Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fairground physics.....................................................................2
Power distribution and generation...............................................3
Chapter 1 Analysing motion........................................................3
1.1 Projectile motion............................................................................................. 3
1.2 Circular motion in a horizontal plane..............................................................3
1.3 Circular motion in a vertical plane..................................................................3
1.4 Vectors and free-body diagrams.....................................................................3
1.5 Motion in a straight line..................................................................................3
1.6 Energy and momentum.................................................................................. 3
Chapter 1 Review.................................................................................................. 3
Fairground physics
E1
v2
r
v [(0.0200 9.80)(3.00)]
r (6.00 2) m
ac
g 9.80 m s 2
v 7.67 101 m s 1
ac 0.0200 g
E2
E3
A. Inside column, as a smaller distance is covered in the same time period, which means that the
centripetal force is less on the small child
Outside column, as a greater distance is covered in the same time period, which means that the
centripetal force will be greater on the older child.
E4
ac 0.0500 9.80 m s -2
Fc mac
m (20.0 50.0) kg
Fc (70.0)(4.90 101 )
Fc 3.43 101 N
Fattachment (3.43 101 ) 12
Fattachment 4.12 10 2 N
E5
mv 2
r
(60.0)(4.00) 2
(5.00)
b -
Fc wall on rider
m 60.0 kg
Fc wall on rider
r 5.00 m
v 4.00 m s 1
E6
v2
r
v ac wall on rider r
ac wall on rider
v (2 9.80)(10.0) 196
v 4.47 101 m s 1
v 14 m s 1
1.4 101 m s 1
m 1.00 103 kg
g 9.80 m s 2
50.0o
E8
g 9.80 m s 2
60.0o
E9
(500.0)
(9.80) (cos60o)
m 1.02 10 2 kg
hy 50.0 m
g 9.80 m s 2
1
2
mv 2 mg hy
v 2 g hy
v 2(9.80)(50.0)
v 3.13 101 m s 1
E10
hy (75.0 62.0) m
g 9.80 m s 2
Efriction mg hy
m 900.0 kg
Efriction (900.0)(9.80)(13.0)
Efriction 1.15 105 J
E11
v 100.0 km h 1
v 27.78 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
Ek,gain Ep,lost
1
2
mv 2 mg hy
hy
hy
v2
2g
(27.78)2
2(9.80)
hy 3.94 101 m
E12 Same maximum speed, as the mass of the car and riders cancels out of the equation.
v 19.0 m s 1
Ep,gain Ek,lost
g 9.80 m s 2
mg h 12 mv 2
h
v2
2g
(19.0) 2
2(9.80)
h 1.84 101 m
E14
100.0%90.0%81.0%72.9%65.6%59.0%
E15
v 6.00 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
mv 2
2 mg
r
v 2 (6.00)2
r
2 g 2(9.80)
r 1.84 m
E16
r 10.0 m
g 9.80 m s 2
mv 2
1.5 mg
r
v 1.5rg (1.50)(10.0)(9.80)
v 1.21101 m s 1
E17
v 15.0 m s 1
m 1.00 103 kg
r 20.0 m
mv 2
r
(1.00 103 )(15.0) 2
Fc
(20.0)
Fc
Fc 1.13 104 N
E18 A 2.00g ride can be created if the accelerating force is vertical as opposed to horizontal, for
example a 2.00g force can be experienced at the bottom of a curve.
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
rsmall 2.00 m
vsmall 0.500 m s
Fc, total
2
mvsmall 2 mvlarge
rsmall
rlarge
(50.0)(0.500)2 (50.0)(2.00) 2
(2.00)
(10.0)
rlarge 10.0 m
Fc, total
vlarge 2.00 m s 1
m 50.0 kg
rsmall 2.00 m
vsmall 1.00 m s 1
ac, total
E20
rlarge 10.0 m
vlarge 0.600 m s 1
ac, total
2
vsmall 2 vlarge
rsmall
rlarge
(1.00) 2 (0.600) 2
(2.00)
(10.0)
E21 a
suuuu
r
uyellow 13.0 km h 1 3.61 m s 1
myellow 420.0 kg
v yellow purple
(420.0)(3.61) (500.0)(1.94)
(920.0)
mpurple 500.0 kg
v yellow purple
suuuuu
r
E22
myellow 420.0 kg
v yellow purple
mpurple 500.0 kg
v yellow purple
suuuur
E23
msilver 350.0 kg
usilver
usilver
morangesilver 760.0 kg
msilver
(760.0)(0.00) (410.0)(2.78)
(350.0)
suuur
ugold 15.0 km h 1 4.17 m s 1
mgold 530.0 kg
mgreen 800.0 kg
vgreen gold
ugreen 0.00 m s 1
mgreen gold 1330.0 kg
vgreen gold
mgreen gold
(530.0)(4.17) (800.0)(0.00)
(1330.0)
In the x direction:
suuuuu
r
mturquoise 425.0 kg
mwhite 675.0 kg
z final
(7.08 102 )
mwhite
(675.0)
uwhite 1.05 m s 1
Rcable
2.00 10 2
m
2
Rcable
Rcable 1.69 10 4
L 2.00 m
E2
L L
A r 2
a
Vpeak 15.0 10 3 V
Vrms
Vrms
Vpeak
2
( 15.0 10 3 )
2
Vrms 1.06 10 4 V
Vs 9.00 103 V
turns ratio
(9.00 103 )
turns ratio
(15.0 103 )
turns ratio 0.600 :1 or 1:1.67
Vp 15.0 10 V
3
ii
N s Vs
N p Vp
The current in the secondary coil of a step-down transformer is always greater than
the current in the primary coil, as current and voltage are inversely proportional in a
transformation.
E3
I total
Ptotal
Vhouse
(1.83 103 )
I total
(240.0)
I total 7.63 A
This is too large to run all these appliances at once; the extension cord on the power pack could
heat up too much.
I TL
Vgen 250.0 V
I TL
Pgen
Vgen
(20.0 103 )
(250.0)
I TL 8.00 101 A
I TL 8.00 101 A
Ploss I TL 2 RTL
RTL 1.20
Vdrop
Ploss
I TL
I TL 8.00 101 A
Vdrop
(7.68 103 )
(8.00 101 )
Vstart TL 250.0 V
They should be able to use some appliances; however, lights would not be as bright,
motors would not go as fast. Electronic devices may not function at all.
Ps 20.0 103 W
I TL
Vs 6.00 103 V
I TL
I TL
Ps
Vs
(20.0 103 )
(6.00 103 )
3.33 A
I TL 3.33 A
Ploss I TL 2 RTL
RTL 1.20
Vdrop
I TL 3.33 A
Vdrop
Vdrop
Ploss
I TL
(1.33 101 )
(3.33)
4.00 V
Vdrop TL 4.00 V
Vs 240.0 V
Vp 5.996 103 V
turns ratio
N s Vs
N p Vp
(240.0)
(5.996 103 )
turns ratio 0.0400 :1 or 1:25.0
turns ratio
s y ut 12 at 2
s y 4.90 m
g 9.80 m s-2
2( 4.90)
(9.80)
t 1.00 s
b
s x vx t (20.0)(1.00)
v x 20.0 m s 1
s x 20.0 m
t 1.00 s
c
The only force acting on the ball is gravity, therefore the only acceleration is
g = 9.80 m s2.
v y u a t (0) (9.80)(0.800)
u y 0 m s 1
v y 7.84 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
t 0.800 s
v vx 2 v y 2 (20.0) 2 ( 7.84) 2
v 18.4 m s 1
v y u at (0) (9.80)(1.00)
uy 0 m s 1
v y 9.80 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
t 1.00 s
v vx 2 v y 2 (20.0) 2 ( 9.80)2
v 22.3 m s 1
a
b
u y 0 m s 1
v y 4.43 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
v y 4.43 m s 1 down
s y 1.00 m
c
v v x 2 v y 2 (10.0) 2 ( 4.43) 2
v y 4.43 m s 1
v 10.9 m s 1
v x 10.0 m s 1
4.43
0.4048
10.9
23.9o
t 0.800 s
sin
s y ut 12 a t 2
s y 1.00 m
g 9.80 m s 2
2(1.00)
(9.80)
t 0.452 s
e
t 0.452 s
s x v x t (10.0)(0.452)
v x 10.0 m
s x 4.52 m
Fgravity
vx
v
v x vcos30.0o (28.0)(0.8660)
cos30.0o
v x 24.2 m s 1
b
v x 24.2 m s 1
v x 24.2 m s 1
sin30.0o
vy
v
v y vsin30.0o (28.0)(0.5000)
v x 14.0 m s 1 up
v y u a t (14.0) (9.80)(1.00)
uy 14.0 m s 1
v y 4.20 m s 1 up
g 9.80 m s 2
t 1.00 s
c
v y u at (14.0) (9.80)(2.00)
uy 14.0 m s 1
v y 5.60 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
v y 5.60 m s 1 down
t 2.00 s
5
v y u y a t
u y 14.0 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
t 1.43 s
v y uy
a
(0 14.0)
(9.80)
v y 0 m s 1
s y u y t 12 at 2
u y 14.0 m s 1
s y (14.0)(1.43) 12 ( 9.80)(1.43) 2
g 9.80 m s 2
s y 10.0 m
t 1.43 s
6
c
a
v x 24.2 m s
t 1.43 m s -1
b
c
d
Fgravity
v y uy
u y 14.0 m s 1
v y 14.0 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
t 2.86 s
t
v y uy
g
( 14.0) (14.0)
( 9.80)
v v x 2 v y 2 (14.0) 2 (24.2) 2
v y 14.0 m s 1
v 19.8 m s 1
v x 24.2 m s 1
t 0.800 s
14.0
0.7071
19.8
45.0 o
sin
t 2.86 s
sx v x t (24.2)(2.86)
v x 24.2 m s
8
s x 69.3 m
g 9.80 m s
Ep Ek initial Ek final
mgh 12 mu 2 Ek final
mu 2 Ek final 12 (0.2500)(16.0) 2 (16.0)
h
mg
(0.2500)(9.80)
h 6.53 m
1
2
v 2 u2 2as
s 6.53 m
u v 2 2as
v y 0 m s 1
u (0) 2 2(9.80)(6.53)
g 9.80 m s 2
u 11.3 m s 1
cos
v x (11.3)
0.7071
v (16.0)
45.0o
d
v y u a t (11.3) (9.80)(1.00)
uy 11.3 m s 1
v y 1.51 m s 1 up
g 9.80 m s 2
t 1.00 s
v (1.51)2 (11.3) 2
v 11.4 m s 1
s y u y t 12 a t 2
uy 11.3 m s 1
s y (11.3)(1.00) 12 ( 9.80)(1.00) 2
g 9.80 m s 2
s y 6.41 m
t 1.00 s
sx vx t (11.3)(1.00) 11.3 m
s s y 2 s x 2 (6.41) 2 (11.3) 2
tan
(6.41)
0.5669
(11.3)
v y u y g t
u y 11.3 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
t 2.31 s
v y 11.3 m s
v y uy
g
(11.3) (11.3)
(9.80)
t 2.31 s
v x 11.3 m s
10
sx v x t (11.3)(2.31)
1
s x 26.1 m
v y u y g t
t 1.50 s
uy v y g t (0) (9.80)(1.50)
g 9.80 m s 2
u y 14.7 m s 1
v y 0 m s 1
v
uy
sin
(14.7)
22.9 m s 1
o
sin40.0
s y u y t 12 a t 2
u y 14.7 m s 1
s y (14.7)(1.50) 12 ( 9.80)(1.50) 2
g 9.80 m s 2
s y 11.0 m
t 1.50 s
c
v y 2 u y 2 2as y
u y 14.7 m s 1
v y (14.7) 2 2( 9.80)(10.0)
g 9.80 m s 2
v y 20.3 m s 1
s y 10.0 m
v y uy
t
v y uy
a
t 3.57 s
( 20.3) (14.7)
(9.8)
a
b
a
b
c
A, D
She has continued to travel in a straight line, while the car has turned, so the right side of
the cabin is actually accelerating towards her.
