Recycled Concrete Pavement

and Other Recycled Materials in

Concrete Pavements
Infrastructure Applications Utilizing
Recycled Materials in South Carolina

What/Who is NRMCA?

National Ready-Mixed Concrete Association

Funded by Member Companies
Mission - Serve Industry and Partners Through:

Education
Certifications
Operations
Research & Engineering
Codes & Standards
Advocacy
Promotion
Sustainability
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Recycling Potential

Recycled Content
Typical

Potential

0-25%

15-70%

0%

10-100%

0%

10-50%

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NRMCA Sustainability Initiatives

Outlines goals for reducing environmental footprint

Provides strategies for achieving goals

solar reflectivity,
thermal mass, CO2
absorption, pervious
concrete, durability

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4

NRMCA Sustainability Initiatives

Embodied energy - Reduce

Carbon footprint

10% by 2020

Waste

20% by 2020

Potable water

20% by 2020

30% by 2020

Recycled content

200% by 2020

30% by 2030

Reduce
30% by 2030

Reduce
20% by 2030

Reduce
50% by 2030

Increase
400% by 2030
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5

Concrete Structures in Transportation

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Concrete Structures in Transportation

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Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Silica Fume

Fly Ash
Slag Cement

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Fly Ash Use in Ready Mixed Concrete

ACAA 2008 Survey 72 M Tons Produced

2000 PCA Survey

16 M Tons in Cement and Concrete

41 M Tons Landfilled (58%)

>50% of all Ready Mixed Concrete had Fly Ash

15 to 40% Fly Ash is Typical
High Volume Fly Ash Mixtures >40%

What happens to concrete performance

with increased fly ash?
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Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Properties of Fresh
Concrete

Fly Ash
Type F

Type C

Slag Cement

Silica Fume

Lower

Lower

Lower

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Lower

Lower

Lower

Inc./Lower

Lower

Setting Time

Increase

Inc./Lower

Increase

No Impact

Air Content

Lower

Lower

No Impact

Lower

Heat of Hydration

Lower

Inc./Lower

Lower

No Impact

Water Demand

Workability
Bleeding and Segregation

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Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Fly Ash

Properties of Hardened
Concrete
Type F

Type C

Slag Cement

Silica Fume

Early Age Strength Gain

Lower

No Impact

Inc./Lower

Increase

Long Term Strength Gain

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Permeability/Absorption

Lower

Lower

Lower

Lower

Alkali Silica Reactivity

Lower

Lower

Lower

Lower

Increase

No Impact

Increase

Increase

No Impact

No Impact

No Impact

No Impact

Sulfate Resistance
Freezing and Thawing

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High Volume Fly Ash: Bleeding and

Finishing

Low w/cm High Volume Fly Ash (HVFA)

Concrete:

May Have Low Bleeding

Possibly Slow Bleed Rate

Higher Chance of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking

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To Prevent Plastic Shrinkage Cracking

Good Fogging

Bad

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Cementitious Admixture Interactions

Sometimes Very Delayed Setting (> 3 days),

Poor Strength Development Possible

Mostly in Hot Weather

Aluminate-Sulfate Interactions

Class C Fly Ash Contributes Aluminates

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Options for Water Use in Concrete

Potable

Non Potable
or Recycled

Wash Water
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Recycled Water in Concrete Mixtures

Clarified Wash Water (or Clearwater)

Concrete Wash Water (or Greywater)

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Standards for Mixing Water

ASTM C 1602

Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used

in the Production of Hydraulic Cement
Concrete

ASTM C 1603

Standard Test Method for Measurement of

Solids in Water
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C 1602 Sources of Water

Potable Use Without Testing

Qualify for No Harm Before Use:

Non-Potable
Water from Concrete Production Operations
Combined Water Blends of One or More
Sources

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Water and Solids Management

Varies From Simple to Complex:

1) Dump Concrete, Wash Into Pit or Pond

2) Dump Concrete, Wash Into Lined Sedimentation
Pit w/Recycled Water
3) Basic Reclaimers
4) 100% Recycling Reclaimers (Zero-Discharge)
5) 100% Recycling System w/HSAs*
(*Hydration Stabilizing Admixtures)
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Options for Wash Water Use

Clarified Water Can be Used at 100%

Need to Handle Solids

Gray Water: Test Density Daily

Mix Gray and Fresh Water to Target Density

Combined Water: Test per Table 1

Hydration Stabilizing Admixtures Can Help

When Using Water With High Solids
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Use of Wash Water In Concrete

Control Solids Content

Blending to Constant Density

Accommodate Effects of Hydrated Cement

Utilize Hydration Stabilization Admixtures (HSAs)

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C 1602 Qualification of Water

TABLE 1 Concrete Performance Requirements for Mixing Water
(Mandatory)
Compressive strength, min %
control at 7 days A
Time of set, deviation from
control, h: min A

Limits

Test Methods

90

C 31/C 31M,
C 39/C 39M

From 1:00 early

to 1:30 later

C 403/C 403M

Comparisons shall be based on fixed proportions for a concrete mix

design representative of questionable water supply and a control mix
using 100 % potable water or distilled water. (See Annex A1).
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C 1602 Qualification of Water

TABLE 2 Optional Chemical Limits for Combined Mixing Water
(Optional)
Max conc. in combined water

Limits, ppm

Test Methods

Chloride as Clprestressed
other reinforced concrete

500
1000

C 114

Sulfate as SO4

3000

C 114

Alkalies as (Na2O + 0.658 K2O)

600

C 114

50,000

C 1603

Total solids by mass

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C 1602 Limit for Solids

50,000 ppm = Water Density of 1.03
About 15 lb. solids per cubic yard
Total Solids, (x 1000) ppm

150

100

ASTM Limit

50

0
1

1.03

1.06

1.09

Water Density, g/mL

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Grey Water Reuse - Considerations

Water Generated

Water Used

Plant Volume / Job Schedule

Return Volume
Sources of Recycled Water
Recycled Water Storage Capacity
Recycled Water Characteristics
Criteria for Mixing Mater
Specification Limitations
Quality Requirements
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Zero Discharge

Recycler
Reclaimed Aggregates

Plant
Clear Water

Slurry Pit

Clear Water

Slurry Water
Courtesy: Szecsy
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Recycled Concrete As Aggregate

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Recycled Concrete as Aggregates

Concrete Pavements

Concrete Structures

Returned Concrete

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Recycled Asphalt Pavement as Aggregate

Recycled Asphalt Pavements

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Recycled Fine Aggregates

Foundry Sands and Slags

Crushed Concrete
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Ready Mixed Returned Concrete

2007 US RMC production - 415 million yd3

Returned Concrete - 20 million yd3 (2 - 10%)

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Motivation for Using CCA

Sustainability

Reduce diversion to landfills - 5 million yd3

Conserve virgin aggregate

Economic

Save $75 to $300 Million/yr

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RCA for Pavements (ACPA 2009)

http://www.acpa.org/

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Characteristics of RCA

Ref: ACPA, Snyder

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Effects on Fresh Properties

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Effects on Hardened Properties

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Effect on Durability

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Research funded by RMC - REF

Technical data on concrete containing CCA and

evaluate its use in concrete
Properties of CCA
Concrete performance
Guidance on use

http://www.nrmca.org/research/eng_articles.asp
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Thank You!

Brian Killingsworth, P.E.

Senior Director, Pavement Structures
National Ready-Mixed Concrete Association
Phone: (830) 438-2690
Mobile: (210) 508-4923
bkillingsworth@nrmca.org

http://www.nrmca.org/about/Staff-Bio-BKillingsworth.asp
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