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Module 3

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

Objectives
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Serial point-to-point link


PPP - point-to-point protocol
HDLC
Configuring PPP and HDLC

Serial point-to-point
links

Introduction to Serial Communication

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WAN technologies are based on serial transmission at


the physical layer.
This means that the bits of a frame are transmitted
one at a time over the physical medium.
Some of the many different serial communications
standards are the following:

RS-232-E
V.35
High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)

Time-Division Multiplexing

Demarcation Point

The point in the network where the responsibility


of the service provider or "telco" ends.

DTE-DCE

Serial Connection Options

Mechanical/physical
Electrical
Functional
Procedural

PPP

Point-to-Point Protocol

PPPs Intro

PPP provides router-to-router and hostto-network


PPP: most popular WAN protocols

PPP: Layered Architecture

Control of data link setup


Assignment and management of IP address
Network protocol multiplexing
Link configuration and link quality testing
Error detection
Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3 / OSI Model

PPP Layered Architecture Physical Layer

PPP Layered Architecture - Physical Layer


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PPP can used with physical interfaces

Asynchronous serial
Synchronous serial
HSSI
ISDN

PPP - Data link Layer

PPP - Data link Layer


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Data-link Layer

LCP (Link Control Protocol)

A Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing,


configuring, and testing the data-link connection

NCP (Network Control Protocol)

A family of Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for


establishing and configuring different network-layer
protocols.
PPP is designed to allow the simultaneous use of
multiple network-layer protocols.
PPP supports other protocols besides IP, including
Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) and Appletalk

LCP features

PPP callback

LCP features
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LCP also handles

Limits on size of packet


Terminates the link
Determines when a link is functioning
property or failing

PPP and the Network Layer

PPP Frame
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Flag: 1 byte, Indicates the beginning or end of


frame
Address: 1 byte, Broadcast addr 11111111
Control: 1 byte
Protocol: 2 byte, identify the protocol that is
encapsulated in data field of frame
Data: Packet
FCS: 2 or 4 byte, error control

Establishing a PPP Session

PPP Session Establishment (Detail)


1. Link establishment - (LCPs)
2. Authentication - Optional (LCPs)
3. Link quality determination - Optional (LCPs)
4. Network layer protocol configuration (NCPs)
5. Link termination (LCPs)

Link-establishment phase

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In this phase each PPP device sends LCP frames to configure and
test the data link.
LCP frames contain a configuration option field that allows devices to
negotiate the use of options such as the maximum transmission unit
(MTU), compression of certain PPP fields, and the linkauthentication protocol.
If a configuration option is not included in an LCP packet, the default
value for that configuration option is assumed.
Before any network layer packets can be exchanged, LCP must first
open the connection and negotiate the configuration
parameters.
This phase is complete when a configuration acknowledgment frame
has been sent and received.

Authentication Phase (Optional)

After the link has been established and the


authentication protocol decided on, the peer may be
authenticated.
Authentication, if used, takes place before the network
layer protocol phase is entered.
As part of this phase, LCP also allows for an optional
link-quality determination test.

The link is tested to determine whether the link quality is


good enough to bring up network layer protocols

Network Layer Protocol Phase

In this phase the PPP devices send NCP packets to choose


and configure one or more network layer protocols, such
as IP.
Once each of the chosen network layer protocols has been
configured, packets from each network layer protocol can be
sent over the link.

Show interface
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The show interfaces command reveals the LCP and


NCP states under PPP configuration.

LCP
NCP

Link termination
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LCP can terminate the link at any time.

This is usually done at the request of a user.

Can happen because of a physical event, such


as the loss of a carrier or a timeout.
If LCP closes the link, it informs the networklayer protocols so that they can take
appropriate action.

PPP Authentication Protocols

1. Link establishment - (LCPs)


2. Authentication - Optional (LCPs)
3. Link quality determination - Optional (LCPs)
4. Network layer protocol configuration (NCPs)
5. Link termination (LCPs)

Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)

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PAP provides a simple method for a remote node to establish its


identity, using a two-way handshake.
After the PPP link establishment phase is complete, a
username/password pair is repeatedly sent by the remote
node across the link until authentication is acknowledged or the
connection is terminated.
PAP is not a strong authentication protocol.
Passwords are sent across the link in clear text and there is
no protection from playback or repeated trial-and-error attacks.
The remote node is in control of the frequency and timing of the
login attempts.

Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

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CHAP is used at the startup of a link and periodically verifies the


identity of the remote node using a three-way handshake.
After the PPP link establishment phase is complete, the local
router sends a "challenge" message to the remote node.
The remote node responds with a value calculated using a oneway hash function, which is typically Message Digest 5 (MD5).
This response is based on the password and challenge message.
The local router checks the response against its own calculation of
the expected hash value.
If the values match, the authentication is acknowledged,
otherwise the connection is immediately terminated.

CHAP Step by Step

CHAP Step by Step

CHAP Step by Step

HDLC

High-level Data-link Control

High-level Data-link Control (Original)


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A data-link layer protocol that encapsulates data


on synchronous serial
Error free and flow control
Does not support multiple protocols on a single
link
ISO- 1979

High-level Data-link Control (Original)

High-level Data-link Control (Cisco)


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Cisco:

Offers a proprietary version of HDLC


Multiple protocols supported on a single-link

HDLC Encapsulation

Configuring
PPP and HDLC

Configuring PPP
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#username HQ password boardwalk
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#ppp authentication chap|pap
Enables PPP encapsulation on serial interface 0/0

Configuring PPP
DTE
.2/S0

172.25.3.0/24
Serial

DCE
.1/S0

hostname SantaCruz
username HQ password boardwalk

hostname HQ
username SantaCruz password boardwalk

interface Serial0
ip address 172.25.3.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication chap

interface Serial0
ip address 172.25.3.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication chap

Configuring PPP

Configuring PPP Multilink (MLP)

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0


Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#ppp multilink

Configuring PPP Authentication

PAP Configuration

CHAP Configuration

Verifying PPP

PPP Configuration Commands

Debug PPP Authentication

Configuring HDLC Encapsulation

Troubleshooting a Serial Interface

Some possible problem states can be


identified in the interface status line
of the show interface serial display:

Serial x
Serial x
Serial x
Serial x
protocol

is
is
is
is
is

down, line protocol is down.


up, line protocol is down.
up, line protocol is up (looped).
administratively down, line
down.

GOOD LUCK WITH THIS


MODULE!

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