v 8.00 m s 1
v 8.00 m s 1 south
v 2 (8.00)2
r
(9.20)
v 8.00 m s 1
ac
r 9.20 m
ac 6.96 m s 2 east
v 8.00 m s 1
Fc
r 9.20 m
r
(9.20)
m 1.20 103 kg
4
5
6
The force that causes the centripetal force is the reaction of the sideways frictional force of
the cars tyres on the road, that is the sideways force of friction of the road on the cars
tyres.
1
v 8.00 m s north
a
b
west
The car would probably skid off the road as the centripetal force required would increase to a
value greater than the force of friction could provide.
a
v 2 (2.00)2
r
(1.50)
v 2.00 m s 1
ac
r 1.50 m
The forces are unbalanced as she is accelerating. According to Newtons first law an
unbalanced force will cause an object to change its motion, in this case the direction of the
motion is changing, not the magnitude.
v 2.00 m s
mv 2 (50.0)(2.00) 2
Fc
r
(1.50)
r 1.50 m
m 50.0 kg
d
7
The sideways reaction force of the skate on the ice, which is the sideways force of the ice
on the skate.
f 2.00 rev s 1
1
1
5.00 101 s
f (2.00)
T 5.00 101 s
2r
2 (0.800)
T
(5.00 10 1 )
v 10.1 m s 1
c
v 2 (10.1) 2
r (0.800)
v 10.1 m s 1
ac
r 0.800 m
mv 2 (2.50)(10.1)2
r
(0.800)
v 10.1 m s 1
Fc
r 0.800 m
m 2.50 kg
e
f
The force causing the centripetal acceleration of the ball is the tension force of the cable on
the ball.
The ball would continue in a straight line that is tangential to the circular path at the point
at which the wire breaks.
l 2.40 m
r
l
r lcos (2.40)(cos 60.0o)
cos
r 1.20 m
b
c
d
The forces acting on Ella are gravity and the tension force of the rope on her.
Ellas acceleration is towards the centre of rotation about the pole.
g 9.80 m s 2
m 30.0 kg
tan
Fc
Fg
Fc
mg
(30.0)(9.80)
Fc 1.70 102 N
Fc
mv 2
r
Fc r
(1.70 102 )(1.20)
m
(30.0)
r 1.20 m
m 30.0 kg
v 2.61 m s 1
v 18.0 m s 1
r 80.0 m
r
(80.0)
Fc 4.86 kN towards the centre
Fc
m 1.20 103 kg
b
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
Fg
Fc
67.5o
Fc
(90.0o) (67.5o)
22.5o
10
The driver will have to turn the cars tyres down the track to enable the horizontal component of
the sideways frictional force to help turn the car. The combined centripetal force of the banked
track and the horizontal component of the sideways frictional force will enable the car to turn at
this higher speed while maintaining the same radius as before.
a
b
c
d
The acceleration is towards the centre of the circular path of the yo-yo.
At the bottom of the circular path the tension in the string is greatest.
At the top of the circular path the tension in the string is lowest.
At the bottom of the circular path where the tension in the string is greatest.
g 9.80 m s 2
r 1.50 m
v 3.83 m s 1
The force of gravity and the reaction force of the road on the car.
m 800.0 kg
Froad on car Fc ( Fg )
r 10.0 m
Froad on car
v 14.4 km h 1
Froad on car
v 4.00 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
mv 2
( mg )
r
(800.0)(4.00) 2
( (800.0)( 9.80))
(10.0)
Yes it is possible, however it is her apparent weight she was feeling not her mass, which
doesnt change. The force that the seat applies to her is less as she goes over the hump,
therefore she feels like she is lighter on the seat.
g 9.80 m s 2
r 10.0 m
v 9.90 m s 1
v 35.6 km h 1
u 2.00 m s 1
Ek at Y Ek at X Ep gain
s y 50.0 m
1
2
mv 2 12 mu 2 mg s y
g 9.80 m s 2
v 2( 12 u 2 g s y ) 2( 12 (2.00) 2 (9.80)(50.0))
m 500.0 kg
v 31.4 m s 1
u 2.00 m s 1
Ek at Z Ek at X Ep gain
s y 20.0 m
1
2
mv 2 12 mu 2 mg s y
g 9.80 m s 2
v 2( 12 u 2 g s y ) 2( 12 (2.00) 2 (9.80)(20.0))
m 500.0 kg
v 19.9 m s 1
b
m 500.0 kg
Ftrack on cart Fc ( Fg )
r 15.0 m
Ftrack on cart
v 19.9 m s 1
Ftrack on cart
g 9.80 m s 2
mv 2
( mg)
r
(500.0)(19.9) 2
((500.0)(9.80))
(15.0)
g 9.80 m s 2
r 15.0 m
v 12.1 m s 1
6
b
m 80.0 kg
Fseat on pilot Fc ( Fg )
r 100.0 m
Fseat on pilot
v 35.0 m s -1
Fseat on pilot
g 9.80 m s -2
mv 2
( mg )
r
(80.0)(35.0) 2
( (80.0)( 9.80))
(100.0)
g 9.80 m s 2
r 100.0 m
v 31.3 m s 1
b
g 9.80 m s 2
aseat on pilot 9 ( g)
v2
( g)
r
v2
9 (( 9.80))
(( 9.80))
(100.0)
r 100.0 m
aseat on pilot
8 ((9.80))(100.0)
v 88.5 m s 1
9
m 4.00 kg
g 9.80 m s
T Fg mg (4.00)( 9.80)
2
T 39.2 N
m 4.00 kg
g 9.80 m s-2
s y 2.00 m
Ek Ep
1
2
mv 2 mg s y
v 2(9.80)(2.00)
v 6.26 m s -1
b
T Fc ( Fg )
mv 2
( mg )
r
(4.00)(6.26) 2
T
((4.00)(9.80))
(2.00)
T
The wire is more likely to break when the ball is moving through position X as the tension in the
wire is three times the tension it had when it was stationary at point X.
suuuuur
v u ( 15.0) ( 20.0)
1
v u 35.0
v u 35.0 m s 1 west
suuuuur
v u ( 15.0) ( 20.0)
v u 5.0
v u 5.0 m s 1 east
Fy1 Fy 2 2.0
2
a
suuuur
v ( u) ( 20.0) ( 15.0)
ux 15.0 m s 1 west
v ( u) 5.0
v ( u) 5.0 m s 1 west
suuuur
v ( u) ( 20.0) ( 15.0)
1
ux 15.0 m s west
1
v ( u) 35.0
v ( u) 35.0 m s 1 east
Fy 2 ( Fy1 ) 22.0
a x 17.5 m s 2 south
a z 70.0 m s 2 west
(a x a z ) 2 a x 2 a z 2
(a x az ) (17.5)2 (70.0) 2
(a x a z ) 7.22 101 m s 2
tan
a z (70.0)
a x (17.5)
tan(4.00)
76.0o
(a x a z ) 7.22 101 m s 2 south76.0 owest
b
v x 15.0 m s 1 west
v z 23.0 m s 1 north
(v x v z ) 2 v x 2 v z 2
(v x v z ) (15.0) 2 (23.0) 2
(v x v z ) 2.75 101 m s 1
tan
v z (23.0)
v x (15.0)
tan(1.53)
56.9o
(v x v z ) 2.75 101 m s 1 north 56.9 owest
c
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
(Fy Fx ) 2 Fy 2 Fx 2
Fx 20.0 N west
tan
Fy
Fx
(15.0)
(20.0)
tan(0.750)
36.9o
(Fy Fx ) 2.50 101 N 36.9oup from horizontal to the west
4
v x 19.0 m s 2 west
v z ( v x )
v z 2 ( v x ) 2
v x 19.0 m s 2 east
v z ( v x ) (20.0) 2 (19.0) 2
v z 20.0 m s 2 south
v z ( v x ) 2.76 101 m s 2
tan
( v x ) (19.0)
vz
(20.0)
tan(0.950)
43.5o
v z ( v x ) 2.76 101 m s 2 south 43.5oeast
b
px 11.0 kg m s 1 north
pz ( px )
pz 2 ( p x ) 2
px 11.0 kg m s 1 south
pz ( px ) (30.0) 2 (11.0) 2
pz 30.0 kg m s 1 east
pz ( px ) 3.20 101 kg m s 1
tan
pz
(30.0)
( px ) (11.0)
tan(2.73)
69.9o
pz ( px ) 3.20 101 kg m s 1 south 69.9oeast
Fx ( Fy )
Fy 10.0 N down
Fx 2 ( Fy ) 2
Fy 10.0 N up
Fx ( Fy ) (12.0) 2 (10.0) 2
Fx 12.0 N right
Fx ( Fy ) 1.56 101 N
tan
( Fy )
Fx
(10.0)
(12.0)
tan(0.833)
39.8o
Fx ( Fy ) 1.56 101 N 39.8oup from
horizontal to the right
5
v x west
v x v cos35.0o
v x (255)(0.819)
v x 2.09 102 m s 1 west
v z south
vz v sin35.0o
v z (255)(0.574)
v z 1.46 102 m s 1 south
px east
px p sin67.5o
px (0.250)(0.924)
px 2.3110 1 kg m s 1 east
pz north
pz p cos67.5o
pz (0.250)(0.383)
pz 9.57 10 2 kg m s 1 north
Fx left
Fx F cos27.5o
Fx (100.0)(0.8874)
Fx 8.87 101 N left
Fy down
Fy F sin27.5o
Fy (100.0)(0.462)
Fy 4.62 101 N down
v wind (25.0)
vplane (100.0)
tan(0.250)
14.0o
(vplane v wind ) 1.03 10 2 m s 1 south 14.0owest
b
c
The plane should steer south 14.0 east to maintain a southerly path.
