before discharging into the tank.
8.25.3 The calculation design of ion exchange tank shall comply with the instructions stated in TCXDVN
33:2006 - Water supply -External works and facilities - Design standard.
8.26 Methane tank
8.26.1 The methane tank is applied to stabilize sludge in domestic and production waste water in
anaerobic conditions and to recover methane.
The different organic materials as garbage from the garbage screen, various organic-originated waste
materials of the industrial enterprises, etc. after being crushed can be taken into tank.
o

8.26.2 To decompose sludge in methane tanks, warm fermentation (fermentation temperature t = 33 C)


o
or hot fermentation (t = 53 C) can be applied. The selection of any process shall be based on technical
and economic basis comparison with attention to the next treatment methods and the hygienic
requirements when using sludge.

8.26.3 The determination of methane tank volume W under real moisture of sludge residue and allowable
daily fresh sludge load to be taken into tank D (%). For sludge of domestic waste water, the quantity D
can be taken according to Table 53.
Table 53
Fermentatio
n method

Daily fresh sludge load to be taken into tank D(%) with humidity of sludge p (%)
93

94

95

96

97

Warm

10

11

Hot

14

16

18

20

22

For sludge of production waste water, D shall be taken by experiments.


In case in the waste water containing surface active agent, the quantity D shall be taken by the guidance
of the research agencies.
3

Working volume of Methane tank W(m ) shall be determined by following formula:


W =100 M/D

(87)
3

Where: M - Daily fresh sludge load to be taken into tank (m ).


8.26.4 The disintegration of organic matters of sludge in the methane tank shall depend on loads D and
shall be determined by the following formula:
Y = a nD

(88)

Where:
Y The disintegration possibility of organic matters (%);
a The maximum fermentation possibility of organic matters in sludge to be disposed into the tank shall
depend on the chemical components of organic matters in fresh sludge and shall be determined by the
formula:
a = (0.92m + 0.62 C + 0.34 A). 100%

(89)

Where:
m, C, A Correlative compositional content of fat, sugar and protein in organic matters of fresh sludge
(%).
If the data on above compositions are not available the value of n can be taken as follows:
- Sludge of the primary clarifier, a = 53%.
- Residual activated sludge, a = 44%.
- Mixture of residual activated sludge and sludge determination of average proportion of organic matters
in the mixture.
n Coefficient of dependency depending on fresh sludge, to be taken by the 54.
Table 54
Fermentation
temperature
o
( C)

Value of coefficient n with temperature of sludge to be disposed to


the tank p (%)
93

94

95

96

97

33

1,05

0,89

0,72

0,56

0,40

53

0,455

0,385

0,31

0,24

0,17

8.26.5 The formed gas volume in the disintegration of organic matters in methane tank G (m gas/kg ashfree dry substances of fresh sludge), shall be determined by following formula:
G= Y/100

(90)

8.26.6 During the design of methane tank, the fire and explosion prevention should be taken into account,
and the guidance of specialized agencies should be strictly observed.
8.27 Sludge lagoons
8.27.1 For sluge drying, the following facilities may be applied.
- Sludge lagoon on natural ground may be applied when the ground level in deep (above 1.5m compared
to the ground level) and when the sludge water to be penetrated into the soil.
- Sludge lagoon in settling form and in artificial thickening form, to be applied when the area for Sludge
lagoon on the natural ground is not adequate enough.
- Drying by the mechanical equipment (easy to overcome the natural influences as: a lot of rain, high air
humidity, etc.).
- Utilization of filtering yard with or without plants.
NOTE: To overcome the influence of rain, the sludge Sludge lagoon with cover can be used, on the basis
of comparison of the technical and economical basis with other methods.
8.27.2 The calculation and design of sludge Sludge lagoon and other drying equipment shall comply with
the guidance of specialized agencies.
8.28 Disinfection of waste water
8.28.1 Domestic waste water or mixture of domestic and production waste water, after being processed,
shall be disinfected before discharged to the receiving waters.
NOTE:
1. For combining the biological treatment of waste and production waste water, it is permitted to disinfect
the domestic waste water only after mechanical treatment.
2. For treatment of waste water by biological method in natural conditions (Biotank, stabilization pond,
flooded filtering yard, etc.), the disinfection is not required.
8.28.2 For disinfection, liquid chloride, lime chloride, sodium hypoclorid prepared by electrolysis or on-site
produced ozone.
8.28.3 Active chloride quantity shall be specified as follows:
3

- 10g/m for waste water after mechanical treatment.


3

- 3g/m for waste water after complete biological treatment.


3

- 5g/m for waste water after incomplete biological treatment.


NOTES:
1. Active chloride quantity shall be adjusted during the management process to ensure the chloride
quantity in water after contact basin not smaller than 1.5mg/l.
2. Chloride equipment of the treatment plant shall ensure the possibility of quantity increase to 1.5 times.
8.28.4 To mix the disinfected chemicals with waste water, various different mixing buckets may be
applied.
8.28.5 The wastewater disinfection process shall take place in the contact basin, is similarly designed as
primary clarifier, but without sludge raker with the quantity not smaller than 2. The exposure of disinfected
chemicals with waste water in contact basin, bucket and sewer shall not be smaller than 30 minutes.

8.28.6 The sludge quantity in the contact basin when using liquid chloride for disinfection, shall be
calculated for each person per day as follows:
- 0.02 liter for mechanical treatment plant.
- 0.03 liter for complete biological treatment in aeroten.
- 0.05 liter for treatment plant by biological filtering tank.
If lime chloride is used for disinfection, the sludge content shall double.
8.28.7 The design of chloride preparation system and storage shall comply with the guidance stated in
the TCXDVN 33:2006- Water supply- External network and facilities Design standard.

