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2015 OLEVEL SCIENCE CHEMISTRY

5078/03
SECTION A
1.

Describe briefly the method and the results you would expect in distinguishing between
(a)

a solution of pH 1 and the other pH 14,

method

[1]

Add a few drops of Universal Indicator.

Indicator

result for solution of pH 1

Indicator turns from green to red.

result for solution of pH 14

Indicator turns from green to violet.
[Allow omission of green. Allow litmus paper with correct colour indicated.]
(b)

ethane and ethene gases,

method

(c)

Bubble gas into aqueous bromine in the dark.

result for ethene

Red-brown bromine solution turns colourless.

result for ethane

Red-brown bromine solution remains unchanged.

an endothermic and exothermic reaction,

method

(d)

[1]

[1]

Place a thermometer into the reaction mixture.

result for endothermic

Thermometer reading dropped.

result for exothermic

Thermometer reading rose.

a sodium chloride and sodium sulfate solution.

method

[1]

Add a few drops of acidified barium nitrate

nitrate solution.
solution

result for sodium chloride

Solution remains colourless.

result for sodium sulfate

A white precipitate forms in solution.
[Accept acidified lead(II) nitrate/ silver nitrate solution with correct result.]

2.

Substances are often classified into one of the five groups given below.
group
element
compound
mixture of elements
mixture of compounds
mixture of elements and compounds

Letter
A
B
C
D
E

Fill in a letter, A to E, for each of the substances below that best classify them.
air

brass

hydrogen

sodium carbonate

[2]

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3.

(a)

(b)

Complete the table by filling in the blank boxes.

(i)

(ii)

[3]

relative mass

relative charge

proton

1+

neutron

electron

1
1840

19

A beryllium ion can be represented as <=Be:; .

State the number of each subatomic particle in the ion.
Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

[3]

Write an ionic equation for the formation of this ion from its atom.

[2]

Be Be:; + 2eA
[1mark for missing electrons]

4.

Atoms of non-metallic elements can combine with other atoms to form many different compounds.
(a)

One such compound is ammonia. It is a non-conductor of electricity and has a low melting
point.
(i)

Name the type of chemical bonding in ammonia.

[1]

Covalent bonding.
(ii)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of

ammonia.

H F

F H

Key :
F - electron of H
- electron of N

F
H
[All shells must drawn. Note that size of HH-atom is smaller than N-atom]
[Key is optional]

[2]

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(b)

Another of these compounds, magnesium chloride, has a high melting point and is a
conductor of electricity when molten.
(i)

Name the type of chemical bonding present in magnesium chloride.

[1]

Ionic bonding.
(ii)

5.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of the arrangement of electrons in magnesium

chloride.

[2]

Sodium hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate have similar chemical properties. The former
can be made in the laboratory by bubbling carbon dioxide through a cold, concentrated solution of
sodium carbonate.
Na: COG + CO: + H: O 2NaHCOG
(a)

The sodium carbonate solution has a concentration of 2.0 mol/dmG . What volume of this
solution contains 500g of sodium carbonate?
No. of moles of sodium carbonate =

[2]

JKKL
(:F:G);M:;(MNFG)

= 4.71698 mol
<.SMN=T

Volume of solution =
:.K
= 2.3585
= 2.36 UVW (WXY)
(b)

Calculate the maximum mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate that can be made from 500g of
sodium carbonate.

[2]

From equation,
ratio
moles

Na : COG
1
4.71698

:
:

NaHCOG
2
9.43396 mol

Maximum mass of NaHCOG = 9.43396 F (23+1+12+16F3)

= 792 g (3XY)
(3 )
(c)

Baking powder consists mainly of sodium hydrogencarbonate and a small quantity of an

acidic substance. When in contact with moisture, the acidic substance reacts with the
hydrogencarbonate. Suggest why moist bread dough, containing baking powder, will rise
when placed in a hot oven.
During reaction, carbon dioxide gas is produced and expanded in the high temperature
causing more space to be taken up,
up resulting in the rise of dough.