Fx right
Fx F cos60.0o
Fx (50.0)(0.500)
Fx 2.50 101 N right
Fground on trolley
Fpush on trolley
c
Fgravity on trolley
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
Fx Fx , push Fx , friction
Fx ( 25.0) ( 10.0)
Fy Fsin60.0o
Fy (50.0)(0.866)
Fy 4.33 101 N down
Fresultant 2 Fx 2 Fy 2
Fresultant (1.50 101 ) 2 (4.33 101 ) 2
Fresultant 4.58 101 N
tan
Fy
Fx
(4.33 101 )
(1.50 101 )
tan 1 (2.887)
70.8o
Fresultant 4.58 101 N 70.8odown from
horizontal to the right
8
ux 16.0 m s 1
v x 16.0 m s
speed v x v x -ux
v x (16.0 16.0)
v x 0.00 m s 1
u 16.0 m s 1 north
speed v v ( u)
u 16.0 m s 1 south
v 2 v 2 ( u ) 2
v 16.0 m s 1 east
v (16.0)2 (16.0)2
v 2.26 101 m s 1
u (16.0)
v
(16.0)
tan(1.00)
tan
45.0o
v 2.26 101 m s 1 south 45.0o east
9
Fclub on ball
Fgravity on ball
10
Ftee on ball
Fair resistance on ball
Fgravity on ball
2
3
4
5
a
A to B: Displacement 40 cm to the right, Distance 40 cm
b
C to B: Displacement 10 cm to the left, Distance 10 cm
c
C to D: Displacement 20 cm to the right, Distance 20 cm
d
C to E and then to D: Displacement 20 cm to the right, Distance 80 cm
a
Distance 80.0 km
b
Displacement 20.0 km north
a
10 m down
b
60 m up
c
70 m
d
50 m up
displacement
a
D
b
D
c
C
d
A
a
39 steps
b
1 step west of the clothes line
c
a
1 step west
u 0 m s 1
v 120.0 33.3 m s 1
3.6
v u (33.3) (0)
2
2
vav
vav 16.7 m s 1
v u (120.0) (0)
t
(18.0)
u 0 km h 1
aav
v 120 km h 1
t 18.0 s
c
u 0 m s 1
v 120 33.3 m s 1
3.6
t 18.0 s
aav
v u (33.3) (0)
t
(18.0)
v 1.85 m s 2
v 33.3 m s 1
s vt (33.3)(0.600)
t 0.600 s
s 20.0 m
u 25.0 m s 1
v v u (15.0) (25.0)
v 15.0 m s 1
v 10.0 m s 1
v v u
1
u 25.0 m s east
v v ( u) ( 15.0) ( 25.0)
u 25.0 m s 1 west
v 10.0 m s 1
u 25.0 m s 1
v 10.0 m s 1 east
v 15.0 m s 1 west
v 15.0 m s 1
c
v u (15.0) (25.0)
t
(0.0500)
aav
u 25.0 m s 1
v 15.0 m s 1
t 0.0500 s
9
v u (0) (60.0)
t
(5.00)
u 60.0 km h 1 north
aav
v 0 km h 1
t 5.00 s
b
v u (0) (16.7)
t
(5.00)
u 60.0 16.7 m s 1
3.6
aav
v 0 m s 1
t 5.00 s
10
l 50.0 m
s l laps (50.0)(30)
laps 30
s 1.50 103 m
s 1.50 103 m
t 14:38
vav
s (1.50 103 )
t
(878)
vav 1.71 m s 1
t 878 s
c
d
0m
0 m s1
m 8.00 102 kg
Wd Fs y mgs y
g 9.80 m s 2
Wd (8.00 10 2 )(9.80)(90.0)
s y 90.0 m
Wd 7.06 105 J
m 8.00 102 kg
Etotal Ek Ep 12 mv 2 mgs y
g 9.80 m s 2
s y 50.0 m
v 2.00 m s 1
c
m 8.00 102 kg
g 9.80 m s
v 2.00 m s 1
2
P Fv mgv
P (8.00 10 2 )(9.80)(2.00)
P 1.596 10 4 W
m1 2.00 101 kg
u1 9.00 m s 1
Etotal 8.10 J
m2 1.00 10 kg
u2 0 m s 1
b
m1 2.00 101 kg
v1 3.00 m s 1
Etotal 8.10 J
m2 1.00 101 kg
v2 12.0 m s 1
c
d
m 8.00 101 kg
g 9.80 m s
E mg s y
p
s y 5.00 m
E 3.92 103 J
m 8.00 101 kg
a 5.00 m s 2
v (5.00 101 )
s y 5.00 m
v 7.07 m s -1
Ek 12 mv 2 12 (8.00 101 )(7.07) 2
Ek 2.00 103 J
Some energy potential energy would have been lost to heat or sound energy as the
firefighter slid down the pole, therefore there would be less energy converted into kinetic
energy.
The work done is equal to the gain in energy of the firefighter, equal to 2.00 10 3 J.
d
e
4
5
E p 3.92 103 J
E k 2.00 103 J
D
a
u 10.0 m s 1
v 8.00 m s
v v u (8.00) (10.0)
v 2.00 m s 1
v v u ( 8.00) ( 10.0)
u 10.0 m s 1
v 8.00 m s
v 18.0
v 18.0 m s 1 up
p mv (80.0 10 3 )( 18.0)
v 18.0 m s 1
3
m 80.0 10 m s
6
d
a
p 1.44
1
p 1.44 kg m s 1 up
Fav net
p (1.44)
t (0.0500)
p 1.44 kg m s 1
t 0.0500 s
Fav 28.8 N
m 80.0 103 kg
Fav 29.6
g 9.80 m s 1
7
c
a
Fav 29.6 N up
According to Newtons third law, the force of the ball on the floor is 29.6 N down
v 36.0 km h 1
psc 1.00 10 4
10.0 m s 1
m 1.00 103 kg
b
v 18.0 km h 1
pwag 1.00 10 4
5.0 m s 1
m 2.00 103 kg
c
ptotal 0 kg m s -1
pbefore 0 kg m s
pbefore pafter
1
pafter 0
vcombined 0 m s 1
The initial momentum has gone into changing the momentum of the other vehicle.
u 10.0 m s 1
psc 1.00 10 4
v 0 m s 1
m 1.00 103 kg
d
u 5.00 m s -1
pwag 1.00 10 4
v 0 m s -1
m 2.00 10 3 kg
10
Mary was correct, as the momentum before is equal to the momentum after, so the momentum of
the railway tanker and water (combined) will be equal to the sum of the momentum of the tanker
and water (separated). The sum of the masses of the water and tanker will be the same after as it
was before therefore the speed of the tanker and water will be the same after as it was before.
a
ugirl 4.00 m s 1
m 48.0 kg
ugirl 4.00 m s 1
mgirl 48.0 kg
usb 0 m s 1
msb 2.00 kg
c
ugirl sb 3.84 m s 1
mgirl sb 50.0 kg
vgirl 3.84 m s 1
vsb 3.84 m s 1
mgirl 48.0 kg
msb 2.00 kg
Chapter 1 Review
1
u 3.50 m s 1
v v u (3.00) (3.50)
v 3.00 m s 1
v 0.50 m s 1
v v u (3.00) (3.50)
u 3.50 m s
v 6.50 m s 1 upwards
v 3.00 m s 1
2
b
3
The force increases as the bounce continues to the point where the springs are stretched to
their maximum, then decreases as the bounce continues to the point where Hannah leaves
the trampoline. The force is usually named the reaction force.
D
u 16.7 m s 1
v 2 u2 2as
v 0 m s 1
aav
s 15.0 m
aav 9.26 m s 2
v 2 u 2 (0)2 (16.7)2
2s
2(15.0)
u 16.7 m s 1
v u a t
aav 9.26 m s 2
v (16.7) ( 9.26)(1.50)
t 1.50 s
v 2.78 m s 1
m 120.0 kg
aav 9.26 m s 2
Fav 1.11 kN
b for ball X
u 0 m s 1
s y ut 12 a t 2
( 2.00) (0) t 12 ( 9.80)t 2
2(-2.00)
(9.80)
g 9.80 m s 2
s y 2.00 m
t 0.639 s
for ball Y
u 0 m s -1
s y ut 12 at 2
( -2.00) ( 0 )t 12 ( 9.80 )t 2
2( -2.00)
( 9.80 )
g 9.80 m s - 2
s y 2.00 m
t 0.639 s
b for ball X
uy 0 m s
v y u y a t (0) (9.80)(0.639)
v y 6.26 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
t 0.639 s
v v y 2 v x 2 ( 6.26)2 (5.00) 2
v x 5.00 m s 1
v 8.01 m s 1
b for ball Y
v y u y a t (0) (9.80)(0.639)
u y 0 m s 1
v y 6.26 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
t 0.639 s
v v y 2 v x 2 ( 6.26)2 (7.50) 2
v x 7.50 m s 1
v 9.77 m s 1
- for ball X
sx v x t (5.00)(0.639)
v x 5.00 m s 1
t 0.639 s
for ball Y
sx v x t (7.50)(0.639)
v x 7.50 m s 1
b -
v y 2 uy 2 2 gs y
v y 0 m s 1
u y v y 2 2 gs y (0) 2 2( 9.80)(4.00)
s y 4.00 m
uy 8.85 m s 1
g 9.80 m s 2
uy
sin
(8.85)
0.885
(10.0)
62.3o
6
vx
v
v x vcos (10.0)(cos 62.3o)
v 10.0 m s 1
cos
62.3o
v x 4.65 m s 1
7
v y uy
u y 8.85 m s 1
v y 8.85 m s
t
v y uy
a
(8.85) (8.85)
(9.80)
t 1.81 s
v x 4.65 m s 1
s x v x t (4.65)(1.81)
s x 8.40 m
9
vx
v
v x vcos (8.00)(cos 60.0o)
cos
v x 4.00 m s 1
b
sin
vy
v
v y vsin (8.00)(sin 60.0o)
v x 6.92 m s 1
c
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
uy 6.92 m s 1
vy 0 m s
v y uy
t
v y uy
a
(0) (6.92)
(9.80)
t 0.707 s
g 9.80 m s 2
d
s y u y t 12 at 2
uy 6.92 m s 1
s y (6.92)(0.707) 12 ( 9.80)(0.707) 2
t 0.707 s
s y 2.457 m
g 9.80 m s 2
v y 2 uy 2 2as y
u y 6.92 m s 1
s y 1.50 m
g 9.80 m s 2
a
t
v y uy
t
v y uy
a
t 1.60 s
(8.80) (6.92)
( 9.80)
v x 4.00 m s 1
10
t 1.60 s
v x 4.00 m s 1
s x v x t (4.00)(1.60)
s x 6.42 m
11
v x 4.00 m s 1
Ek 12 mv 2 12 (2.00)(4.00) 2
m 2.00 kg
12
13
14
a g 9.80 m s
Ek 16.0 J
2
v 7.50 m s 1
Fg
Fa 2.13 103 N
Fa max
Fg
m 2.00 kg
g 9.80 m s
16
Fa max
(2.00)(9.80)
(2.13 10 3 )
9.22 10 3
This answer tells us that the force of air resistance is insignificant when compared to the force
due to gravity on the ball.
