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Time History Analysis Parameters

Use this dialog to set up Time History Analysis parameters for a dynamic
case.
Access
1. Ensure that a modal analysis has already been defined.
2. Click Analysis
Analysis Types
New.
3. Select Time History in the Analysis Type dialog, and then
click OK.

Dialog elements

Case
The name of the load case.
Method

The list of methods that you can use to perform the time history
analysis.
Newmark method.
Modal decomposition: Default value.
Hilber-Hugues-Taylor.
Newmark method (acceleration).

Note: The modal decomposition method does not take into account
loads in the form of a forced displacement, velocity, or acceleration
of supports. If you want to include these loads in the time history
analysis, you must select either the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor method or
the Newmark (acceleration) method.
Damping
Opens either of the following dialogs, depending on the selected
method.
The

Damping dialog allows you to determine detailed damping


values of individual vibration modes for the modal decomposition
method.
the Rayleigh Damping dialog allows you to determine Rayleigh
factors for the Newmark and the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT)
methods.
Note: If you want to use the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method,
you must specify the alpha coefficient.
Time
Time step - The step of time variable for which the results are
stored.
Division - The number of time step divisions defining the storage
frequency of analysis results.
End - The end value of time variable for which the analysis is
carried out.
Note:
If a method other than modal decomposition is selected, then the
number of time step divisions (time step of saving results) is
specified in the Division field to define the time step of integration.
The time step of integration equals Time step / Division. When the
division value equals 1, the time step of saving results is identical as
the time step of integration.
If modal decomposition (linear time history analysis) is selected, the
algorithm calculates the maximum value of the time step of
integration for each mode, equaling the value of period divided by
20. This guarantees stability and the precision of results. Calculated
step value is divided by the division value. The value received
(step_1) is compared to the time step of saving results. A The
smaller of these values ( step_1 and time step of saving results) is
adopted as the time step of integration. Take note that if the first
value is applied in calculations, it is slightly modified so the time
step of saving results is a multiple of this value.

Geometric nonlinearity
P-Delta - Select this option to consider P-Delta effects during the
analysis.
Large displacements - Select this option to take into account
large displacements and/or rotations during the analysis.
Nonlinear analysis parameters - Opens a dialog which allows you
to set up the options of the nonlinear analysis.
Time History analysis
Select a static load case or mass direction, and then click Add to
define the function. You can also modify and delete active table rows
by clicking the appropriate buttons.
Case

- The list of the available simple static load cases or masses in


the X, Y or Z directions.
Function - The list of the defined time functions and a preview of
their associated diagram.
Factor - The factor used.
Shift - The Phase shift.
Function definition - Opens the Time Function Definition dialog
which allows you to set up a time function.
Function table - A table containing the following columns.
Case - Indicates the number of the selected load case or mass
direction.
Function - The name of the time function selected for the given
load case.
Coefficient - The incremental coefficient for time function value for
the given load case; the default value of the coefficient = 1.0.
Phase - Phase shift of the time function for the given load case;
the default value = 0.0.

Examples
To perform a time analysis of the responses of a structure to an explosion,
define a load case corresponding to air pressure on the structure and the
explosion variability function.
To perform a time analysis of a structure behavior during an earthquake,
define time functions for selected mass directions generated on the base
of seismograms.
Parent topic: Theoretical basis for time history analysis
Related Reference

Static Analysis Parameters dialog


Related Information
Non-linear time history analysis

Time history analysis - tables


Diagram Definition/Modification
Theoretical basis for time history analysis
Capabilities and limitations of time history analysis

Non-linear time history analysis


May 04 2015 | In-Product View

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Non-linear time history analysis obtains the response of the structure in
which any non-linear elements have been defined. Time history analysis
consists in reaching a solution of the following equation of the t time
variable:
M * a(t) + C * v(t) + N (d(t)) = F(t)
with known initial values d(0)=d0 and v(0)=v0,
where:
M - mass matrix
K - stiffness matrix
C = * M + * K - damping matrix
N - internal force vector which is in a non-linear relation to the d shift
vector
- coefficient defined by a user
- coefficient defined by a user
d - shift vector
v - velocity vector
a - acceleration vector
F - load vector.

A load vector is assumed as


, where n denotes a number of
force components, Pi - i-th force component, i(t) - i-th time-dependent
function. The excitation may be expressed in the following
form:
whereas

, where Idir denotes a direction vector (dir = x, y, z)


is an accelerogram.

Note: The following simplification is adopted for the Newmark method: C = M. For
most projects the M mass matrix may be assumed to be a diagonal matrix; it greatly
speeds up calculations.
To solve a non-linear task of time history analysis, the predictor-corrector
approach is employed (see Hughes T.R.J., Belytschko T. Course notes for
nonlinear finite element analysis. September, 4-8, 1995).
The input parameters defined for a non-linear time history analysis are
almost identical to the parameters defined for a linear time history
analysis. The non-linear parameters are identical as those for non-linear
static analysis.

