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WhatIGeometricNonlinearit?
Henriknnerlind|eptemer14,2015

Whenperformingtructuralmechanicanale,ouwillinevitalencounterthe
conceptofgeometricnonlinearit.Inthilogpot,wedicuwhatimeant
geometricnonlinearitandwhenouhouldtakethieffectintoconideration.

AnIntroducontoGeometricNonlinearit
Geometricnonlinearitmanoteveneexplicitlintroducedinafundamentalcoure
ontructuralmechanic.Infact,geometriclinearitioftentacitlaumed.Ina
geometricalllinearetting,theequationofequiliriumareformulatedinthe
undeformedtateandarenotupdatedwiththedeformation.Thimaoundait
alarmingatfirt,incecomputingdeformationiwhattructuralmechaniciallaout.
However,inmotengineeringprolem,thedeformationareomallthatthe
deviationfromtheoriginalgeometrinotperceptile.Themallerrorintroduced
ignoringthedeformationdoenotwarranttheaddedmathematicalcomplexit
generatedamoreophiticatedtheor.Thiiwhavatmajoritofanaleare
madewithanaumptionofgeometriclinearit.
Thereareanumerofcaewherethedeformationcannoteignored,andnotallof
theecaecompriedeformationthatouwouldintuitivelthinkofaeinglarge.

ectofIncludingGeometricNonlinearit
Themotimportanteffectonthemathematicwhenouincludegeometric
nonlinearitinCOMOLMultiphicare:

AditinctionimadeetweenthepatialandtheMaterialframe.Thepatial
coordinateofacertainpoint( )differfromthematerialcoordinateofthe
amepoint( )thethediplacementvector( ),othat
.It
willthumatterwhetherouueuppercaeorlowercaecoordinatename
inexpreion.
ThetrainarerepreentedtheGreenLagrangetraintenorinteadof
theengineeringtrain.
ThetreearerepreentedtheecondPiolaKirchofftretenor.
Preureloadtakethedeformationintoaccount.Normaltooundarieare
updatedandareachangecauedtretchingaretakenintoaccount.
Youcanreadmoreaoutdifferenttreandtraintenorinthiprevioulogpot,
utamalldigreionintothetrainmeaureineeded.Tothiend,letulookatthe
differenceetweenlinearandthefullnonlineartrainconideringomecomponent
ofthetraintenor.
TheXdirectionGreenLagrangenormaltraincanewrittena

Ifthequadratictermareomitted,thefamiliarengineeringtrainiretrieved:

imilarl,foraheartrain,theGreenLagrangetraincomponenti

Again,theengineeringtrainiotainedignoringthenonlinearterm:

LargeorNotoLargeRotaon

Whenatructurerotateignificantl,theengineeringtrainuedinaictheorwill

Whenatructurerotateignificantl,theengineeringtrainuedinaictheorwill
nolongergiveauefulrepreentation.Rigidodrotationwillcauenonzero
componentoftheengineeringtraintenor.Thiwill,throughthecontitutivelaw,
cauetreethatforphicalreaonhouldnotappearinarigidod.Anotherwa
ofviewingthiithatanuefultraintenormutealetoreflectthefactthatthere
inotretchingorchangeofrelativeangleinarigidodmotion.
Conidera2Dodrotatingrigidlinthexplanearoundtheorigin.Aimplelinear
planetremodelinwhicharectangularteelplateirotated10ihownelow.

ffectivetreinarectangularteelplateata10rotationwithnogeometricnonlinearit.
Thereultianeffectivetreof572MPa,whichiaovetheieldlimitforthemot
commonteelqualitie.Toeewhthihappened,lettudtheanalticalolution:
Apointoriginallplacedat(X,Y)willthenhavemovedtoanewlocation(x,),given

Thimeanthatthediplacement(u,v)are

Theengineeringtrainwillthene

Forarigidodrotation,alltrainhouldezero,utclearltwooftheetrain
componentarenot.Ametalwilloftenieldatatrainthatioftheorderof0.001.A
fictitioutrainofthiizewillalreadoccuratarotationof2.5.Tokeepthetrain
lowerthan0.0001,theremutnoterigidrotationlargerthan0.8.Thimeanthat
evenatanglewhereouoftenwouldexpectamallangleapproximationtoe
ufficient,thegeometricallnonlinearapproachmuteued.
Uingtheamerigidodrotationaaove,utuingGreenLagrangetrainintead,
give