a
.
v y 2 uy 2 2 gs y
g 9.80 m s 2
s y 10.0 m
v y 14.0 m s 1
m 0.200 kg
pbefore mu (0.200)(14.0)
pbefore 2.80 kg m s 1
pbefore 2.80 kg m s 1 downwards
b
pafter mu (0.200)(10.0)
v 10.0 m s
m 0.200 kg
c
pafter 2.00 kg m s 1
pafter 2.00 kg m s 1 upwards
I p pafter pbefore
pafter 2.00 kg m s 1
I (2.00) ( 2.80)
pbefore 2.80 kg m s 1
I 4.80 kg m s 1 upwards
I
(4.80)
t (1.00 103 )
Fav
I 4.80 kg m s 1 upwards
t 1.00 103 s
17
b
c
u 0 m s 1
Ek 12 mv 2 12 mu 2 12 (50.0)(3.00) 2 12 (50.0)(0) 2
v 3.00 m s 1
Ek 2.25 10 2 J
m 50.0 kg
t 10.0 s
F (100.0)
2.00 m s 2
m (50.0)
u 0 m s 1
v u at (0) (2.00)(10.0)
v 20.0 m s 1
Ek ideal 12 mv 2 12 (50.0)(20.0)2
Ek ideal 1.00 10 4 J
Elost to heat Ek ideal Ek (1.00 104 ) (2.25 102 )
Elost to heat 9.78 103 J lost
18
E (1.00 104 )
t
(10.0)
P 1.00 103 W
E (9.78 103 )
t
(10.0)
P 9.78 10 2 W
Ek 2.25 102 J
t 10.0 s
19
E (2.25 10 2 )
t
(10.0)
P 2.25 101 W
ptotal before 0 kg m s 1
vboy 4.00 m s 1
mboy 50.0 kg
20
psled after mv
(2.00 102 )
v
(200.0)
msled 200.0 kg
v 1.00 m s 1
21
22
usled 1.00 m s 1
pbefore pafter
msled 200.0 kg
mboy 50.0 kg
vboy sled
uboy 4.40 m s 1
msled 50.0 kg
usled 4.40 m s 1
vsled 1.68 m s 1
p 1.36 10 2 kg m s 1
mboy 50.0 kg
uboy 4.40 m s 1
vboy 1.68 m s -1
p 1.36 10 2 kg m s 1
23
pbefore pafter
m1 0.3000 kg
u1 2.00 m s 1
v1 2
m2 0.1000 kg
v1 2 1.00 m s 1 east
m1 2
(0.3000 0.1000)
u2 2.00 m s 1
24
m1 0.3000 kg
u1 2.00 m s 1
Ek before 0.800 J
m2 0.1000 kg
u2 2.00 m s 1
Ek after 12 m1 2 v1 2 2
v1 2 1.00 m s 1
Ek after 12 (0.4000)(1.00)2
Ek after 0.200 J
%Eff
25
26
B
a
b
c
(0.200) 100
25.0%
(0.800)
A
D
C
27
v 10.0 m s 1
r 20.0 m
28
distance 2 r 2 (20.0)
v
v
(10.0)
T 12.6 s
T
v 2 (10.0) 2
r
(20.0)
v 10.0 m s 1
ac
r 20.0 m
ac 5.00 m s 2 west
29
30
ac 5.00 m s 2 west
Fc mac (1510)(5.00)
m 1510 kg
Fc 7.55 10 3 N east
c
C
a
Fseat on boy Fc ( Fg )
mv 2
(50.0)(5.00) 2
( mg )
( (50.0)( 9.80))
r
(10.0)
m 50.0 kg
Fseat on boy
r 10.0 m
g 9.80 m s 2
ii
Fseat on boy Fc ( Fg )
m 50.0 kg
Fseat on boy
r 10.0 m
g 9.80 m s 2
mv 2
(50.0)(5.00) 2
( mg )
( (50.0)( 9.80))
r
(10.0)
r2
(0.500) 2
ma 0.1000 kg
Fg
mo 0.2000 kg
Fg 5.34 10 12 N attraction
r 0.500 m
b
r2
(600.0 103 6.37 106 ) 2
mE 5.98 1024 kg
Fg
ms 2.00 104 kg
mE 5.98 1024 kg
mm 7.35 1022 kg
Fg
r2
(3.84 108 ) 2
Fg 1.99 10 20 N attraction
rE m 3.84 108 m
d
mp 1.67 10
27
kg
me 9.111031 kg
Fg
Gmp me
r2
(5.30 1011 )2
Fg 3.6110 47 N attraction
Gma mm
r12
Fg1 160 N
Fg1
Fg2 40 N
Gma mm Fg1r12
r1 rmoon
Fg2
Gma mm
r2 2
Gma mm Fg2r2 2
Fg1r12 Fg2 r2 2
r2 2
r2 2
Fg1
Fg2
r12
(160) 2
r1
(40)
r2 2 4 r12
r2 2 rmoon
b
Fg1 160 N
Fg1r12 Fg2 r2 2
Fg1r12
Fg2 40 N
Fg2
r1 rmoon
Fg2
r2 4 rmoon
(160)rmoon 2
Fg2
(16) rmoon 2
r2 2
(160)rmoon 2
(4 rmoon ) 2
Fg2 10 N attraction
3
r2
(9.40 106 ) 2
mP 1.08 1016 kg
FM-P
mD 1.80 1015 kg
mM 6.42 1023 kg
GmD mM (6.67 1011 )(1.80 1015 )(6.42 10 23 )
r2
(2.35 107 ) 2
rM P 9.40 106 m
FM-D
rM D 2.35 107 m
37.5
FM-D (1.40 1014 )
Fg1
GmE ms
r12
Fg2
GmE ms
r2 2
Fg1r12 Fg2 r2 2
r2 2
r2 2
Fg1
Fg2
r12
Fg1
0.01 Fg1
r12
r2 100 r12
2
r2 10 rE
5
ma M kg
Fa-x
r2
(0.5R ) 2
mb 0.01M kg
ra x 0.5 R m
Fb-x
r2
(0.5R ) 2
rb x 0.5 R m
Fa-x (6.67 10 11 )( M ) mx
(0.5R) 2
Fb-x
(0.5R) 2
(6.67 10 11 )(0.01M ) mx
Fa-x
1
100
Fb-x 0.01
ma M kg
Fa-x
8100
Fb-x
mb 0.01M kg
8100
(6.67 10 11 )( M ) mx
[(1 x ) R ]2
( xR ) 2
(6.67 10 11 )(0.01M ) mx
ra x xR m
8100
[(1 x ) R ]2
( xR) 2 (0.01)
rb x (1 x ) R m
[(1 x ) R]2
( xR ) 2
[(1 x ) R ]
9.00
( xR)
9.00xR R xR
81.0
10.0xR R
R
10.0 R
x 0.100
x
distance 0.100R
6
ma M kg
mb 0.01M kg
ra x xR m
rb x (1 x) R m
Fa-x
1
Fb-x
(6.67 10 11 )( M ) mx
[(1 x ) R]2
1
( xR) 2
(6.67 10 11 )(0.01M ) mx
1
[(1 x) R]2
( xR) 2 (0.01)
[(1 x) R]2
0.01
( xR) 2
[(1 x ) R]
0.01
( xR )
0.01xR R xR
1.01xR R
R
1.01R
x 0.990
x
distance 0.990R
G 6.67 1011 N kg 2 m 2
gM
Gm (6.67 10 11 )(3.30 10 23 )
r2
(2.44 106 ) 2
gM 3.70 N kg 1
mM 3.30 1023 kg
rM 2.44 106 m
r2
(6.03 107 ) 2
mS 5.69 1026 kg
gS
rS 6.03 107 m
gS 10.4 N kg -1
mJ 1.90 1027 kg
Gm (6.67 1011 )(1.90 10 27 )
gJ 2
r
(7.15 107 )2
rJ 7.15 10 m
7
gJ 24.8 N kg 1
8
ma 80.0 kg
Fwt M mg (80.0)(3.70)
gM 3.70 N kg 1
Fwt M 296 N
ma 80.0 kg
Fwt S mg (80.0)(10.4)
gS 10.4 N kg 1
Fwt S 835 N
ma 80.0 kg
Fwt J mg (80.0)(24.8)
gJ 24.8 N kg
9
-1
Fwt J 1980 N
Saturns mass is approximately 100 times that of Earth, while the radius of Saturn is only 10
times that of earth. When the radius of the planet is squared the factor of 10 becomes 10 2, which
is enough to cancel out the factor of 100 by which the mass of Saturn is greater.
mE 5.98 1024 kg
FE FM
GmE ms GmM ms
x2
(r x ) 2
mE
mM
2
x
(r x ) 2
mM 7.35 1022 kg
r 3.84 108 m
(r x) 2 mM
x2
mE
(3.84 108 x)
(7.35 1022 )
x
(5.98 1024 )
3.84 108 x 0.110 x
1.110 x 3.84 108
3.84 108
1.110
x 3.46 108 m
x
As the satellite does not change its energy while orbiting around the Earth, it doesnt change its
height above the surface of the Earth so its gravitational potential energy does not change, and its
speed doesnt change so its kinetic energy doesnt change.