[1]

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6.
dilute
nitric acid
neutralise with
metal oxide C

neutralise with
metal oxide E

distillation
B
blue solution

brown
solution

precipitate using
aqueous sodium
hydroxide

F
colourless
distillate

A
light blue
precipitate
(a)

precipitate using
aqueous sodium
hydroxide

D
red-brown
precipitate

Suggest the identity of these substances.

A

Copper(II) hydroxide

Copper(II) nitrate

Copper(II) oxide

Iron(III) hydroxide

Iron(III) oxide

Pure water

[6]

[Chemical formulae accepted. Water for F accepted.]

(b)

Write a balanced chemical equation for any one of the reactions above.
Any one :

[2]

Cu(NOG ): + 2NaOH Cu(OH): + 2NaNOG

CuO +2HNOG Cu(NOG ): + H: O
Fe(NOG )G + 3NaOH Fe(OH)G + 3NaNOG
Fe: OG + 6HNOG 2Fe(NOG )G + 3H: O
7.

(a)

Write the chemical formula for propane and calculate its relative molecular mass.
formula
formula

\W ] ^

relative moleculas mass =

(3F
(3 _`) + (^ F _)
=44

[2]

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(b)

(i)

Calculate the volume of 10g of ethane at room temperature and pressure.

No. of moles of ethane

[2]

MKL
(:FM:);N

= 0.33333 mol
Volume of ethane = 0.33333F 24dmG
= 8.00 UVW (WXY)

(ii)

Ethane combusts completely as shown by the equation below.

2C: HN + 7O: 4CO: + 6H: O
Calculate the volume of oxygen needed to burn 10g of ethane completely.
Using moles of 10g of ethane from (i),
C: HN
ratio
2
:
moles
0.33333
:

[1]

O:
4
0.66666 mol

Volume of oxygen needed = 0.66666F 24dmG

= 16.0 UVW (WXY)

(iii)

Calculate the volume of air that contains this volume of oxygen.

[2]

Volume of air needed = 16.0 a 21%

= 76.2 UVW (WXY)
(c)

(i)

State why ethene can be made into a polymer but ethane cannot.

[1]

Ethene is unsaturated and contains a C=C bond whereas ethane is saturated.

(ii)

Describe what happens when ethene molecules undergo polymerisation.

[2]

The C=C bond in each molecule will break,

break allowing each carbon atom to share
electrons with other ethene molecules, joining into a longchain polymer without
any loss of atoms.
(iii)

Deduce and draw the structural formula of the monomer from which the polymer
shown below is made.
Deduction: Monomer is unsaturated and contains C=C bond. All atoms in monomer
are intact and can be found in the polymer.
Structural formula :

Cc

C = C
H

[2]

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SECTION B
8.

(a)

(i)

Name any element from Period 2 and explain how the electronic structure of this
element can be used to determine which group it is in.

[3]

Element : Lithium
It has 3 electrons in the atom with an electronic structure of 2.1.
2.1 As such, it has
1 valence electron which placed it in Group I of the Periodic Table.

(ii)

On moving across Period 2, the character of the elements changes. Describe and
explain the change.

[3]

Across the Period, the metallic properties of elements decrease. As the number of
valence electrons increase, the tendency of the atom to lose its valence electrons to
obtain stable noble gas configuration decreases from Group I to VII.
The elements from Group IV to VII have a greater tendency to gain electrons to
obtain stable noble gas configuration, and are considered less metallic.
metallic

(b)

The element with an atomic number of 85 is so unstable that it has never been seen by the
naked human eye. Consider the properties of other elements in the same group as this
element. Predict one physical and one chemical property of this element.
Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the chemical property that you have
described.
Physical property : Its stable form is a solid at room temperature and pressure.
Chemical property : It reacts with hydrogen gas to form gaseous hydrogen astatide.
astatide
Equation :

]` + ef ` `]ef

[Note that unstability = radioactivity of astadine, which is a chemical property. A skilled

Student may include decay of astadine to produce helium as an equation.]

[4]

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9.

