ASSIGNMENT NO.

Final paper will be set from these assignments (only values changed), so it
is important for you to complete these assignments

Date of submission: September 18

The Reversed Carnot Cycle

1. Why is the reversed Carnot cycle executed within the saturation dome not a realistic
model for refrigeration cycles?
2. A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid.
The refrigerant changes from saturated vapor to saturated liquid at 30C in the
condenser as it rejects heat. The evaporator pressure is 160 kPa. determine
a. the coefficient of performance
b. the amount of heat absorbed from the refrigerated space
c. the network input

Ideal and Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycles

1. Why is the throttling valve not replaced by an isentropic turbine in the ideal vaporcompression refrigeration cycle?
2. It is proposed to use water instead of refrigerant- 134a as the working fluid in airconditioning applications where the minimum temperature never falls below the
freezing point. Would you support this proposal? Explain
3. A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on an ideal
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between 0.14 and 0.8 MPa. If the mass flow
rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s, determine
a. rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the
compressor
b. rate of heat rejection to the environment
c. COP of the refrigerator.
4. Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator as superheated vapor at 0.14
MPa and -10C at a rate of 0.05 kg/s and leaves at 0.8 MPa and 50C. The refrigerant
is cooled in the condenser to 26C and 0.72 MPa and is throttled to 0.15 MPa.
Disregarding any heat transfer and pressure drops in the connecting lines between the
components, determine
a. rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the
compressor
b. isentropic efficiency of the compressor
c. coefficient of performance of the refrigerator.
5. A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep
the refrigerated space at -30C by rejecting its waste heat to cooling water that enters
the condenser at 18C at a rate of 0.25 kg/s and leaves at 26C. The refrigerant enters
the condenser at 1.2 MPa and 65C and leaves at 42C. The inlet state of the
compressor is 60 kPa and -34C and the compressor is estimated to gain a net heat of
450 W from the surroundings. Determine
a. quality of the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet
b. refrigeration load
c. COP of the refrigerator
d. theoretical maximum refrigeration load for the same power input to the
compressor
6. Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration
cycle that communicates thermally with a cold region at 0oC and a warm region at
26oC. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 0oC and saturated liquid leaves the
condenser at 26oC. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.08 kg/s.
Determine (a) the compressor power, in kW, (b) the refrigeration capacity, in tons, (c)
the coefficient of performance, and (d) the coefficient of performance of a Carnot
refrigeration cycle operating between warm and cold regions at 26 and 0?C,
respectively.
7. If the minimum and maximum allowed refrigerant pressures are 1 and 10 bar,
respectively, which of the following can be used as the working fluid in a vaporcompression refrigeration system that maintains a cold region at 0oC, while
discharging energy by heat transfer to the surrounding air at 30oC: Refrigerant 22,
Refrigerant 134a, ammonia, propane?

Cascade Refrigeration
1. What is cascade refrigeration? What are the advantages and disadvantages of cascade
refrigeration?
2. How does the COP of a cascade refrigeration system compare to the COP of a simple
vapor-compression cycle operating between the same pressure limits?
3. Consider a two-stage cascade refrigeration system operating between the pressure
limits of 0.8 and 0.14 MPa. Each stage operates on the ideal vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. Heat rejection from the
lower cycle to the upper cycle takes place in an adiabatic counter-flow heat exchanger
where both streams enter at about 0.4 MPa. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant
through the upper cycle is 0.24 kg/s, determine
a. mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the lower cycle
b. rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the
compressor
c. coefficient of performance of this cascade refrigerator
4. A vapor-compression refrigeration system uses the arrangement shown in Fig. for
two-stage compression with intercooling between the stages. Refrigerant 134a is the
working fluid. Saturated vapor at -30?C enters the first compressor stage. The flash
chamber and direct contact heat exchanger operate at 4 bar, and the condenser
pressure is 12 bar. Saturated liquid streams at 12 and 4 bar enter the high- and lowpressure expansion valves, respectively. If each compressor operates isentropically
and the refrigerating capacity of the system is 10 tons, determine
a. power input to each compressor, in kW.
b. coefficient of performance.

5. Figure shows the schematic diagram of a vapor-compression refrigeration system with

two evaporators using Refrigerant 134a as the working fluid. This arrangement is
used to achieve refrigeration at two different temperatures with a single compressor
and a single condenser. The low-temperature evaporator operates at -18oC with
saturated vapor at its exit and has a refrigerating capacity of 3 tons. The higher
temperature evaporator produces saturated vapor at 3.2 bar at its exit and has a
refrigerating capacity of 2 tons. Compression is isentropic to the condenser pressure
of 10 bar. There are no significant pressure drops in the flows through the condenser
and the two evaporators, and the refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at
10 bar. Calculate
a. mass flow rate of refrigerant through each evaporator, in kg/min.
b. compressor power input, in kW.
c. rate of heat transfer from the refrigerant passing through the condenser, in kW.

6. An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is modified to include a counterflow

heat exchanger, as shown in Fig. Ammonia leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor at
1.0 bar and is heated at constant pressure to 5oC before entering the compressor.
Following isentropic compression to 18 bar, the refrigerant passes through the
condenser, exiting at 40oC, 18 bar. The liquid then passes through the heat exchanger,
entering the expansion valve at 18 bar. If the mass flow rate of refrigerant is 12
kg/min, determine
a. refrigeration capacity, in tons of refrigeration.
b. compressor power input, in kW.
c. coefficient of performance.
Discuss possible advantages and disadvantages of this arrangement.

Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Systems

1. On a particular day when the outside temperature is 5oC, a house requires a heat
transfer rate of 12 kW to maintain the inside temperature at 20oC. A vaporcompression heat pump with Refrigerant 22 as the working fluid is to be used to
provide the necessary heating. Specify appropriate evaporator and condenser
pressures of a cycle for this purpose. Let the refrigerant be saturated vapor at the
evaporator exit and saturated liquid at the condenser exit. Calculate
a) mass flow rate of refrigerant, in kg/min.
b) compressor power, in kW.
c) coefficient of performance.
2. A vapor-compression heat pump with a heating capacity of 500 kJ/min is driven by a
power cycle with a thermal efficiency of 25%. For the heat pump, Refrigerant 134a is
compressed from saturated vapor at -10oC to the condenser pressure of 10 bar. The
isentropic compressor efficiency is 80%. Liquid enters the expansion valve at 9.6 bar,
34oC. For the power cycle, 80% of the heat rejected is transferred to the heated space.
a) Determine the power input to the heat pump compressor, in kW
b) Evaluate the ratio of the total rate that heat is delivered to the heated space to
the rate of heat input to the power cycle. Discuss.

Gas Refrigeration Cycle

1. Explain the working and applications of Gas Refrigeration Cycle in detail.
2. An ideal gas refrigeration cycle using air as the working fluid is to maintain a
refrigerated space at -23C while rejecting heat to the surrounding medium at 27C. If
the pressure ratio of the compressor is 3, determine
a. the maximum and minimum temperatures in the cycle
b. coefficient of performance
c. rate of refrigeration for a mass flow rate of 0.08 kg/s.
3. Air enters the compressor of an ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle at 100 kPa, 270 K.
The compressor pressure ratio is 3, and the temperature at the turbine inlet is 310 K.
Determine
a) net work input, per unit mass of air flow, in kJ/kg.
b) refrigeration capacity, per unit mass of air flow, in kJ/kg.
c) coefficient of performance.