ms 2.30 103 kg
g 0.220 N kg 1
Fnet 5.06 10 2 N
The source of this force is the gravitational attraction of the Earth on the satellite.
mN 1.02 10
26
kg
rT 3.55 108 m
G 6.67 1011 N m 2 kg 2
v2
r
g 0.0540 m s 2
rT 3.55 108 m
v gr (0.0540)(3.55 108 )
v 4.38 103 m s 1
v 4.38 103 m s 1
rT 3.55 108 m
distance
T
distance (2(3.55 108 ))
T
v
(4.38 103 )
v
(5.10 108 )
( 24 60 60)
T 5.90 days
T
distance (2 (1.22 10 6 ))
T
(1.38 106 )
T 1.38 106 s
rT 1.22 109 m
v 5.55 km s 1
rT 1.22 106 km
b
v 5.55 103 m s 1
rT 1.22 109 m
ac
v 2 (5.55 103 ) 2
r
(1.22 109 )
ac 2.53 m s 2
ac 2.53 102 m s 2
G 6.67 1011 N m 2 kg 2
r 1.22 109 m
ac g
GmS
r2
ac r 2 (2.53 10 2 )(1.22 109 ) 2
mS
G
(6.67 1011 )
ac
mS 5.65 1026 kg
T 2.10 107 s
vc Fg
ms v 2 GmV ms
r
r2
mV 4.87 1024 kg
G 6.67 10
11
-2
N kg m
GmV
(2r )
r
T
(42 r 2 ) GmV
T2
r
GmVT 2
r
42
3
r 3 3.63 10 27
r 1.54 109 m
b
T 2.10 10 s
T
(2.10 107 )
r 1.54 109 m
v 4.60 10 2 m s 1
v 4.60 102 m s 1
ac
r 1.54 109 m
ac 1.37 104 m s 2
v 2 (4.60 102 ) 2
r
(1.54 109 )
rA 1.37 108 m
vA
2rA
2(1.37 108 )
1.65 10 4 m s 1
TA
(0.602)(24 60 60)
vH
2rH
2(3.77 108 )
9.97 103 m s 1
TH
(2.75)(24 60 60)
TA 0.602 day
rH 3.77 108 m
TH 2.75 days
vA 1.65 104
1.66
vH 9.97 103
aA
vA 2 (1.65 104 ) 2
1.99 m s 2
rA
(1.37 108 )
aH
vH 2 (9.97 103 ) 2
0.264 m s 2
rH
(3.77 108 )
rA 1.37 108 m
vA 1.65 104 m s 1
rH 3.77 108 m
vH 9.97 103 m s 1
aA 1.99
7.58
aH 0.264
b
rA 1.37 108 m
rA 3 rT 3
TA 2 TT 2
TA 5.20 104 s
TT 2
rT 1.20 109 m
TT
rT 3TA 2
rA 3
(1.20 109 )3 (5.20 10 4 ) 2
(1.37 108 )3
TT 1.82 1012
(1.35 106 )
TT
s
(24 60 60)
TT 15.6 days
10
rE 6.37 106 m
gA
1.2
gB
gA 1.2 gB
GmE
Gm
1.2 2 E
2
rE
ro
ro 2 1.2 rE 2
ro 1.2 rE
ro 1.2 (6.37 106 )
ro 6.98 106 m
2.3 Torque
1
a
b
.The axis of rotation is the tap spindle; the lever arm is approximately 0.04 m
The axis of rotation is the axle of the wheel; the lever arm is approximately 1 m
The axis of rotation is the end of the tweezers; the lever arms are approximately 0.07 m
The axis of rotation is the place in which the screwdriver contacts the edge of the tin; the
lever arm is approximately 0.2 m
The line of application of the force is a larger perpendicular distance from the hinges (pivot
point) when the force is applied to the handle than when it is applied to the centre of the
door.
Using a long crowbar with a small rock as a pivot a large force can be applied to the large
rock if a small effort arm is used with a long effort arm, a ratio of load arm to effort arm of
1:10 will multiply the force you apply by ten times.
mH 40.0 kg
g 9.80 m s
r 2.25 m
Fr
(40.0)(9.80)(2.25)
8.82 10 2 N m
cw 400.0 N m
r 1.60 m
cw acw
F
acw (400.0)
r
(1.60)
mw 2.50 103 kg
g 9.80 m s
r 2.00 m
b
6
Fr
Cranes use counter-weights on the other side of the pivot point to the load to provide an
opposing torque to balance the torque due to the load.
mw 1.00 kg
Fr
g 9.80 m s 2
r 0.500 m
(1.00)(9.80)(0.500)
4.90 N m
mw 1.00 kg
Fr
g 9.80 m s 2
r 1.00 m
(1.00)(9.80)(1.00)
9.80 N m
mw 1.00 kg
g 9.80 m s 2
r 0.500 m
Fr
F
r
60.0
(1.00)(9.80)(0.500)
4.90 N m
7
8
9
10
The weights provide a large counter torque should the performer overbalance. Only a small
movement of the pole is enough to balance the torque provided by the performer overbalancing.
The bench will not work successfully. The supports should be moved so that the centre of gravity
is between the supports or bolts could be used to attach the left hand support to the bench-top.
a
The weight of the bag will produce a torque about a pivot point around the base of the
spine, which will tend to rotate the torso to the right. To compensate for this the person
must lean to the left, or by holding the left arm out from the body to move it farther from
the pivot point.
b
mw 14.0 kg
Fr
g 9.80 m s 2
assume r 0.3 m
(14.0)(9.80)(0.3)
40 N m
mw 3.50 103 kg
g 9.80 m s 2
Fwt 3.43 10 4 N
As the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the load to the pivot point does not
change, then the torque does not change.
Fr
(3.43 104 )(15.0)
5.15 105 N m
2.4 Equilibrium
1
2
A, B, D
Fy 0
mp 50.0 kg
g 9.80 m s 2
Fw1 600 N
Fw2 850 N
(1940)
4.85 102 N
4
FT cable
Fy 0
g 9.80 m s 2
mload 20 000 kg
mgirder 5000 kg
Fpillar
(1.96 106 )
9.80 105 N
2
Fy 0
mgirl 60.0 kg
g 9.80 m s 2
mbeam 30.0 kg
(8.82 102 )
4.41 10 2 N
2
sin
FT vert
FT
FT
FT vert
FT
(4.41 102 )
5.06 102 N
sin 5o
5
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
cw acw
r1 1.2 m
Fw1r1 Fw2 r2
r2 1.5 m
Fw2
Fw1r1 (200)(1.2)
r2
(1.5)
Fw2 160 N
mbeam 2.0 kg
r1 0.25 m
mlight 5.0 kg
mbeam r1 mlight r2
(2.0)(9.80)(0.25) (5.0)(9.80)(0.5)
2.94 101 N m
r2 0.5 m
9.80 m s 2
7
r2 10 sin 30o m
cw Fwt r1
cw mbridge g r1
acw 2 FT r2
r2
FT
30
r1
Fwt
r2 10 sin 30o m
r1 5.0 m
mbridge 700 kg
cw acw
Fwt r1 2FT r2
mbridge g r1 2FT 10 sin 30o
g 9.80 m s 2
FT
mbridge g r1
2 10 sin 30
FT 3.43 103 N
(700)(9.80)(5.0)
2 10 sin 30o
r3
r2
r2 10 m
cw acw
r3 20 m
mbeam 5000 kg
mtrain g r1 mbeamg r2 FY r3
mtrain 5000 kg
FY 30.6 103 N
r1
r1
Fwt train
Y
Fwt beam
mtrain g
(5000)(9.80)
r1 2.49 m
g 9.80 m s 2
9
mladder 16 kg
r1 2.4 cos 65o
65
r1
wt ladder 159 N m
b
mperson 50 kg
r1 1.2 cos 65o
65
r1
wt person 248 N m
c
mperson 50 kg
r1 3.6 cos 65o
65
r1
r1 1.50 m
r2 2.50 m
cw acw
r3 5.00 m
mplatform 20 kg
FR T
mpainter 70 kg
FR T 304 N up
(70)(9.80)(1.50) (20)(9.80)(2.50)
(5.00)
g 9.80 m s 2
r1 3.50 m
r2 2.50 m
cw acw
r3 5.00 m
(70)(9.80)(3.50) (20)(9.80)(2.50)
(5.00)
FL T 578 N up
b
r2 2.50 m
r3 5.00 m
cw acw
FL T 557 N up
FR T 325 N up
r1
mpainter 70 kg
FR T r3 mplatform gr2
mpainter g
(325)(5.00) (20)(9.80)(2.50)
(70)(9.80)
mplatform 20 kg
g 9.80 m s 2
11
r1 0.85 m
r2 1.0 m
cw acw
FT horiz 400 N
FT r2 FT horiz r1
FT horiz
FT r2 (400)(1.0)
r1
(0.85)
FT horiz 471 N
Chapter 2 Review
1
Gm1m2
r2
F 2.79 1020 N
G 6.67 1011 N m 2 kg 2
mD 1.05 1021 kg
Gm1m2
(6.67 10 11 )(1.05 10 21 )(5.69 10 26 )
F
(2.79 1020 )
mS 5.69 1026 kg
2
a
b
c
d
e
D
B
C
A
A
FM X Fm X
Gmm mX
GmM mX
2
rM X
rm X 2
m
mM
m2
2
rM X
rm X
mM
r 2 (0.8 R) 2
M X2
mm
rm X
(0.2 R) 2
mM
(0.64)
16
mm
(0.04)
r2
(2.48 107 ) 2
G 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2
mN 1.02 1026 kg
g 1.11 101 N kg 1
G 6.67 1011 N m 2 kg 2
mE 5.98 1024 kg
mM 5.98 1024 kg
Fc Fg
mM v 2 GmE mM
r
r2
(2r ) 2 GmE
T2
r
4 2 r 3
42 (3.84 108 )3
T
GmE
(6.67 10 11 )(5.98 10 24 )
r 3.84 10 m
8
(2.37 108 )
s
(24 60 60)
T 27.4 days
T
G 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg - 2
mJ 1.90 10 27 kg
r 1.10 1010 m
Fc Fg
mL v 2 GmJ mL
r
r2
GmJ
v
r
v
GmJ
(6.67 10 11 )(1.90 10 27 )
r
(1.10 1010 )
v 3.39 10 3 m s 1
G 6.67 1011 N m 2 kg 2
r2
(1.10 1010 ) 2
mJ 1.90 1027 kg