(a)

The speed of a chemical reaction can be changed by

increasing the pressure of reacting gases,
decreasing the concentrations of reacting solutions.
(i)
(ii)

State the effect that each of these has on the speed of reaction.
Use your knowledge of reacting particles to explain your answer.

[5]

Pressure : (i) Increasing pressure increases the speed of reaction.

reaction
(ii) At higher pressure, the volume of space in which the reactant particles move
in decreases, thus increasing the number of particles per unit volume
volume.
ume This increases the
frequency of collisions between reactant particles, hence a higher chance of effective
collisions, resulting in a faster reaction..
Concentration : (i) Decreasing concentration reduces the speed of reaction.
(ii) At a lower concentration, the number of reactant particles per unit
volume decreases. This decreases the frequency of collisions between reactant particles,
hence a lower chance of effective collision,,
collision resulting in a slower reaction rate.

[Aim to present answer well and clearly.]

(b)

An experiment is to be carried out in the laboratory to measure the average speed of a

chemical reaction.
(i)
(ii)

(i)

Choose and briefly describe a suitable reaction. Describe the measurements you will
make.
Describe how you will determine the average speed of your reaction. State the units in
which the speed of the reaction can be measured.

Suitable reaction : Measuring mass loss by gas in the reaction mixture against time.
Reaction carried out between solid calcium carbonate and dilute nitric acid.
Measurements : By means of an electronic beam balance,
balance the mass change of content in
a conical flask (with a wool placed at the mouth) containing the reactants is measured
against time taken using a stopwatch.
stopwatch A massmass-againstagainst-time data is plotted into a graph.
The mass loss recorded is due to carbon dioxide produced escape into surroundings.

(ii)

The average
average speed of reaction =

fgh fifjk Vjll kilf

fifjk fmVh fjnho

or the average speed at a specific time

can be obtained by calculating the gradient of curve of graph.

Units measured = g rams per unit second (g/s)

[5]

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10.

Metals can be placed in a reactivity series. Although carbon is a non-metal, it can also be placed in
the series. It is placed between magnesium and lead.
(a)

Metals are extracted in many different ways. Use the series, with examples,
examples to explain the
following
(i)
some metals can occur in the ground as the uncombined metal,
(ii) several metals occur as oxides. The metal can be extracted from some of these oxides
by heating with carbon. For other oxides, this method cannot be used.

[5]

(i) Metals found uncombined are extremely unreactive and inert,

inert such as copper metal.
metal It is
placed below hydrogen in the series and can be extracted by hydrogen reduction.
reduction Copper
does not undergo oxidation in the presence of air to form oxide hence can occur in the
Ground as the uncombined metal.
(ii) Metals that are above hydrogen in the series are generally reactive and oxidise readily
in air to form oxides.
oxides Metals that can be extracted by heating with carbon are below
carbon such as iron.
iron Iron rusts in moist air to form hydrated iron(III) oxide.
oxide Here, iron is
less reactive than carbon and can be displaced by carbon from its oxide. However, some
metals above carbon in the series cannot be extract by carbon, such as magnesium.
magnesium It
forms oxide that it extremely heat stable and can only be extracted by electrolysis.
[A tricky and dangerous question. Easily written out of context.]
(b)

(i)
(ii)

Iron and calcium require different conditions to react with water. By referring to these
conditions, justify the relative positions of iron and calcium in the reactivity series.
Write a balanced chemical equation for one of the reactions you described.

(i) Calcium : It can react with distilled

distilled water generally in any given temperature.
temperature For
Example, calcium reacts with both cold water and steam.
steam
Iron : It can only react with boiling water that has formed steam.
steam
Therefore, calcium is more reative than iron and will be above iron in the reactivity series.
As calcium can react with cold water but iron does not, it is considered an extremely
reactive metal and is placed above carbon in the
the series and similarly, iron placed below
carbon in the series.
series
(ii) Equation : Ca(s) + 2H: O(q) Ca(OH): (rs) + H: (t)

E N D

O F

P A P E R

[5]