Nowthitraintenorcomponentizeroforanvalueoftherotation.Thipropert
canehownforthewholeGreenLagrangetraintenorandaloforaritrar
rotation.
uingageometricallnonlinearformulation,oucanavoidhavingtheekindof
treartifact.Thiiconfirmedolvingtheameprolemwithgeometric
nonlinearitenaled.Thetrelevelarenowpurenumericalnoie;12orderof
magnitudelowerthantheieldlimit.

ffectivetreata10rotationwhileuinggeometricnonlinearit.

tretchingofThintructure
Coniderthetwoeamintheketchelow:

eamwithdifferentendcondition.
Attherightend,theuppereamifreetotranlatehorizontall,whiletheloweream
inot.Inalineartheor,theetwoendconditionareequivalentiftheeami
ujectedtoaverticalload.Thereinocouplingetweenaxialandendingaction.
However,inageometricallnonlinearanali,thedifferentendconditionwillleadto

However,inageometricallnonlinearanali,thedifferentendconditionwillleadto
quitedifferentreult:

Whentheendifreetomoveaxiall,theverticaldiplacementoftheeam
ialmottheameainthegeometricalllinearcae.
Whentheaxialdiplacementicontrained,theverticaldiplacementwille
mallerthaninthelinearcaeandhaveatrongnonlineardependenceon
theload.
Atheeamdeflect,itcenterlinewilletretchediftheendcannotmoveinward.
Thiwillintroduceaignificantaxialforcethatwillmaketheeamactimilartoawire
intenionthehigherthetenileforce,themoreitwillreitatranvereforce.

Midpointdeflectionofaeamwithaquarecroectionof0.05x0.05.Theredline
indicatetheloadwherethedeflectioninthelinearanalii0.025(halftheheightofthe
eam).
Theameideaaloappltoplateandhell.Iftheoundarconditionareuchthat
deflectionwillcaueinplanetenion,thentheplatewillecomeignificantltiffer
withincreaingdeflection.

Thereiaruleofthumaingthatifthedeflectionoftheeamorplateinalinear
analiexceedhalfofitthickne,thengeometricallnonlineareffecthoulde
conidered.Thiiindicatedtheredlineinthefigureaove.

treening
Aeeninthepreviouexample,thetiffneofatructurecanometimechange
ignificantlduetogeometricallnonlineareffect.Thiiometimereferredtoa
tretiffening.Thetermiomewhatmileading,inceitialopoilethatthe
tiffnecoulddecreae.Ifweweretoaddacompreiveaxialloadtotheeamaove,
ittranveretiffnewouldactualldecreae.
tretiffeningiimportantin,forexample,rotatingtemwherethecentrifugal
forcecanintroduceignificantteniletree.Thicauetheeigenfrequencieofthe
temtoincreaewiththeRPM.

Campelldiagramhowinghowthenaturalfrequencieofarotatingladechangewith
peedofrotation.
Often,theloadthatcauethepretrearenottheameatheoneforwhichou
actuallperformtheanali.otheremaetwoditinctloadtemthatmute

analzedeparatel.
InCOMOLMultiphic,therearetwopredefinedtudtpepecificallintended
fortheanaliofpretreedtem:

1.PretreedAnali,igenfrequenc
2.PretreedAnali,FrequencDomain

tudtpeintendedfortheanaliofpretreedtructure.
Theetudtpeconitoftwotudtepinwhichteponeiuedforcomputing
thepretretate.Thattudcanelinearornonlinear.Theecondtudtepi
linearinitelf,utincludethenonlineartermcauedthegeometricnonlinearit
whenettingupthetiffnematrix.
Ifouareinteretedinexampleinwhichtretiffeningiimportant,pleaecheck
out:

FundamentaligenfrequencofaRotatinglade
Viratingtring
ViratingMemrane

uckling

uckling,orthelooftailitwhentheloadreacheacertaincriticalvalue,icaued
geometricallnonlineareffect.InCOMOLMultiphic,thereiapecifictud
tpecalledLinearucklingforcomputingthefirtorderapproximationtothecritical
load.

TheLinearucklingtudtpe.
Inthelinearucklingtud,anapproximateucklingloadiotainedolvingan
eigenvalueprolem.
Aanalternative,oucantracethefullnonlinearreponeuptothepointofcollape,
andevenpatit.Inthicae,oumutincreaetheloadinmallertep.Thiapproach
iignificantlmorecomputationallexpenive,utmoreaccurate.

LoaddeflectionhitorwithaucklingcollapeatpointA.
Youcanreadmoreaoutucklinginthiprevioulogpot.