r 1.10 1010 m
c
v 3.39 103 m s 1
r 1.10 1010 m
2r
T
2r 2(1.10 1010 )
T
v
(3.39 103 )
v
a
b
(2.04 10 7 )
236 days
(24 60 60)
C
The satellite will always be positioned above the same location on Earth therefore radio
and TV signals can be exchanged with the satellite from any location on Earth that has a
line of sight view of the satellite
G 6.67 1011 N m 2 kg 2
mE 5.98 1024 kg
T 24 60 60 s
Fc Fg
ms v 2 GmE ms
r
r2
(2r ) 2 GmE
T2
r
GmET 2 3 (6.67 1011 )(5.98 1024 )(24 60 60)2
r
4 2
4 2
r 4.23 107 m
3
ms v
GmM ms
r
r2
(2r ) 2 GmM
6
T 5.07 10 s
T2
r
Heinemann Physics Content and Contexts Units 3A and 3B
2
GmMT
(6.67 1011 )(3.30 1023 )(5.07 106 ) 2
3
r3
4 2
42
a
r 2.43 108 m
b
mM 3.30 1023 kg
T 5.07 106 s
2r 2(2.43 108 )
T
(5.07 106 )
v 3.0110 2 m s 1
r 2.43 108 m
c
10
v 2 (3.01102 ) 2
r
(2.43 108 )
v 3.0110 2 m s 1
r 2.43 108 m
a 3.73 10 4 m s 2
The work done to increase the kinetic energy if the rock is equal to the area under the curve
from
3.00 106 m to 2.50 106 m
u 1000 m s 1
Ek Ek1 Wd
m 20.0 kg
Wd 2.75 107 J
Ek 3.75 107 J
Ek 3.75 107 J
Ek 12 mv 2
m 20.0 kg
2 Ek
2(3.75 10)
(20.0)
v 1.94 103 m s 1
d
F 70 N
m 20.0 kg
F mg
F
(70)
g
3.50 N kg 1
m (20.0)
Fc Fg
mv 2 GmE m
r
r2
2
2r
m
T GmE m
r
r2
42 r 3
T2
GmE
Ts12 42 rs13 GmE
Ts 2 2
GmE 42 rs 2 3
Ts12 rs13
( R )3
R3
Ts 2 2 rs 23 (2 R)3 8 R 3
Ts1
1
1
C
Ts 2
8
8
b
Fc Fg
mv 2 GmE m
r
r2
GmE
v2
r
2
vs1
GmE rs 2
2
vs 2
rs1 GmE
vs12 rs 2 (2 R )
vs 2 2 rs1 ( R )
vs1
2B
vs 2
c
ac g
a
GmE
r2
a s1 GmE rs 2 2
as2
rs12 GmE
a s1 rs 2 2 ( 2 R )2
a s 2 rs12
( R )2
a s1
4D
as2
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
Fc Fg
mv 2 GmS m
r
r2
2
2r
m
GmS m
T
r
r2
4 2 r 3
42 (1.50 1011 )3
mS
GT 2
(6.67 10 11 )(365.25 24 60 60) 2
mS 2.011030 kg
13
14
rN 3 rC 3
TN 2 TC 2
TC 6.40 days
TC 2 rN 3
(6.40) 2 (49 000)3
rC 3
(19 600)3
rC 19 600 km
TN
rN 49 000 km
TN 25.3 days
15
Fc Fg
mv 2 GmP m
r
r2
2
2r
GmP m
T
r
r2
4 2 r 3
42 (19 600 103 )3
mP
GT 2
(6.67 10 11 )(6.40 24 60 60) 2
m
mP 1.46 1022 kg
Fc Fg
mv 2 GmE m
r
r2
GmE
v2
r
2
vISS
GmE rO2D
2
vO2D
rISS GmE
Fc Fg
mv 2 GmE m
r
r2
42 r 3
2
T
GmE
TISS2 42 rISS3
Gm
2 E 3
2
TO2D
GmE
4 rO2D
TISS2
rISS3 (6.75 106 )3
18
ac g
a
aISS
aO2D
GmE
r2
GmE rO2D 2
rISS 2 GmE
Fgravity on ball
Fground on ball
20
a
b
C
The forces must be on different objects and be equal in magnitude.
21
cw 445 N m
Fr
rcontents 1.60 m
(445)
r (1.60)
F 278 N up
22
F 5.00 103 N
rcontact 3.00 m
23
1.50 10 4 N m
The wrecker could hit the wall higher up to increase the radius.
E
r (3.00)(cos 65.0o)
Fr mgr
r 1.27 m
g 9.80 m s
(7.50)(9.80)(1.27)
2
93.2 N m
m 7.50 kg
24
r (2.0)(cos 65.0o)
r 0.85 m
Fr mgr
(60)(9.80)(0.85)
g 9.80 m s 2
4.99 N m
m 60 kg
25
27
FT1vert 14.7 N
FT1horiz 17.5 N
F1 (6.00 9.80) N
F2 (10.0 9.80) N
cw acw
F3 (13.0 9.80) N
FRHS
F1r1 F2 r 2 F3 r3 Fbeam r 4
r5
FRHS
FLHS
a
pivot
Fc-w
cw acw
r1r2
Fload r1 Fc-w r2
Fload
b
30
This reduces the torque acting on the crane making it less likely that the crane will topple
over.
F 250 N
Fr (250)(1.0)
r1 1.0 m
250 N m
This torque would cause the barrier to bend slightly to the left causing tension at Y and
compression at X, as concrete can withstand more compression than tension it is more
likely to crack at position Y.
5
6
8
9
10
B
C
a
b
c
a
b
c
North
North-east
East
South
North
Zero due to the two wires, but the Earths magnetic field still exists and will be directed
north.
At point R, but only if the combined field from m and n are balanced by the Earths field.
a
South
b
South
c
South, but only if it greater than the Earths field at that point.
a
B, into the page
b
3B, into the page
c
Zero
A
South
South
l 100.0 m
F IlB
I 80.0 A W E
F (80.0)(100.0)(5.34 10 5 )
B 5.34 105 T
F 4.27 10 1 N upwards
l 100.0 m
F IlB
I 50.0 A E W
F (50.0)(100.0)(5.34 10 5 )
B 5.34 10 5 T
F 2.67 10 1 N downwards
l 100.0 m
Fwt
mg
(50.0)(9.80)
I 100.0 A
Fwt
918
FB
B 5.34 105 T
m 50.0 kg
3
4
B
a
l 0.0500 m
F IlB
F (2.00)(0.0500)(2.00 103 )
B 2.00 103 T
F 2.00 10 4 N north
l 0.0500 m
F IlB
F (1.00)(0.0500)(2.00 10 3 )
B 2.00 103 T
F 1.00 10 4 N south
l 1.00 10 3 m
F IlB
F (3.00)(1.00 10 3 )(0.500)
B 0.500 T
F 1.50 10 3 N west
l 1.00 10 3 m
F IlB
F (3.00)(1.00 10 3 )(1.00)
F 3.00 10 3 N east
F
(8.00 10 3 )
lB (2.00 10 3 )(0.100)
l 2.00 103 m
B 0.100 T
l 2.00 103 m
F 2.00 10 2 N north
F
(2.00 10 2 )
lB (2.00 10 3 )(0.500)
B 0.500 T
7
F
IB
l
F
(5.00)(4.00 103 )
l
F
2.00 102 N m 1 west
l
l 5.00 A
B 4.00 103 T south
F
IB
l
F
(5.00)(4.00 103 )
l
F
2.00 10 2 N m 1 east
l
l 5.00 A
B 4.00 103 T north
F
IB
l
l 2.0 A
B 1.0 103 T north-west
F
(2.0)(1.0 10 3 )
l
F
2.0 103 N m 1 north-east
l
l 1.0 A
B 1.0 103 T north-west
F
IB
l
F
(1.0)(1.0 10 3 )
l
F
1.0 103 N m 1 south-west
l
90.0o
l 2.00 10 3 m
F IlB
I 1.00 103 A
B 1.00 10 3 T
F 2.00 10 9 N
0o
B B sin (1.00)(sin 0) 0 T
l 5.00 102 m
F 0N
I 1.00 A
B 1.00 T
c
30.0o
l 1.00 10 3 m
F IlB
I 5.00 A
B 1.00 10 1 T
B 0.100 T
F IlB (2.00)(0.05)(0.100)
lPS 0.0500 m
I 2.00 A
2
B 0.100 T
F IlB (2.00)(0.05)(0.100)
lQR 0.0500 m
I 2.00 A
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
b
c
d
F doubles
F quadruples
F becomes attractive
F quadruples
kq1q2
r2
(9.00 109 )(1.00)(1.00)
F
(100.0)2
q1 1.00 C
q1 1.00 C
k 9.00 109 N m 2 C 2
r 100 m
3
q1 5.00 10 6 C
q1 5.00 10 6 C
kq1q2
r2
(9.00 109 )(5.00 10 6 )(5.00 10 6 )
F
(0.800)2
F
k 9.00 109 N m 2 C 2
F 3.52 10 1 N repulsion
r 0.800 m
b
As the charges on the Van de Graaff machine are mobile, and are of the same sign, they
will repel each other so that they move to opposite sides of the dome, this will increase the
distance between the centre of the charges.
E 5.00 103 N C 1
q1 2.00 10 6 C
q2 5.00 106 C
F2 Eq2 (5.00 10 3 )(5.00 10 6 )
F2 2.50 10 8
F2 2.50 10 8 N upwards
b
E 5.00 103 N C 1
F 1.00 103 N
5
F1
(1.00 103 )
E
(5.00 10 3 )
q 2.00 10 1 C
t (10.0 60)
q 3 C
I 200 A
q I t (200)(5.00)
t 5.00 s
q 1103 C
I 400 103 A
t (60 60) s
q 1.4 103 C
N e 50 1012
qe 1.60 1019 C
t 3 s
7
Nq
q
e e
t
t
(50 1012 )( 1.60 10 19 )
I
(3)
I 3 106 A
The potential difference of a car battery to your hand is 12 V, which causes an insufficient electric
field to cause a current to flow through the air to your skin. The spark in a spark plug results from
a potential difference of thousands of volts, which will cause current to flow through air to your
hand.
Wd (100.0)
q
(5.00)
V 20.0 V
V
Wd 9.00 J
Wd qV
V 12.0 V
Wd ( 2.00 103 )
V
(12.0)
q 1.67 10 2 C
Either there is some internal resistance in the battery or there is some form of resistance in the
circuit, which may be due to corroded connections.
a
b
a
b
a
0.25 A
2.40 V
Yes
If one bulb breaks the other will go out too.
