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3.1 INTRODUCTION
The general form of a quadratic function is f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c ; a, b, c are constants and a 0
Similarities and differences between Quadratic Functions and Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Functions
Quadratic Equations
General form is f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c
a, b, c are constants
General form is ax 2 + bx + c = 0
a, b, c are constants
x is unknown
dependent variable
The highest power of the x is 2
quadratic equations
For example f ( x) = ( x 1) 2 4 .
The minimum value for f ( x ) is 4
when x 1 = 0
x = 1.
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We can state the minimum value of a quadratic function in the form f(x) = a (x + p)2 + q , a > 0. From
that,
We can also state the Maximum Value of a Quadratic Function in the form
f(x) = a (x + p)2 + q , a < 0
Example 1:
Express f ( x) = x 2 3x 4 in form f(x) = a (x + p)2 + q. Hence, find the coordinates of the turning point
of the graph.
The coordinates of the turning point means
the coordinates of the minimum of maximum
point for the function. For this question, it is
minimum point because a > 0
f ( x) = x 2 3x 4
3
3
= x 2 3x + ( ) 2 ( ) 2 4
2
2
3
9
= (x )2 4
2
4
3
25
= (x )2
2
4
25
The minimum value for f ( x ) is
4
3
when x = 0
2
3
x=
2
3 25
,
)
2
4
f(x) is the value for y. This is because f(x) is
the y-axis.
Example 2:
Express f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 8 x 14 in form f(x) = a (x + p)2 + q. Hence, find the coordinates of the turning
point of the graph.
The coordinates of the turning point means
the coordinates of the minimum of maximum
2
f ( x) = 2 x + 8 x 14
point for the function. For this question, it is
= 2[ x 2 4 x + (2) 2 (2) 2 + 7]
maximum point because a < 0
= 2[( x 2) 2 4 + 7]
= 2[( x 2) 2 + 3]
= 2( x 2) 2 6
The maximum value for f ( x ) = 6
when x 2 = 0
x=2
EXERCISE 3.2
1. State the minimum value of the following function and the corresponding value of x
(a) f ( x) = ( x + 1) 2 8
(b) g ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 5 x 1
2. State the maximum value of the following function and the corresponding value of x
(a) f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3
(b) g ( x) = x 2 + 2 x 5
3. Given that the minimum value of the quadratic function f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + px + q is 1 when x = 3 , find
the value of p and of q.
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f ( x) = x 2
x
f(x)
-2
4
a = 1, b = 0 and c = 0
-1
1
0
0
1
1
2
4
By using the information given,
sketch the graph
Example 2:
f ( x) = x 2
x
f(x)
-2
-4
a = 1, b = 0 and c = 0
-1
-1
0
0
1
-1
2
-4
By using the information given,
sketch the graph.
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Example 3:
Sketch the graph of f ( x) = x 2 4 x + 3
a = 1, b = 4 and c = 3
f ( x) = x 2 4 x + 3
f ( x) = x 2 4 x + (2) 2 (2) 2 + 3
f ( x ) = ( x 2) 2 4 + 3
f ( x) = ( x 2) 2 1
The minimum value of f ( x ) = 3
when x 2 = 0
x=2
Minimum point is (2,3).
x = 0,
f (0) = (0) 2 4(0) + 3
=3
The point is (0,3)
By using the information given,
sketch the graph.
Example 4:
Express the function f ( x ) = 1 + 4 x 2 x 2 in the form of a(x+ p)2 + q. Hence
(a) state the minimum or maximum point.
a = 2, b = 4 and c = 1
(b) the equation of axis 0f symmetry
1
f ( x) = 2( x 2 2 x )
2
1
= 2[ x 2 2 x + (1) 2 (1) 2 ]
2
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1
= 2[( x 1) 2 1 ]
2
1
= 2[( x 1) 2 1 ]
2
1
= 2[( x 1) 2 1 ]
2
3
= 2[( x 1) 2 ]
2
2
= 2[( x 1) + 3
The maximum value of f ( x ) = 3
when x 1 = 0
x =1
So, the maximum point is (1, 3).