9. Sub-regional drainage system


9.1 The sub-regional drainage system shall include the sewage treatment network and facilities for
individual houses, a hospital, a school, a house group or residential area in the region without urban
drainage system.
3

Sub-regional sewage treatment capacity is often not more than 1500 m /d.
9.2 Selection of drainage network diagram, sewage treatment method, construction location of pumping
station and sewage treatment facilities shall facilitate the construction and take into account the general
urban planning so that when there general urban drainage system is available, the works are still being
used or renovated at a minimum.
9.3 Depending on the nature of construction and the waste water volume so the system scheme will be
selected accordingly. Generally, for low-rise building or the low-rise building rate of more than 70%, the
general drainage system scheme or drainage scheme will be simplified.
9.4 The simplified drainage system is a low-cost collection scheme, using cross-subregional sewers,
pasing backyard or garden.
The sewer depth is less than or equal 0.5m.
The smallest allowable sewer diameter is 100mm, the minimum slope of 1/200.
The flow completeness h/D = 0.2 0.8.
Calculated sewerage flow rate f simplified sewerage system qmax (l/s), is determined as follows:
-5

qmax = 1.8 x 10 PW

(91)

Where:
P Number of people served by the sewer;
W The daily average consumption water volume (l/person.d).
The minimum flow rate is approximately equal to the largest flow rate when flushing the toilet, which can
be taken by 1.5 2.2 l/s.
Manholes are the simple inspection wells or rectangular, square or circular connection compartment.
9.5 The topographical conditions shall be absolutely utilized and the reasonable planning solutions shall
be studied to take water to treatment facilities by gravity pipeline. If pumping station are required, it will be
arranged behind the septic tank (or behind the primary settling tank).
9.6 If the drainage scheme is totallly separate, but in the first round, the common drainage scheme must
be built, the branch pipes from houses to collectors of house group shall be also totally separately
designed so when having conditions, they can be separated into separated system favorably.
9.7 The sub-regional treatment facilities (local or on-site treatment) may apply:
- Various septic tanks;
- Imhoff tank;
3

- Infiltration well (for the waste water volume not exceeding 1m /d);
- Wetlands;
- Purification trench;
- Irrigation ground with planting;
- Various Wetlands with planting;
3

- Sand filter tank (for capacity not exceeding 15m /d);


- Biotank: aerobic, anaerobic or casual;

- Oxidization ditch;
- Trickling filter;
3

- Bio-tower (for capacity of more than 100m /d);


- Aeroten tank with activated sludge;
- The other allowable applied facilities.
NOTES:
1. When choosing the treatment facilities, the Biotankand other facilities should be firstly considered for
application.
2. Wetlands, purification trench and Infiltration well shall be only applied for some individual dwellings, the
suburbs and rural areas and areas with low population density, but not spreadly be applied in urban
areas. The special attention should be paid to areas with underground water exploiting wells.
3. When designing wastewater treatment facilities using biological methods (trickling filters, irrigation
ground, Biotank), the regulations on biological wastewater treatment should be observed.
4. The on-site sewage treatment system shall be only applied for separate households and buildings, not
be spreadly applied in urban area. Especially for areas with groundwater bored wells, not only new
construction is not allowed but also the measures to stop the use of existing on-site treatment facilities
shall be taken.
9.8 The design calculation of various septic tank types shall follow the guidelines of the Building codes of
Vietnam Indoor Water supply and Drainage systems in Households and Facilities.
Design calculation of other sub-regional wastewater treatment facilities shall comply with the guidance of
Section 8 of this standard.
9.9 Wastewater treatment from bathing and washing containing alkaline and soap shall be mixed with
waste water by the ratio of 1:1. Detention tank with sediment discharge device can be constructed to
maintain this required ratio.
Wastewater containing special compounds should be treated before going into septic tank or double-shell
setting tank.
9.10 When waste water is taken to the treatment facilities by pump, the treatment facilities capacity shall
be calculated under working capacity of pump.
Calculated flow rate for selecting pump or design calculation of sewage intake works and treatment
facilities shall be determined by the following formula:

Qmax gio =

Qmax ngay

(92)

Where:
Qmax-gi The maximum hourly flow;
Qmax-ngy The maximum daily flow;
n The factor is taken as follows:
For number of consumers of more than 3,000 n = 14
For number of consumers of from more thann = 12
1,500 3,000
For number of consumers of under 1,500

n = 10

NOTE: When the drainage network is built in the area without groundwater, the discharge standard
should only equal to 70-80 % correlative water supply standards to each object.

9.11 Wastewater disinfection shall comply with the provisions in Section 8 of this Standard. For waste
water from hospital or other works containing many pathogenic bacteria, the complete sterilizating
equipment shall be required. For domestic waste water, it will be determined depending on the
wastewater volume and the specific conditions.
If disinfection is required, crystal high-pressure UV or mercury argon LV can be used. Energy used for
disinfection ranged from 30-60W.h / m3 with voltage of 110, 220, 380V.
10. Design Features of treatment facilities of the common drainage system and half-private
drainage system
10.1 The waste water treatment facilities and methods of the common and half-private drainage system
shall be as same as the domestic wastewater.
10.2 Concentration of contaminants primarily in rainwater should be determined on the basis of physiochemical analysis - or by equivalent calculation.
When determining the concentration of pollutants, the following should be taken into account:
- The average rainfall in all seasons in the year with the monitoring data in many years;
- The surface characteristics of the drainage catchment;
- Regional environmental sanitation conditions;
- For industrial enterprises, the pollution concentration of stormwater shall supplement the pollution
caused by industrial wastes
10.3 Rainwater flow to the treatment facilities of the general and half-private drainage system as
determined shall be based on the dilution factor n in construction storm water sewer before discharged to
the main treatment facilities or pumping station.
10.4 When calculating the individual facilities of the general and half-private drainage system, the
following should be taken into account:
- Sewage screen and sand strap should be calculated for the total discharge of waste water and rain
water.
- Sand straps are designed to have the ability to keep sand particles with diameter equivalent from 0.15 to
0.2 mm, the sand volume shall be taken from 0.03 to 0.04 liters / person.day, humidity of 60%.
- Primary settling tank and Imhoff tank shall be calculated by flow of the rainy season.
- The wastewater treatment facilities using biological methods shall be calculated by wastewater flow in
the dry season. In the rainy season, a partial mixture of wastewater and rainwater shall be directly
transported from the first round to the disinfection facilities.
- The sludge treatment facilities (sludge chamber of imhoff tanks, methane tanks, Sludge lagoons, etc.)
shall be calculated by formed sedimentation volume when having rainwater. For preliminary calculations,
the volume of these facilities may be taken 10-20% greater compared to the value calculated by volume
in the dry season.
- The pipes, distributing and collecting gutters in the treatment facilities shall be calculated by the total
flow and water carrying capacity shall be taken up to 20-25% increase.
- When the rainwater flow to the treatment plant with the dilution factor from 1 to 1.9, the rainwater
equalization tank should be constructed on the basis of comparing the technical and economic indicators.
11. Electrical appliances, technical control, automation and control
11.1 General instructions
11.1.1 Reliability of power supply for power consumption works of drainage system shall comply with the
National Electrical Code.