V 5.00 V
V IR
R1 400.0
R2 100.0
I 1.00 102 A
I 1.00 10 2 A
R1 400.0
V
(5.00)
R (400.0 100.0)
R2 100.0
6
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
c
8
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
10
a
b
c
d
a
R1 ()
1000
3000
400
900
2.0
D
F
D
A
R2 ()
1000
1000
100
100
3.0
Vout (V)
10
5.0
4.0
2.0
12
1
1
1
1.33 10 4
3
3
RA (10 10 ) (30 10 )
RA 7.5 103
R B (7.5 103 ) (5 103 ) 1.25 10 4
1
1
1
1.13 104
4
RC (1.25 10 ) (30 103 )
RC 8.8 103
RTotal (8.8 103 ) (40 103 ) 4.9 10 4
b
V I T RT
IT
V
(10.0)
2.05 10 4 A
4
RT (4.9 10 )
V
(1.8)
6.02 10 5 A
3
R30 (30 10 )
Chapter 3 Review
1
2
3
4
B, C
B
A
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
R4
R2 and R3
R4
E2
All four in series.
Two in series that are connected to two in parallel.
All four in parallel.
One resistor that is connected to three in parallel.
Circuit a:
V 12.0 V
IT
V (12.0)
7.50 10 1 A
RT (16.0)
Circuit b:
IT
V (12.0)
1.20 A
RT (10.0)
IT
V (12.0)
12.0 A
RT (1.00)
IT
V (12.0)
2.25 A
RT (5.33)
Circuit c:
Circuit d:
Circuit a:
I T I1 I 2 I 3 I 4 7.50 10 1 A
Circuit b:
I T I1 I 2 1.20 A, I 3 I 4 0.60 A
Circuit c:
I1 I 2 I 3 I 4
I T 12.0
3.00 A
4
4
Circuit d:
I T I1 2.25 A, I 2 I 3 I 4
I T 2.25
7.50 101 A
3
3
RT RA RB R 3R
RT 4 R
IT
V V
RT 4 R
V
V
( R)
4 R
V1 I T RA
V1 14 V
8
RT
V
(12.0)
IT
(200.0 103 )
RT 60.0
RT (60.0)
4
4
R 15.0
R
RA R 15.0
RB 3R 45.0
b
Vout
(1)
R
(1103 )
I T 1103 A
RTherm
VTherm
(5)
IT
(1103 )
RTherm 5 103
from graph at 5 103 temperature is 20oC
10
VX 2
R
VX Pmax R (25)(100)
Pmax
VX 50 V
IT
VX (50)
0.50 A
RX
(100)
IY
I T (0.50)
0.25 A
2
2
VY I T RY (0.25)(100)
VY 25 V
VAB VX VY (50) (25 )
VAB 75 V
1
1
1
1
1
0.02
RP RY RZ (100) (100)
RP 50
RT RX RP (100) (50 )
RT 150
VAB 2 (75) 2
PT
RT
(150)
PT 37.5 W
11
12
R1 ()
R2 ()
1000
2000
2000
4000
4000
2000
8000
5000
a
1
1 1
1
0.34
RP 10 5 ( 20 5 )
Switch
Open
Open
Open
Closed
Vout (V)
60
60
50
0
RP 2.94
RT 10 RP ( 10 ) ( 2.94 )
RT 12 .946
IT
V
( 25 )
RT ( 12.94 )
I T 1.93 A
V10 I T R10 ( 1.94 )( 10 )
V10 19.3 V
VP V V10 ( 25 ) ( 19.3 )
VP 5.68 V
I 20
VP ( 5.55 )
R20 5
( 25 )
I 20 0.23 A
a
b
slope
(x2 x1 )
(75 0)
V
1
1
R 1.9 103
c
d
RP
1
1
1
1
1.04 103
3
3
RX RX (1.9 10 ) (1.9 10 )
RP 9.6 102
VP IRP (40 103 )(9.6 10 2 )
VP 38 V
VBattery VY VP (60) (38)
VBattery 98 V
e
PT VT I T (98)(40 103 )
PT 3.9 W
14
15
16
a
Into the page
b
Out of the page
c
Out of the page
d
Out of the page
5.00 105 T south
Into the page
b
BT BE BC (5.00 105 ) (50 10 6 )
BT 1.00 104 T north
18
North-west
C
a
25
26
a
b
Zero
a
b
c
Zero
Fc
IB (1.00)(2.00) 2.00 N m 1
l
I 1.0 A
l 0.50 m
B 0.20 T
28
29
F IlB (1.0)(0.50)(0.20)
F 0.10 N
Anticlockwise
D
f i BAcosf BAcosi
(0)(0.0400 0.0400)(cos0.00o) (3.20 10 6 )
3.20 106 Wb
f i BAcosf BAcosi
(3.20 106 ) (3.20 10 6 )
6.40 106 Wb
c
f i BAcosf BAcosi
(4.00 10 3 )(0.0400 0.0400)(cos0.00o) (3.20 10 6 )
(6.40 106 ) (3.20 10 6 )
3.20 106 Wb
d
f i BAcosf BAcosi
(1.00 10 3 )(0.0400 0.0400)(cos0.00o) (3.20 10 6 )
(1.60 10 6 ) (3.20 10 6 )
1.60 106 Wb
4
a
b
c
d
There must be a changing magnetic flux in the conductor that makes the coil, and the coil must
be part of a complete circuit.
As S is closed a current in Y grows, which deflects the galvanometer needle to the right, and then
drops to zero.
While S is closed, no current flows.
As S is opened a larger current in Y grows, which deflects the galvanometer needle to the left,
and then drops to zero.
As the current in X steadily decreases the current in Y is constant and deflects the galvanometer
needle to the left.
As the current in X steadily increases the current in Y is constant and deflects the galvanometer
needle to the right.
b
9
Zero
Negative
Positive
Negative
r 4.00 102 m
B 2.00 10 3 T
1.01 105 Wb
Zero
(1.0110 5 )
t
(1.00 103 )
1.0110 2 Wb s 1
t
10
c
a
f i (1.01 10 5 ) (1.01105 )
2.02 105 Wb
(2.02 10 5 )
t
(1.00 103 )
2.02 102 Wb s 1
t
This is double the change of flux
induced current is 8.00 mA from X to Y
b
r 2.00 102 m
B 2.00 10 3 T
2.51 10 6 Wb
t
(1.00 103 )
2.51103 Wb s 1
t
This is one-quarter the change of flux
induced current is 1.00 mA from X to Y
t
(2.00 103 )
5.03 103 Wb s 1
t
This is half the change of flux
induced current is 2.00 mA from X to Y
B 2.00 103 T
b
c
Zero
(0) (1.2 10 6 )
t
(40 103 )
i 1.2 106 Wb
EMF
f 0 Wb
t 40 103 s
d
EMF 3.0 10 5 V
R 1.50
2
V (3.0 105 )
R
(1.50)
I 2.0 105 A
Bi 80.0 10 3 T
f i Bf A Bi A
B f 0 T
A 10.0 cm 2
8.00 10 5 Wb
A 10.0 10 4 m 2
(8.00 105 )
t
(20 103 )
8.00 105 Wb
EMF
t 20 103 s
EMF 4.00 10 3 V
8.00 105 Wb
EMF N
t 20 103 s
N 500
EMF 2.00 V
(8.00 105 )
(500)
t
(20 103 )
B 5.00 103 T
f i B Af B Ai
Ai 50.0 cm 2
Ai 50.0 104 m 2
(1.25 10 4 ) (2.50 10 5 )
Af 250.0 cm 2
1.00 10 4 Wb
Af 250.0 10 4 m 2
b
1.00 10
Wb
t 0.500 s
N 30
4
(1.00 104 )
EMF N
(30)
t
(0.500)
EMF 6.00 103 V
B 4.42 105 T
B A (4.42 10 5 )(4.00) 2
r 4.00 m
2.22 10 3 Wb
5
6
(2.22 103 )
(1)
t
(0.125)
2.22 10 3 Wb
EMF N
f 8.00 Hz
t 0.125 s
EMF 1.78 10 2 V
v 2.5 m s 1
EMF 5.0 10
s (4.00 102 )
t
1.60 10 2 s
v
(2.5)
t
EMF t (5.0 103 )(1.60 102 )
N
1
5
8.00 10 Wb
EMF N
f (8.00 105 )
A (1.60 103 )
B 5.00 10 2 T
7
8
C
a
b
c
a
b
c
B 5.00 103 T
A 20.0 10-4 m 2
B 5.00 103 T
A 20.0 10-4 m 2
t
t
(1.00 103 )
015
3.41104 Wb s 1
t
t 1.00 103 s
1530 30.0 15.0 (8.66 106 ) (9.66 106 )
t
t
(1.00 103 )
1530
9.99 104 Wb s 1
t
3045 45.0 30.0 (7.07 106 ) (8.66 106 )
t
t
(1.00 103 )
3045
1.59 103 Wb s 1
t
4560 60.0 45.0 (5.00 106 ) (7.07 106 )
t
t
(1.00 10 3 )
4560
2.07 103 Wb s 1
t
6075 75.0 60.0 (2.59 10 6 ) (5.00 106 )
t
t
(1.00 10 3 )
6075
2.41 103 Wb s 1
t
7590 90.0 75.0 (0) (2.59 106 )
t
t
(1.00 103 )
7590
2.59 103 Wb s 1
t
3
EMF N
015
(100)(3.41 104 ) 3.41 10 2 V
t
N 100
EMF
1530
(100)(9.99 10 4 ) 9.99 10 2 V
t
EMF
30 45
(100)(1.59 103 ) 1.59 101 V
t
EMF
4560
(100) (2.07 103 ) 2.07 10 1 V
t
EMF
6075
(100)(2.41 103 ) 2.41 10 1 V
t
EMF
7590
(100)( 2.59 10 3 ) 2.59 10 1 V
t
At 90 as the rate of change of flux is maximum at this point, the wire is moving
perpendicular to the lines of flux at this point.