The equation of axis of symmetry is x = 1 .
EXERCISE 3.3
1. Express the quadratic function y = x 2 12 x + 13 in the form of y = ( x + b) 2 + c . State the minimum
point and the y-intercept. Hence, sketch the graph of the function y.
2. Express the quadratic function f ( x ) = 2 x 2 4 x in the form of f ( x ) = q ( x + p ) 2 . Determine
the maximum point and the y-intercept. Hence, sketch the graph of the function f(x).
3. Given that the curve y = m (2 x + n) 2 has a maximum point (1, 4), find the values of m and of n.
Hence, sketch the curve.
4. For the quadratic function g ( x ) = 2 x 2 3 x + 2 , find the equation of the axis of symmetry.
3.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN b2 4ac AND THE POSITION OF GRAPH f(x)= y
1-If b 2 4ac > 0 ,the graph cuts x-axis at two different points
f(x)
f(x)
a>0
a<0
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f(x)
x
x
a>0
a <0
1-If b 2 4ac < 0 ,the graph does not touch the x-axis
f(x)
f(x)
x
a>0
Curve lies above the x-axis
because f(x) is always positive.
a<0
Curve lies below the x- axis
because f(x) is always negative
x 1 0
x 1
1
From the line graph, we know the range of values of x.
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To solve the quadratic inequality for example ( x + 1)( x 3) > 0 , we use the graph sketching method.
If f(x) > 0, the range of values of x:
f(x)
Example 1:
Find the range of x if 4m 2 36 > 0
Solution:
4m 2 36 > 0
m2 9 > 0
Let
m2 9 = 0
m2 = 9
m = 3
y
-3
Example 2:
Find the range of the values of k if the equation x 2 + 2kx 5k 6 = 0 has two real roots.
Solution:
two real roots also means two different roots:
b 2 4ac > 0
(2k ) 2 4(1)(5k 6) > 0
4k 2 4(5k 6) > 0
4k 2 + 20k + 24 > 0
k 2 + 5k + 6 > 0
Let
k 2 + 5k + 6 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 3) = 0
k + 2 = 0 or k + 3 = 0
k = 2 or k = 3
y
y = k 2 + 5k + 6
-3
-2
x( x + 2) 15
x 2 + 2 x 15 0
Let
x 2 + 2 x 15 = 0
( x + 5)( x 3) = 0
x + 5 = 0 or x 3 = 0
k = 5 or x = 3
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-5
y = x 2 + 2 x 15
-2
1
.
2
1
2
5
. Find the value
2
of p and q.
2. Given the quadratic function y = 2 x 2 + 6 x 3 , express f(x) in the form p( x + q) 2 + r , where p, q
and r are constants. Hence, sketch the graph of the function y.
3 Given that the straight line y = 2 x n cuts the curve y = x 2 + nx 2 at two points, find the range of
the values of n.
4. The quadratic equation px 2 4 x = p 5 , where p 0 , has real and different roots. Find the range
of values of p.
5. By expressing the function f ( x ) = 3 x 2 6 x + 5 in the form a( x p) 2 + q , or otherwise, find the
minimum value of f(x).
6. Given that the quadratic function f ( x ) = px 2 + 4 x q , where p and q are constants .Given that the
curve y = f ( x ) has a maximum point (-1, 5).State the values of p and q.
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7. Diagram shows the graph of a quadratic function y = f ( x ) . The straight line y = 9 is tangent to
the curve y = f ( x ) .
y = 9
(a) Write the equation of the axis of symmetry of the curve.
(b) Express f(x) in the form ( x + p ) 2 + q , where p and q are constants.
8. Diagram below shows the graph of the function y = ( p 1) x 2 + 2 x + q .
x
0
y = ( p 1) x 2 + 2 x + q
(a) State the value of q.
(b) Find the range of values of p.
9. Find the range of values of k given that the straight line x + y = 1 does not intersect the curve
x2 + y2 = k .
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