Time history analysis - tables


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Select the Time history analysis tab in the Columns dialog for the
presentation of nodal quantities.

Time history analysis, apart from the main load case, creates two auxiliary
load cases containing the top (+) and bottom (-) envelope. Selecting the
main load case displays the results for components of the complex case.
Select the components of velocity and acceleration of displacements for
the case of time history analysis. (tables of structure nodes).

Note: Because a large number of results may be calculated for a large number of
time steps, it is recommended to reduce the content of the opened tables of results
by means of the Filter results tab in the Analysis Type dialog.
If no single complex case of time history analysis is selected, the table will
show results for auxiliary cases of the top (+) and bottom (-) envelope.
However, if a single complex case of time history analysis is selected,
results are available for particular components. The first table column
presents, from left to right, Node, Case, Component, and Time(s).
Note: The table of reactions presents results similarly to the table of displacements.
For time history analysis, it is unnecessary to display equilibrium of forces and
reactions in successive time steps.
In tables of results for time history analysis for bars and surface elements,
the relevant quantities are presented in the same way as in the table of
nodes. The first table column contains the number of case components
and the step of the time variable.
Parent topic: Results Parameters for Nodes

Theoretical basis for time history analysis


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Time history analysis obtains the structure reaction at selected time
points for a defined lasting interaction. This is contrary to other available
analysis types that show the structure reaction in the form of amplitudes
obtained for a single moment.
The time history analysis consists in finding a solution of the following
equation of the time variable "t":
M * a(t) + C * v(t) + K * d(t) = F(t)
where the following initial values are known: d(0)=d0 and v(0)=v0,
where:
M - mass matrix.
K - stiffness matrix.
C = a * M + b * K - damping matrix.
- user defined coefficient.
- user defined coefficient.
d - shift vector.
v - velocity vector.
a - acceleration vector.
F - load vector.
All expressions containing the (t) parameter are time-dependent.
The Newmark method or the method of decomposition is used to solve the
above-presented task. The Newmark method belongs to the group of
algorithms that are unconditionally convergent for appropriately defined
method parameters. It uses the following formulas for calculating
displacements and velocity in the next step of integration.

Parameters and control the convergence and precision of the results


obtained by means of the method.
The unconditional convergence is assured for 0.5 2 * b.
The values b = 0.25 and g = 0.5 are adopted. Modification of these values
is possible, but only if the linear time history analysis with activated
Newmark or Newmark (acceleration) method is used. These values
(TransBeta and TransGamma) can be changed in the *.COV preference file
saved in the CFGUSR folder. To perform calculations for different values of
the parameters b and g, it is necessary to change the parameters
TransBeta and TransGamma in the *.COV file, and to load that preference
file.
It is advisable to use the Newmark method for short time histories when a
concentrated load is applied to the structure. Such loads will induce a
movement that will require a large number of eigenmodes to be
described. Therefore, the Newmark method will be more efficacious than
the modal decomposition method for this type of task. The Newmark
method takes advantage of the initial equations without any
simplifications. The precision of the obtained results depends on the
precision of numerical integration of time equations, and it is defined by
the value of the time step for the selected parameters , . The method
does not require the eigenproblem to be solved to obtain the eigenvalues
and eigenvectors. For long time histories, however, the method is very
time-consuming. In the case of such tasks, calculations have to be
performed for a large number of time steps with the required precision.
The Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method implements numerical damping of
higher frequencies without the loss of solution accuracy. A discrete form of
the time history equation is as follows.

where:
-1/3 0
Assuming:

an unconditionally stable scheme of integration with second-order


accuracy is obtained.
For the acceleration mode, trial values in n+1 step of integration are
determined as follows.

The HHT method is a very efficient algorithm for numerical integration


that allows removing the unfavorable impact of high frequencies on the
quality of a solution.
The method of modal decomposition is a simple method of obtaining the
required solution. It is based on the representation of structure movement
as a superposition of the movement of uncoupled forms. Therefore, the
method requires eigenvalues and eigenvectors to be determined. Lanczos
method is recommended for this purpose, followed by Sturm verification.
The method of modal decomposition takes advantage of reduced
uncoupled equations.
The equation (without damping) may take the following form:

where

,
Ng - number of "load groups", k(t) - time history for the k-th load group

(2)
By inserting equation (2) into equation (1) and recognizing modal
damping and the conditions of orthogonality
one obtains the following equation.

where
the i-th form.