Reliability of power supply for the pumping station and air pumping station shall be taken as same as the
reliability of the pumping station (in accordance with the Section 7 of this Standard).
11.1.2 For the engine-set with long-term work cycle (pumps, air blowers), if the adjustment of revolution is
not required, synchronous motors should be used, if necessary, the number of revolution may be
adjusted so pump may work by level by using asynchronous phase-wound rotor. For sliding joint,
asynchronous cage rotors may be used.
11.1.3 The voltage of the motor shall be selected by capacity, power supply scheme and prospect of
engine-set capacity increase, while the motor shall be selected by surrounding environment and the
characteristics of the house placing electrical appliances.
11.1.4 For construction work in the normal environment, the power distribution equipment, transformers
and control cabinets shall be placed in the chamber adjacent to the machine, taking into account the
capability of their capacity increase. The power distribution equipment, transformers may be placed in
separate locations.
11.1.5 The classification of explosive chambers as well as types and groups as explosive chamber shall
be taken by the "National Electrical Code.
11.1.6 The technical control system needs:
- The regular testing aids and devices.
- The periodical testing aids (for calibration and check of the operation of the facilities, etc.).
11.1.7 The checking of the technological parameters of water quality should be regularly made by
measuring instruments, analyzers and testing methods.
11.1.8 The control system of technological processes and size, automation level of the facilities should be
selected according to the management conditions, and technical economic basis, taking into account the
socially specific elements.
11.2 Automation, regulation and inspection of pump measurement
11.2.1 Semi-automatic pumping station is designed with irregular management staff, thus, the following
control types shall be designed:
- Automatic control of pumping set depending on the sewage level in the storage tank.
- Distance control from the dispatching station.
- In-place control - with necessary signal transmission to the dispatching station.
11.2.2 The pumping stations equipped with engine-set with high-voltage motors require regular staffs.
The controls should be concentrated from the control panel and the regulated driving unit should be used.
The electrically adjustable driving unit for the adjustments should be equipped for a pumping set in
groups of 2-3 working engine sets.
The control of adjustable driving unit shall be automated by water level in collecting pit.
11.2.3 For automated pumping station, the standby pumping set should be automatically designed in
case of interruption of working pump by failure.
For remote-controlled pumping station, the automatic switch-on of standby pumping set shall be made for
the pumping station with reliability level 1.
11.2.4 When the pumping station is flooded by incidents, the automatic switch-off of the main pumping
set should be designed.
11.2.5 When opening the pump, as specified, the valves on pressure pipe must be opened. The opening
of pump with closed valves on the pressure pipe should take into account the water-hammer danger,
startup conditions of synchronous motors and other elements in reality.
11.2.6 In the pumping station, the following technological parameters should be checked:

- The water flow need to be pumped.


- Water level in the storage tank.
- Water level in the leakage collecting pit.
- Pressure in outlet pipe.
- Pressure in the pipes generated by each pump.
- Temperature in the shaft.
11.2.7 In the pumping station, the on-site advance signal shall be provided. If without permanent
management staff, the additional signal to the dispatching station or stations with regular staff shall be
required.
In the pumping stations with automation required, the following supporting facilities shall be provided:
- Sewage screen shall be washed by pre-determined program (controlled by time or water level
difference).
- Leakage water shall be pumped by water level in the collecting pit.
- Ventilator shall be operated by the room temperature.
11.3 Automation, regulation and inspection of measuring for treatment facilities
11.3.1 The automation workload and checking shall be determined in each particular case depending on
the capacity of each work item and economic- technical basis.
11.3.2 The flow, temperature and if required, pH of inflowing waste water shall be checked.
11.3.3 In neutralization tank, the inflow volume, pH value or other parameters by technology requirements
shall be checked.
11.3.4 In Aeroten tank, the inflow air should be adjusted by dissolved oxygen value in wastewater. The
combined flow of sludge, activated sludge, dissolved oxygen, NH4+, NO3-, temperature and pH of waste
water shall be checked.
11.3.5 In high rate trickling filters, flow and temperature of inflows and circulating water shall be checked.
In the second-step settling tanks, the sediment shall be checked.
11.3.6 In the methane tank, the temperature, sludge, inflow sediment, flow and air pressure shall be
checked.
11.3.7 In clorato tank, chlorine shall be automatically measured by waste water volume requiring
purification or as residual chlorine in the wastewater. Chlorine flow, residual chlorine value in waste water
and chlorine concentration in the atmosphere in production chamber shall be checked.
11.3.8 In air station, on-site control and distance control of air blowers (in machine room) should be
provided.
For air blowers, temperature in axle-bearing, air pressure, chilled water pressure shall be checked. For
bearing lubrication system, the temperature and lubricant pressure shall be checked.
11.3.9 The neutralization process of acid- and-alkani-stressed wastewater without heavy metal salts (or
with small amount) shall be automated in accordance with predetermined pH value.
11.3.10 The neutralization process of acid- and-metal salt-stressed wastewater with great amount shall
be automated in accordance with wastewater pH mixed with the conductivity of the initial water.
11.3.11 The management of drainage system dispatching shall ensure the concentration and checking
the operation of the works.
11.3.12 The dispatch of big drainage system with distances between major works, as specified, shall be
managed by two levels from the central to local stations. Normally only one management level is required
from the central dispatching station.