UingGeometricNonlinearitinCOMOLMulphic
nalingGeometricNonlinearit
Geometricnonlinearitiapropertofthetudtep.Forthoetudtpeforwhich
itirelevant,acheckoxiavailaleintheettingforthetud.

ettingforatationartud.
ometimethicheckoxipreelectedandoucannotchangeit.Thihappenwhen
ouincludecertainphicnodeinthemodeltreethatcannoteuedinalinear
context,ucha:

Hperelaticmaterial
Largetrainplaticit
Contact
Notethatmotnonlinearmaterialmodel,uchanonlinearelaticitorcreep,donot
aumegeometricnonlinearit.

olvingaProlemwithGeometricNonlinearit
Geometricallnonlinearprolemareoftentronglnonlinear,andouneedto
coniderthatwhenupplingettingfortheolver.

Thinkoftheeamwiththefixedendmentionedaove.Whenolvingthenonlinear
prolem,theolutionafterthefirtiterationwilletheameatheolutiontothe
linearprolemothatallpointontheeammoveonlverticallunderatranvere
load.
Afterthefirtiteration,therewillthueaignificantaxialelongationoftheeam.
uchanelongationirelatedtoanaxialforce.Athereinonetaxialforce(thereino
externalloadinthatdirection),thiforcewillendupaareidualforthenextiteration.
Thiunalancedforcemaelargerthantheappliedload.Tothenonlinearolver,thi
looklikeavernatprolemandtheolverwilloftenintroducedamping.
Fortunatel,theeprolemareoftenmorewellehavedthanthenumericwould
indicate.Youcanthenpeeduptheolutionignificantluingamoreaggreive
iterationchemethanthedefault.

ettingfortheFullCoupledolver.
UingtheContantNewtonchemeinteadoftheautomaticadaptivechemewill
cauetheolvertomakelargerupdate.Thedampingfactorcaneetto1(no
damping)orpoil0.9.

Aprolemwheregeometricalnonlinearititheonlourceofnonlinearitwill,in
motcae,poeauniqueolutionforacertainloadlevel.Inthiene,itipoile
toanalzetheprolemuingatationaranaliwithaingleloadonl.For
convergencereaon,itiometimeettertograduallincreaetheloaduingthe
parametriccontinuationolver.
Anexampleofhowtheolvercaneetupforaeverelnonlinearprolemihown
inourPinchedHemiphericalhelltutorialmodel.

FinalRemark
Awehavehownaove,thereareeveralcaeinwhichgeometricnonlinearitie
muteconideredwhenolvingtructuralmechanicprolem.owhdontwe
alwaincludethieffectinourmodeltoeontheafeide?

venifthenonlineareffectivermall,invokingthenonlinearolverwill
giveouaignificantllongerolutiontime.Thiinotaniueformall
model,utwhenouareworkingwitheveralmilliondegreeoffreedom,a
reductionoftheolutiontimeafactoroftworeallmatter.
ometimeouwanttoealetocomparetoananalticalolution,and
ucholutionareoftenaedonlineartheor.
Youmaneedtofollowatandardoranaliprocedurewhereitiaumed
thatalinearapproachiued.
Inageometricallnonlinearprolem,itineceartouetheactualload.If
oujutwanttodoaconceptualtudofatructuralrepone,theolution
manotconvergeiftheetimatedloadwatoolarge.

PotCategorie
Mechanical NonlineartructuralMaterial

PotTag
TechnicalContent

NewerPot
volvingintoaetterDeign:Human

OlderPot
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Comment

IvarKjelergeptemer17,2015at1:57am
HiHenrik
Thankagainforanexcellentlog
andthankforthehintontheolveretting,aweareregularl
fightingwiththeeolverettingtotrtoimprovetimetoolutionin
ournumerougeometricnonlinearmodel.
InoticedoudidNOTmentionedthetrelockingonantimmetric
Coundarie(duetotheaddedmmetricterm),aoneivertented
toue(anti)mmetrietomaketheemodelmallertopeedup
=>mexperience:doNOTueantimmetricCongeometricnon
linearregion
AnothertrickforucklingnonlinearreponewithjumptranitionI
ueitoruntheparametricweeponceupandthenackdown,then
Icatchmotlthefullreveringnonlinearreponecurve.
MoreonucklingcommentcanaloefoundonTonAeof
NAFMnicepot:herehttp://www.dekeng.com/de/author/ton
ae/
TongivevergoodFMcoureonNAFM.org,utheeemto
neverhaveuedCOMOLthatapit
incerelIvar

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