, - modal damping parameters, i - frequency for

Each of the equations is solved numerically with the precision of the


second order. The resultant displacement vector X(t) for the defined time
points t* = t1, t2, ... is obtained after introducing qi(t*), i=1,2,,m into
equations (2).
It is worth noting the differences between the available analysis types
described in this topic. Moving load analysis differs from Time History
Analysis in that it does not recognize dynamic effects. The difference
between harmonic analysis and Time History Analysis consists in that it
determines the structure reaction exclusively in the form of amplitudes,
and not in that of a time function.
See also:
Non-linear time history analysis

Capabilities and limitations of time history analysis


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The potential and limitations of Time History Analysis includes the
following.

The same structure and load types are available as in the case of
linear statics.
The function of load variability may be defined for an arbitrary static
load case with the exception of the moving load case. In order to model
a dynamic impact of a moving load, successive vehicle positions should
be defined in separate load cases and use the time functions with the
phase shift corresponding to the vehicle movement.
Additional modeling options available in the linear static analysis
can be used (such as releases, elastic connections, rigid links, and
others).
Case components may be used in combinations after generating an
additional load case containing the results of analysis for a given
component.
It allows adopting initial displacements from a selected load case,
assuming simultaneously zero values of initial velocities and
accelerations.
It is solved only by the means of the modal decomposition method,
which requires that modal analysis be carried out first.
Only one time function may be used to determine time variability of
loads of a given load case. It is possible, however, to add time functions.
There are a considerable number of facilitating options in the time history
analysis.

A graphical interface for introducing data, accompanied by the


visualization of time function course.
The possibility of reading a time function from and saving it to an
easily editable text file.
Scaling and phase shift of time functions.
Calculation notes with all the pertaining data.
The possibility of using the results for time history case components
in combinations
Perfected graphical presentation of the resultant values in diagrams.
View diagram comparisons of several arbitrarily selected quantities in
one viewer, with time function course displayed.
Diagrams of a new resultant value - foundations shearing forces.

In order to obtain satisfactory results for time history analysis cases, it is


required to carry out iterative analysis with multiple calculations for
different case parameters. Modal analysis needs to be carried out again.
In the case of a large-scale structure, the modal analysis itself may be
time-consuming, as will the time history analysis. Therefore, it is
necessary to select cases for calculations or at least to mark the modal
analysis as calculated. This may also be useful in the case of seismic
analysis.
Parent topic: Theoretical basis for time history analysis

New Non-linear Hinge Type


May 04 2015 | In-Product View

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After clicking
opens.

on the Non-linear Hinges dialog, the following dialog

The top of the dialog has a Label field for assigning a label (name) to a
defined non-linear hinge type. Normal stresses in complex stress state lets
you check the state of normal stresses in a bar section and the
interactions between individual forces and moments (degrees of freedom).
Clicking Definition of Hinge Model opens the dialog for defining a pushover
curve and its parameters. The curves defined in the Definition of nonlinear hinge model dialog are visible on the selection lists.

In the dialog, 3 non-linear hinge types are available: force-displacement,


moment-rotation, and stress-strain. The stress-strain type is available
after the Normal stresses in complex stress state option is selected. By
default, all hinge types are cleared. For example, if the FY option is
selected, the non-linear hinge models for that hinge type are available.
Depending on the type of structure only some hinge types are available,
similar to bar releases. The description in the Type: stress-strain field
changes depending on the type of structure and the available degrees of
freedom.

2D frame - Sx(FX, MY)


2D truss - Sx(FX)
Grillage and Plate - Sx(MY)
3D truss- Sx(FX)
3D frame- Sx(FX, MY, MZ)
Shell - Sx(FX, MY, MZ)
Solid - Sx(FX, MY, MZ)
Plane stress structure, Plane deformation structure, Axisymmetric
structure - Sx(FX).
Clicking Add adds a new non-linear hinge type to the list of available
hinges in the Non-linear Hinges dialog. Clicking Close closes the dialog
without changing or defining a non-linear hinge type.

Structure Type

2D Frame

Grillage

Plate

3D Frame

Shell

Structure Type

Solid

Note: The sign convention for non-linear hinges (type: moment - rotation) is as
follows:
RY+ - tension of top fibers (local Z+ axis)
RY- - tension of bottom fibers (local Z- axis)
RZ+ - tension on the local Y- axis
RZ- - tension on the local Y+ axis
Normal forces:
UX+ - tension
UX- - compression
Shear forces (shear directions according to the Sign convention for bar
elements:
UZ+ - FZ- shear direction
UZ- - FZ+ shear direction
UY+ - FY- shear direction
UY- - FY+ shear direction.
Parent topic: Non-linear Hinges

Non-linear Hinges
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Topics in this section

Non-linear Hinges

Assigning a Hinge to Structure Bars

New Non-linear Hinge Type

Non-linear Hinge Model

Characteristics of Non-linear Hinges

Pushover Curves

Points

Parameters

Screen Capture

Diagram Parameters

Bending

Shear

Longitudinal Force

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