11.3.13 The direct contact between dispatching station and facilities to be checked as well as between
permanent stations and workshops.
11.3.14 For the facilities to be checked, the symbols and figures shall be sent to the dispatching station
as without them, the management and checking of operation of these facilities can not be implemented
quickly to ensure the prevention of failure.
11.3.15 The measurements and signals shall be transmitted to the dispatching station:
a. Measurements:
- Inflowing waste water to the treatment facilities and discharged to receiving sources;
- pH of waste water;
- Dissolved oxygen in waste water;
- Waste water temperature;
- Total air volume supplied to aeroten;
- Air temperature taken into aeroten;
- Activated sludge taken into aeroten;
- Residual activated sludge amount;
- Fresh sediment taken into methane.
b. Signals:
- Disconnection in case of equipment failures;
- Destruction of technological process;
- Limited waste water level and sediments in storage tank;
- Limited concentration of explosive vapor in production chamber;
- Limited chlorine concentration in clorator station.
11.3.16 The dispatching room may be integrated with technological works (Air pumping station,
management room, laboratory, etc.).
The dispatching room should be insulated, that includes following units:
- Distribution cabinet, control panels and means of communication with regular staffs on duty.
- The auxiliary works (warehouses, workshops, rooms, toilets, etc.).
11.3.17 The automation of technological processes for industrial wastewater treatment and testing
volume should be selected according to the data of scientific research agencies.

12

Requirements on construction solutions and structural works

12.1

Construction and structure

12.1.1
Planning and construction of the drainage system shall be compatible with the common
technology requirements, guidelines in design and planning standards for enterprises and the
requirements in Chapter 13 of the TCXDVN 33:2006: Water supply - Distribution System and Facilities Design standard.
12.1.2
The site for construction of the purification works of drainage system in the residential areas
and industrial enterprises located within industrial estates shall be provided with fences. The absorbing
area particularly may not be without fences.
12.1.3
In the construction area with purification works, grass shall be required for the area without
construction works for protection purpose. To improve the sanitary conditions for the environment by the
site perimeter and the isolation area, the plantation of timber and industrial tree may be permitted.
12.1.4
The design of structural works under the drainage system shall comply with the design
standards of production works of industrial enterprises, the requirements in Chapter 13 of the TCXDVN
33:2006 (TCXDVN 33:2006: Water supply - Distribution System and Facilities - Design standard) and the
requirements of this standard.
12.1.5
When designing the drainage system works, the requirements on fire protection - particularly for
the types of production sewage containing explosive substances.
12.1.6
The types of drain pipes made by common reinforced concrete, prestressed reinforced
concrete shall be casted by centrifugal or vibration method. Pipes shall be only casted by manual
methods only with concrete pipes with a diameter of under 300mm or the remote areas without transport
road of precast concrete pipe from factory. The RC drain pipe casted by centrifugal or vibration methods
shall be of grade 300 or higher.
12.1.7
When calculating the structure and foundation of drainage systems, storm-water and sewage
treatment facilities shall minimize the uneven settlement. For storm water and sewage treatment facilities,
circular culverts, box culverts including ancillary works on line (Collection manholes, shallow manholes,
pumping stations, combined sewer overflow, outlet etc.), the maximum allowable even settlement is 8 cm.
12.1.8
The different constitutional production works can be combined into a common building block to
meet the technological, hygienic and fire prevention requirements, reasonably on planning and economic
engineering aspects.
12.1.9
The plastering and tiling inside the production, administration and management houses,
laboratory and other rooms of the drainage system works shall be taken by the table 10-1, and the
requirements in the design standards of auxiliary houses and houses of industrial enterprises shall be
used for domestic facilities.
12.1.10 Structural calculations of houses and facilities of the drainage system shall comply with the
regulations, procedures and regulations on the applied materials and loads on the load-bearing natures of
the works, time used, construction site, climate, temperature issued by the Government.
12.1.11 Anti-erosion design for structures of houses and drainage works shall comply with the
provisions in anti-erosion design standards for houses and facilities.
Table 55
Types of houses and
rooms
Building with production
characteristics:
1. Houses or spaces with
sewage screen

Composition works
Wall

Cement mortar plaster,


hardener finishing

Ceiling

Cement mortar
plaster

Foundation

Ceramic tiles or cement


mortar coating

2. Chemical room
normal humidity

with

3. Chemical room with


high humidity, with open
water tank

Cement mortar plaster,


hardener finishing or color
painting
Cement mortar plaster,
hardener finishing or color
painting

4.
Dry
warehouse

Lime Cement Mortar, white


wash

chemical

5. Trickling filters
6. Methane tank control
cabin
- Distribution compartment

- Pumping station

7. Clorato
8. Chlorine storage

9. Gas pumping station


- Machine room
Auxiliary
(or
management) room
10. Filtering tank

11. Pumping station


- Machine room

- Auxiliary room on storage


tank

Cement mortar
plaster

Ceramic tiles

Cement mortar
plaster

Ceramic tiles

Cement plaster

Ceramic tiles

Cement mortar plaster,


hardener finishing

Mortar finishing,
hardener finishing

Cement mortar plaster,


hardener finishing for wall

Mortar finishing,
hardener finishing

Cement mortar plaster,


hardener finishing for wall

Cement plaster

Mortar finishing,
hardener finishing

Cement mortar plaster for


wall, lined with glazed tiles of
1.0m from floor and upper,
coated with crystal water or
hardener finishing

Cement plaster

Anti-acid glazed tiles or


anti-acid mortar
finishing
As above

Ceramic tiles

Lime Cement mortar plaster


for wall, whitewash

Cement plaster,
white painted

Cement mortar plaster for


wall, hardener finishing
Brickwork and plastering for
the part above the ground.
Concrete
for
the
part
underground. The outer side
plastered with cement mortar,
bituminous lining on inside
face and then plastered with
cement mortar.

Lime cement
mortar plaster,
white painted

Cement plaster
Plastering on wall, the
underground is plastered with
cement mortar and hardened
finishing

Cement mortar finishing

Cement mortar finishing


on the bottom,
hardener finishing
Cement mortar finishing

12.2 Ventilation
12.2.1 The ventilation design for houses and facilities of drainage systems shall comply with the
provisions of this standard, taking into account the requirements in the design standards of auxiliary
works and buildings of industrial enterprises.
12.2.2 In the houses or rooms with sewage screen shall be provided with ventilation to push 80% of air
from the closed trench and 20% from the upper zone of the room and in the garbage place of disposal of
garbage grinder.
12.2.3 In the domestic sewage pumping stations, the separate exhaust pipe shall be required for machine
room and the common ventilating devices can be placed in storage tank room if the one-way valves are
provided on air ducts, tank rooms and sewage screen. Air exchange shall ensure the continuity so the air
shall not be contaminated from toxic substances exceeding the permitted limits.
12.2.4 If there is any toxic gas emitted from machine room or storage tank of sewage pumping stations,
beside the regular ventilation system, the signal devices to the center shall be required, to control the
measuring of toxic gas level and the additional ventilation system should be provided.
12.2.5 In the tunnel with drainage system, the natural and mechanical ventilation systems shall be
provided to operate ventilation before workers go inside the tunnel.
When there exists the poison, explosives, or much released heat in the waste water, mechanical
ventilation shall be required. The number of air changes shall be determined by calculation.
The Control equipment for mechanical ventilation system shall be placed at the tunnel entrance.
13 Some additional requirements for the drainage system constructed in special areas
13.1 Settlement area
13.1.1 The design of drainage system in settlement areas shall comply with design standards for building
foundations and facilities.
When designing the works with pipeline, the base shall be appropriately treated to ensure the stability and
sustainability.
13.1.2 The distance between houses, facilities and pipeline will be taken by the requirements in Chapter
14 of the Water supply - design standard.
13.1.3 Pipes passing through the wall or bridge foundation shall be exposed or placed behind the
sleeves. The opening or sleeve size shall be larger than pipe size. The elastic materials shall be used for
sealing the gap.
13.1.4 Sludge Sludge lagoon shall be placed lower than the other treatment facilities.
The leakage water from sludge Sludge lagoon shall not be discharged into the soil under construction
area.
13.2 Seismic area
13.2.1 When designing the drainage systems for industrial enterprises and urban in the seismic area, the
prevention measures shall be applied to prevent the waste water from flooding the construction site,
polluting the groundwater and surface water as the pipeline and purification works are destructed. The
reserve outlets shall be provided on drainage network.
13.2.2 Biological pond or penetration yard should be used to clarify wastewater
13.2.3 The pumping stations located in seismic areas of level 7, level 8, the connecting pipe with pumping
stations and works shall use the flexible connection to avoid pipe break.
13.2.4 For gravity network in the seismic area of level 7-8, the reinforced concrete pipe shall be used;
plain concrete shall not be used.
13.2.5 For pressure pipe in the seismic area of level 6 or higher, the design needs to apply:

- For reinforced concrete pipe, the pipe ID will be one level higher than that in the area without
earthquake.
2

- Working pressure of 60 N/cm for cast iron pipes and from 90 N/cm or more for iron pipes.
13.2.6 Flexible connection shall be used for reinforced concrete pipes, cast iron pipes with pressure or
without pressure in the seismic areas.
13.2.7 Design of houses and facilities of drainage systems in seismic areas shall comply with the design
standard of the works in seismic areas and the requirements in TCXDVN 33: 2006 - Water supply
Distribution network and facilities Design standards.

APPENDIX A
(Mandatory)
SANITATION CONDITIONS FOR WASTEWATER DISCHARGED TO SURFACE WATERS
A.1 General Requirements
A.1.1 Necessity for urban wastewater treatment before discharge into surface water sources shall base
on the following conditions:
- Volume and content of pollutants and discharge mechanisms.
- Water flow, water quality, self-cleaning capacity, hydrological conditions of the river/lakes.
- Existing and future conditions and purposes of use of water sources.
A.1.2 Self-cleaning capacity of the surface water sources that the wastewater discharges into shall be
considered, and the wastewater shall meet the two following conditions:
a. Necessary conditions: Wastewater shall not pollute or impact negatively to water quality at the
downstream of discharging points. At the nearest water collection point to the downstream, contents of
pollutants in the mixture of source water and wastewater shall not exceed the limits specified in the
standard TCVN 5942-1995 for types of surface water sources with various use purposes (Table A.1).
Table A.1- Content limits of substances in the mix flow of urban wastewater and river/lake water at
the calculated section area on downstream of discharge mouths.
Criteria

Source Grade 1

Source Grade 2

6 to 8.5

5.5 to 9

1.0

2.0

BOD5, not higher than, mg/l

25

COD, not higher than, mg/l

10

35

Dissolved oxygen, not less than, mg/l

2 or 6*

N-NH4, not higher than, mg/l

0.05

Coliform, not higher than, MPN/100

5000

10000

pH
Suspended sediment content not higher than, mg/l

NOTE:
Source Grade 1- rivers, lakes and other surface water areas used as raw water sources for water supply
systems of urban, residential areas or industrial zones.
Source Grade 2- rivers, lakes and other surface water areas used for other purposes.
b. Sufficient conditions: Waste water discharged into surface water body shall not pollute the water
right at the downstream of discharge mouths. Concentration of pollutants in wastewater (Cdischarge, in mg/l)
shall be lower than allowable limits when it is discharged into surface water bodies stated in the Standard
TCVN 5945:2005 Industrial Wastewater Discharge Standards, with consideration to factors of
flow/capacity of wastewater receiving streams Kf according to Decision No. 22/2006/QD-BTNMT dated
18/12/2006 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, and is calculated with the following
formula:
Cdischarge Ccp = CbxKqxKf

(A1)

Where:
Ccp - Permissible content limits of pollutants discharged to surface water bodies (mg/l);

Cb - Maximum permissible concentration limit of pollutants discharged to surface water bodies as


provided in the Standard TCVN 5945:2005 (mg/l), following Table A.2;
Kq - Flow factor/ capacity of wastewater receiving streams, following Table A.3 for river basin and Table
A.4 for lake basin;
Kf - Factor of wastewater discharged to streams, following Table A.5.
Table A.2 - Permissible content limits of pollutants in wastewater discharged to various surface
waters according to the standard TCVN 5945:2005- Industrial Wastewater
Discharge Standards
Criteria

Source Grade 1

Source Grade 2

pH

6-9

5.5-9

Suspended sediment concentration, mg/l

50

100

BOD5, mg/l

30

50

COD, mg/l

50

80

N-NH4, mg/l

10

Total nitrogen, mg/l

15

30

Total phosphorus

3000

5000

Coliform,MPN/100 ml

Table A.3 - Kq value in correlation with flow of the wastewater receiving river
3

Average flow of river during 3 months of dry season QS (m /s)

Kq Value

QS 50 m /s
3

0.9

50 m /s < QS 200 m /s
3

QS >200 m /s

1.1

NOTE: In case of small canals or springs where flow data are not available, Kq value should be 0.9.
Table A.4 - Kq value in correlation with flow of the wastewater receiving lake
6

Average volume of the lake during 3 moths of dry season 'V' (10 m )
V 10. 10 m
6

0.9

10. 10 m < V 100. 10 m


6

Kq Value

V>100. 10 m

1.1

NOTE: If the wastewater receiving stream is coastal area, Kq value shall be 1.2. Where coastal areas are
used for aquatic protection, water sports or water recreations, Kq value shall be 1.0.
Table A.5. Kf value is respective to wastewater average flow
Wastewater flow Q (m3/d)
Q 50m /d
3

Kf Value
1.2

50 m /d < Q 500 m /d

1.1

500 m /d < Q 5000 m /d

1.0

Q>5000 m /d

0.9

A.1.3 Where wastewater containing various hazardous substances is discharged to rivers or lakes,
permissible content limits of individual substances shall be calculated by the following formula:

Where:
Ci Design concentration of pollutant i in wastewater;
th

Ci,cp Permissible concentration limits of the pollutant i in wastewater which is allowed to discharge to
the assigned streams;
th

m - Pollutant elements in wastewater.


A.1.4 For domestic wastewater of various types from service and public establishments and
condominiums discharged to assigned streams at the areas without drainage systems or centralized
wastewater treatment works, content limits of pollutants in wastewater allowable to discharge to external
environment shall comply with the standard TCVN 6772: TCVN 6772: 2000: Water quality - Domestic
Wastewater - Permissible pollution limits. This standard shall not apply to industrial wastewater as
provided by the standard TCVN 5945:2005.
A.1.5 A.1.5 For hospital wastewater, content limits of pollutants in wastewater allowable to discharge to
external environment shall comply with the standard TCVN 7382-2004: Water quality - Hospital
wastewater - Discharged standards
A.1.6 Wastewater discharge points shall be located at the flow downstream from the residential areas as
well as downstream of the water intake for that area, with consideration to possibility of reverse flow when
a tide occurs, accumulated winds or flow change due to operation of hydro power works.
The design discharge points on wastewater receiving rivers/lakes shall be 500 to 1000 meters to the
upstream of the nearest water use points (water collection points, intake of water supply works, beaches,
resorts, fishing...) by the direction of river flow, or both directions from the water use points in the static
water bodies.

A.1.7 The wastewater self-cleaning progress in rivers and lakes is calculated in the following
conditions:
a. Wastewater flow discharged into rivers and lakes are average flows.
b. Hydrological conditions of rivers and lakes are as follows:
- For unregulated flows, values shall be in accordance with the lowest average monthly flow in the year,
with correction of 95% (according to data provided by hydrological agencies).
- For regulated flows, the flow downstream the dams shall be used, excluding possibility of reverse flow
from the downstream.
- For static water equalization tanks, the values shall be calculated with the most disadvantaged
mechanism, and shall be determined by preparation of a calculation sheet for wind impacts to the
discharge mouths and other natural conditions.
A.2 TCVN 6772:2000- Water Quality - Domestic Wastewater Standards - Permissible Limits
A.2.1 Applicability
This standard apply to domestic wastewater of various types from service and public establishments and
condominiums discharged to assigned streams at the areas without drainage systems or centralized
wastewater treatment works.
A.2.2 Permissible pollutions limits
Table A.6 - Pollution parameters and permissible limits

No.

Parameters

Limits
Level I

Level II

Level III

Level IV

Level V

pH

5-9

5-9

5-9

5-9

5-9

BOD5, mg/l

20

30

40

50

200

Suspended solids, in mg/l

50

50

60

100

100

Sedimentable solids, mg/l

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

NS

Total dissolved solids, mg/l

500

500

500

500

NS

Sulfur (according to H2S), mg/l

1.0

1.0

3.0

4.0

NS

Nitrate (NO3-), mg/l

30

30

40

50

NS

Oils (food) mg/l

20

20

20

20

100

Phosphate (PO43-), mg/l

10

10

NS

10

Coliform, MPN/100ml

1,000

1,000

5,000

5,000

10,000

NOTE: N/S : Values not specified


Levels I, II, III, IV and V: According to category and scale of the service facilities as follows:
Table A.7 - Levels applied for service facilities, public works and condominium
Categories
1. Hotels

2. Hostels, motels

3. Medical centers,
medical stations

Scale

Applicable levels as
shown in Table 1

< 60 rooms

Level III

60 - 200 rooms

Level II

> 200 rooms

Level I

10 - 50 rooms

Level IV

50 - 250 rooms

Level III

> 250 rooms

Level II

10 - 30 beds

Level II

> 30 beds

Level I

4. General Hospitals
5. Institutions,
representative offices

Disinfection of
wastewater is required

Level I
5,000 - 10,000 m

10,000 - 50,000 m
> 50,000 m

Categories

Note

5,000 - 25,000 m

7. Department stores,
supermarkets

5,000 - 25,000 m

> 25,000 m

> 25,000 m

Applicable levels as
shown in Table 1
2

Level II

Area calculated as
office area

Level I

Scale

6. Schools, research
institutes and similar
facilities

Level III
2

Level II
Level I

Level II
Level I

Note

8. Fresh food markets

500 - 1,000 m

Level IV

1,000 - 1,500 m

1,500 - 25,000 m
> 25,000 m
9. Restaurants,
canteens, food shops

<100 m

Level III
2

Level I

Level V

100 - 250 m

Level IV

250 - 500 m

Level III

From 500 to 2,500 to 2


> 2,500 m
10. Condominium

Level II

Level II
Level I

<100 flats

Level III

100 - 500 flats

Level II

> 500 flats

Level I

NOTE: For parameters not included in this Appendix, their content limits shall be determined following the
standard TCVN 5945-2005.
A.3 TCVN 7382-2004: Water quality - Hospital wastewater - Discharged standards
No.
1

Parameters

Unit

pH

Limits
Level I

Level II

6.5 - 8.5

6.5 - 8.5

Determination Method
TCVN 6492: 1999
(ISO 10523: 1994)

Suspended solids

mg/l

50

100

TCVN 6625: 2000


(ISO 11923: 1997)

BOD5 (20 C)

mg/l

20

30

TCVN 6001: 1995


(ISO 5815: 1989)

Sulfur (S2-, according to H2S)

mg/l

1.0

1.0

TCVN 4567: 1988


or SMEWW 4500 - S2-

Ammonia (NH4+, according to


N)

mg/l

Nitrate (NO3-, according to N)

mg/l

10

10

TCVN 5988: 1995


(ISO 5664: 1984)

30

30

TCVN 6180: 1996


(ISO 7890 - 3: 1988 (E))

Animal fats and plant oils

mg/l

10

SMEWW 5520 - B

Orthophosphate (PO43-,
according to PO43-)

mg/l

TCVN 6494 - 2: 2000

Total coliforms

(ISO 10304 - 2: 1995)


MPN/
100ml

1000

5000

TCVN 6187 - 1: 1996


(ISO 9308 - 1: 1990 (E))

or TCVN 6187-2:1996
(ISO 9308 - 2: 1990 (E))
10 Enterobacteriaceae
NF NF NF NF NF
NF

Salmonella
Shigella

SMEWW 9260 B
SMEWW 9260 E
SMEWW 9260 H

Vibrio cholera
11 Total radioactivity
12 Total radioactivity

Average/li
ter

0.1

Average/li
ter

1.0

0.1

TCVN 6053: 1995


(ISO 9696: 1992)

1.0

TCVN 6219: 1995


(ISO 9697: 1992)

NF - Not found
Level I: Hospital wastewater discharges into water bodies of various use purposes
Level II: Hospital wastewater discharges into assigned areas, city drainage system.

APPENDIX B
(Reference)
CLIMATE CONSTANTS OF RAINFALL INTENSITY EQUATION
Type of the rainfall intensity equation:

q=

A(1 + C lg P)
(t + b) n

(B1)

Where:
q: Rainfall Intensity (l/s.ha);
P: Return Period (in year)
t: Rain duration (in minutes)
A, C, b, n: Climate constants depend on local rainfall conditions.
Table B.1 - Climate constants in rainfall intensity equation of various cities
No.

City/town name

1. Bao Loc

11100

0.58

30

0.95

2. Bac Can

8150

0.53

27

0.87

3. Bac Giang

7650

0.55

28

0.85

4. Bac Quang

8860

0.57

29

0.8

5. Ba Xuyen

9430

0.55

30

0.95

6. Buon Me Thuot

8920

0.58

28

0.93

7. Ca Mau

9210

0.48

25

0.92

8. Cua Tung

2340

0.49

14

0.62

9. Do Luong

3540

0.55

19

0.7

10. Da Nang

2170

0.52

10

0.65

11. Ha Giang

4640

0.42

22

0.79

12. Ha Nam

4850

0.51

11

0.8

13. Ha Noi

5890

0.65

20

0.84

14. Hai Duong

4260

0.42

18

0.78

15. Hai Phong

5950

0.55

21

0.82

16. Ho Chi Minh

11650

0.58

32

0.95

17. Hon Gai

4720

0.42

20

0.78

18. Hung Yen

760

0.59

20

0.83

19. Hoa Binh

5500

0.45

19

0.82

20. Hue

1610

0.55

12

0.55

21. Lao Cai

6210

0.58

22

0.84

22. Lai Chau

4200

0.5

16

0.8

23. Lien Khuong

9230

0.52

29

0.92

24. Mong Cai

4860

0.46

20

0.79

25. Nam Dinh

4320

0.55

19

0.79

26. Nha Trang

1810

0.55

12

0.65

27. Ninh Binh

4930

0.48

19

0.8

28. Phan Thiet

7070

0.55

25

0.92

29. Pleiku

8820

0.49

29

0.92

30. Quang Ngai

2590

0.58

16

0.67

31. Quang Tri

2230

0.48

15

0.62

32. Quy Nhon

2610

0.55

14

0.68

33. Son La

4120

0.42

20

0.8

34. Son Tay

5210

0.62

19

0.82

35. Sa Pa

1720

0.5

10

0.56

36. Tay Hieu

3360

0.54

19

0.69

37. Tam Dao

5460

0.55

20

0.81

38. Thai Binh

5220

0.45

19

0.81

39. Thai Nguyen

7710

0.52

28

0.85

40. Thanh Hoa

3640

0.53

19

0.72

41. Tra Vinh

9150

0.53

28

0.97

42. Tuy Hoa

2820

0.48

15

0.72

43. Tuyen Quang

8670

0.55

30

0.87

44. Van Ly

4560

0.52

21

0.79

45. Vinh

3430

0.55

20

0.69

46. Viet Tri

5830

0.55

18

0.85

47. Vinh Yen

5670

0.53

21

0.8

48. Yen Bai

7500

0.54

29

0.85

Table B.2. Rainfall distribution factor, n


Basin area (ha)

300

500

1000

2000

3000

4000

Rainfall distribution factor, n

0.96

0.94

0.91

0.87

0.83

0.8

APPENDIX C
(Mandatory)
SEPARATION DISTANCE FROM SEWAGE PIPELINES TO TECHNICAL NETWORKS AND FACILITIES
Table C.1 Separation Distance from Drainage and Sewage Pipelines to Technical Networks and
Facilities
Names of Facilities

Horizontal Separation Distance


Separation
from the pipelines
Distance (in outer side of pipes
meter)
and cables (in meter)

1- To building foundations, works foundations,


overpass foundations, tunnel foundations

2- To the fence of traffic signal poles,


telephone poles

3- To the last rail axis of the railways (but not


smaller than the height of the backfiring
foundation)

4- To tramways

2.8

5- To street kerfs

1.5

6- To the outer wall of drainage ditches or


backfilling foundation

Note

7- To foundation of power poles:


- 1KV or lightings
- 1-35KV
- 110 KV and above

1
2
3

< 200

1,5
0,1

= 200

3
0,1

> 200

3
0,1

8- Water supply pipelines with diameter:

9- Domestic wastewater sewers

10- Groundwater drawdown culvert and


sewers

0,4
0

11- Power cables < 35KV

0,5
0

12- Power cables < 35KV - 110KV

The value in
numerator is
the horizontal
separation
distance.

The value in
denominator is
the vertical
separation
distance.

1
0,1
13- Telecommunication cables

0,5
0,1

APPENDIX D
(Reference)
AUXILARY WORKS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
D.1 Depending on capacity and specific condition, auxiliary works can be constructed in the treatment
plant. Area of the auxiliary works can be selected from the values in Table D.1 bellow.
Table D.1 - Areas of auxiliary works of wastewater treatment plant
Names of Facilities

Minimum area (in m ) depending on capacity of the


treatment plant
3

Under 25,000m /day

25.,0003
100,000m /day

Above
3
100,000m /day

Physio-chemical Laboratory

15

25

40

Micro-biological Laboratory

12

20

30

Chemical and laboratory


instrument house

12

20

Administration House

20

25

40

15

15

20

20

20

20

20

25

40

12

12

15

25

30

40

Operation House
Plant Director office
Workshop
Guard house
Material store

NOTE: Arrears for toilet and bathroom, according to standards for design of industrial works
D.2 Auxiliary works shall be arranged based on the principles of convenient use, no negative affection to
other units. Workshop and material store can be in the same area with the production area (pumping
station, air pumping station).
D.3 Width of internal roads in the plant can be as follows:
- Walkways 1.5 to 2.0 m
- Vehicle road 3.0 to 4.0 m

APPENDIX E
(Reference)
ARRANGEMENT OF STABILIZATION PONDS
E.1 Depending on content and features of wastewater and local particular conditions, stabilization ponds
are used as a complete treatment works or a primarily clarified wastewater treatment work.
E.2 The system of stabilization ponds can be a single type to several types of ponds (anaerobic pond,
aerobic pond, facultative pond, and primary aerobic pond) that operate consequently.
Depending on flow, content and features of wastewater and local conditions, one of the following
stabilization pond systems can be selected:

NOTE: F-Facultative pond; K- Anaerobic pond; H- Aerobic pond; H1- Primary aerobic pond; H2Secondary Aerobic pond; L-Clarification pond; La-BOD of influent; Lt- BOD of effluent.
CONTENT
1.

Applicability..............................................................................................

2.

References .

3.

General Requirements..

4.

Wastewater discharge standard and hydraulic calculation for drainage and sewage
network...

5.

Drainage Diagram and Drainage System

6.

Drainage Networks and The Works

7.

Wastewater Pumping Station and Air Pumping Station

8.

Wastewater Treatment Works

9.

Drainage system for small areas ..

10. Design characteristics of treatment works of general drainage system and semiseparated drainage system .

11. Electrical supply, technology controlling, automated systems and controls..


12. Requirements for construction solutions and work structure .
13. Additional requirements for construction of drainage system in special areas
.
Appendix A (Mandatory) SANITATION CONDITIONS FOR WASTEWATER DISCHARGED TO
SURFACE WATERS
Appendix B (reference) CLIMATE CONSTANTS OF RAINFALL INTENSITY EQUATION
Appendix C (Mandatory) SEPARATION DISTANCE FROM SEWAGE PIPELINES TO TECHNICAL
NETWORKS AND FACILITIES
Appendix D (reference) AUXILARY WORKS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
Appendix E (reference) ARRANGEMENT OF STABILIZATION PONDS

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