A 20.0 104 m 2
B 5.00 103 T
T 24.0 103 s
5.85 101 m s 1
3
T
(24.0 10 )
N 100
EMF 2 NvBl 2(100)(5.85 101 )(5.00 10 3 )(4.47 10 2 )
EMF 2.62 V
6
7
B
a
b
c
d
C
D
C
B
1
1
0.0200 s
f (50.0)
T (0.0200)
t
5.00 10 3 s
4
4
N 1000
f 50.0 Hz
r 10.0 10 2 m
VP 8.00 103 V
VRMS
VP
2
(8000)
2
5.66 103 V
t
EMFt (5.66 103 )(5.00 10 3 )
f i
N
(1000)
EMF N
VP 2 VRMS 2 (240)
VP 339 V
b
VP-P 2 VP 2 (339)
VP-P 679 V
c
VRMS 240 V
I RMS
VRMS (240)
2.40 A
R
(100)
R 100
I P 2 I RMS 2 (2.40)
I P 3.39 A
VRMS 240 V
I RMS
VRMS (240)
2.40 A
R
(100)
R 100
10
VRMS2
R
V 2 (240) 2
R RMS
P
(600)
R 96.0
VRMS 240 V
P 600 W
VP 2 VRMS 2 ( 240 )
VP 339 V
c
VP 339 V
P 12 VP I P
P 600 W
IP
2 P 2(600)
VP
(339)
I P 3.54 A
4.4 Transformers
1
Vp N1
a
b
2
3
4
5
B
t
Vs N 2
Vp
Vs
B
t
N1
N2
a
A, B, D
b
A, B, D
a
A
b
B, D
Power losses occur when electrical energy is converted into heat energy in the copper windings
and in the iron core. Energy losses in the core are due to eddy currents.
a
B
b
D
c
A
a
Vp
Vp 8.00 V
Np
Vs
Ns
Vp N s
N p 20 turns
Vs
N s 200 turns
Vs 80.0 V
Np
(8.00)(200)
(20)
Vp I p Vs I s
Vp I p
Is
Vs 80.0 V
I s 0.200 A
Vs
(8.00)(2.00)
(80.0)
I p 2.00 A
Ps 16.0 W
Vp 240 V
Vp
Vs
Np
Ns
N pVs
Ns
Vs 12.0 V
Vs 40.0 turns
Vp
(800)(12.0)
(240)
N p 800 turns
Vp 240 V
Vp I p Vs I s
I s 2.00 A
Ip
Vs 12.0 V
I p 0.100 A
Vs I s (12.0)(2.00)
Vp
(240)
Vp 240 V
Pp Vp I p (240)(0.100)
I p 0.100 A
Pp 24.0 W
The security light would not operate. In order for an EMF to be generated in the secondary coil a
changing magnetic flux is required, a constant DC supply will create a constant field, therefore
no EMF is induced in the secondary coil.
There is no power consumed in the primary coil during this time. This is because the change in
flux in the transformer core is not causing any current in the secondary coil, so no energy is lost
from the magnetic field. The change in flux in the primary coil will induce a back EMF, which is
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the applied EMF if it is a perfect transformer. In
a
b
Pps
I tl
I tl 2.00 103 A
I tl
Vps 500 10 V
I tl 1.00 103 A
Vps
(500 106 )
(250 103 )
Pps
Vps
(500 106 )
(500 103 )
Rtl 10.0
I tl 2.00 103 A
Ploss 4.00 10 7 W
%Ploss
Ploss
(4.00 107 )
100
100
Pps
(500 106 )
%Ploss 8.00%
b
Rtl 10.0
I tl 1.00 103 A
Ploss 1.00 10 7 W
%Ploss
Ploss
(1.00 107 )
100
100
Pps
(500 106 )
%Ploss 2.00%
4
I tl 1.00 103 A
R1
l l 1
A r12
R2
l 2
2l 1
2 l 1
0.5 R1
2
2
r2
(2r1 )
4 r12
Ploss
(5.00 106 )
100
100
Pps
(500 106 )
% Ploss 1.00%
5
Pspg
I tl
Vspg 500 V
I tl 10.0 A
Vspg
(5.00 103 )
(500)
Rtl 4.00
I tl 10.0 A
Ploss
(4.00 102 )
100
100
Pspg
(5.00 103 )
%Ploss 8.00%
d
I tl 10.0 A
Vtl IR (10.0)(4.00)
R 4.00
Vtl 40.0 V
Vhouse Vspg Vtl
Vhouse (5.00 102 ) (40.0)
Vhouse 4.60 102 V
Pspg
I tl
I tl 1.00 A
Vspg
(5.00 103 )
(5.00 103 )
Rtl 4.00
I tl 1.00 A
Ploss 4.00 W
%Ploss
Ploss
(4.00)
100
100
Pspg
(5.00 103 )
%Ploss 0.0800%
c
I tl 1.00 A
Vtl IR (1.00)(4.00)
R 4.00
Vtl 4.0 V
Vhouse Vspg Vtl
Vhouse (5.00 103 ) (4.0)
Vhouse 4.996 103 V
P 1.00 kW
t 2.00 h
E Pt (1.00)(2.00) 2.00 kW h
cost E rate (2.00)( 0.14 ) $0.28
P 80.0 103 kW
t 0.500 h
P 250.0 103 kW
t 12.0 h
P 6.00 103 kW
t 7 24 h
P 3.00 10 3 kW
t 365.25 24 h
Vtown
(250.0)
I tl
Vtown 250.0 V
I tl 2.00 10 6 A
V I tl Rtl (2.00 10 6 )(2.00)
V 4.00 10 6 V
I tl
I tl 5.00 103 A
V I tl Rtl (5.00 103 )(2.00)
V 1.00 104 V
VV
ps V
town
I tl 5.00 103 A
Rtl 1.00
Ploss 2.50 10 7 W
Pspg
I tl
Vtl 10 000 V
I tl 15.0 A
Vtl
(150.0 103 )
(10 000)
V I tl Rtl (15.0)(2.00)
V 30.0 V
t2 V(10
V
V (30.0)
t1 000)
Vt2 9.97 103 V
c
I tl 15.0 A
Rtl 2.00
Ploss 4.50 10 2 W
Pspg
I tl
Vtl 1000 V
I tl 150.0 A
Vtl
(150.0 103 )
(1000)
V I tl Rtl (150.0)(2.00)
V 300.0 V
Vt2 Vt1 V (1000) (300.0)
Vt2 7.00 102 V
I tl 150.0 A
Rtl 2.00
No, as this results in a significant loss of power over the length of the transmission line
(30%).
Chapter 4 Review
1
A 40.0 104 m 2
B1 8.00 104 T
B 2 16.0 104 T
t
(16.0 104 )(40.0 104 ) (8.00 104 )(40.0 104 )
EMF
(1.00 103 )
EMF
t 1.00 103 s
R 1.00
V (3.20 10 3 )
3.20 10 3 A clockwise
R
1.00
A 40.0 104 m 2
B1 8.00 104 T
B 2 8.00 104 T
t
(8.00 10 4 )(40.0 10 4 ) (8.00 10 4 )(40.0 10 4 )
EMF
(2.00 103 )
EMF
EMF 3.20 10 3 V
t 2.00 103 s
R 1.00
V (3.20 10 3 )
I
3.20 10 3 A
R
1.00
counterclockwise
t
(4.00 10 4 )(40.0 10 4 ) (8.00 10 4 )(40.0 10 4 )
EMF
(1.00 103 )
A 40.0 104 m 2
EMF
B1 8.00 104 T
B2 4.00 10 4 T
EMF 1.60 10 3 V
t 1.00 103 s
R 1.00
2
V (1.60 10 3 )
1.60 10 3 A
R
1.00
clockwise
A 40.0 104 m 2
B 8.00 104 T
C 2r
2l
(6.32 10 2 ) 1.99 10 1 m
2
1
1
T
1.00 10 2 s
f (100)
f 100 Hz
C (1.99 10 1 )
v
1.99 101 m s 1
2
T (1.00 10 )
EMF 2 Blv 2(8.00 104 )(6.32 10 2 )(1.99 101 )
EMF 2.01103 V
b
EMF 2.0110
R 1.00
I peak
V (2.01 103 )
R
(1.00)
I peak 2.01 10 3 A
a
b
c
To the left, as the soft iron core is induced to become a temporary magnet by the
permanent magnets field.
To the left, attraction.
To the right, repulsion.
b
c
r 4.00 102 m
B 20.0 103 T
N 40 turns
t
(0) (20.0 10 3 ) (4.00 10 2 ) 2
EMF (40)
(0.100)
EMF N
EMF 4.02 10 2 V
t 0.100 s
R 2.00
V (4.02 10 2 )
2.0110 2 A
R
(2.00)
from Y to X
A, C
The direction would be from X to Y as according to Lenzs law the EMF will be induced in a
direction that causes a current that creates a magnetic field that opposes the change that is causing
the current. Current from X to Y will cause a north pole at the top and a south at the bottom of the
coil, which will oppose the north at the top of and the south at the bottom of the permanent
magnet.
a
B 10.0 103 T
l 20.0 102 m
v 2.00 m s 1
R 1.00
V (4.00 10 3 )
4.00 103 A
R
(1.00)
from X to Y
B 10.0 103 T
l 20.0 102 m
I 4.00 103 A
9
10
11
There is no induced current as there isnt a complete circuit, as the switch is open.
B 1.00 T
l 5.00 102 m
I 1.00 A
F 5.00 10 2 N
To the right
B 1.00 T
l 1.00 10 2 m
F 1.00 10 2 N
I 1.00 A
13
14
To the left
a
B 5.00 105 T
l 8.00 m
v 4.00 m s 1 W
b
Zero current is induced in the loop, as both vertical sides of the loop have an EMF induced
in the same direction (downwards). This means that each side produces equal and opposing
EMFs so no current flows in the loop.
15
A 40.0 m 2
B 1.00 105 T s 1
N 1 turn
R 8.00
t
(1.00 105 ) 40.0
EMF (1)
(1.00)
EMF N
16
V (4.00 10 4 )
5.00 10 5 A
R
(8.00)
l 100.0 103 m
w 50.0 103 m
i 5.00 106 Wb
B 1.00 103 T
b
l 100.0 10 3 m
f B A (1.00 10 3 )(0)
w 50.0 103 m
f 0 Wb
B 1.00 103 T
i 5.00 10 6 Wb
f 0 Wb
N 1
t
(0) 5.00 106
EMF (1)
(2.00 103 )
EMF N
t 2.00 10 3 s
d
17
V (2.50 103 )
R
(2.00)
V 2.50 103 V
R 2.00
I 1.25 103 A
No the current will stop. For an EMF to be induced, the flux must be changing in the loop,
if it is not changing then no EMF is induced and therefore no current will flow.
This is a quarter of the time so the EMF and therefore the current will increase by a factor
of four = 2.00 104 A.
Rmeter 595
Rcoil 5.00
V 3.00 102 V
I 50.0 106 A
N 100
(0) ( B r 2 )
N
t
t
EMFt
B
N r 2
(3.00 102 )(2.00)
B
(100) (3.00 102 ) 2
EMF N
r 3.00 10 2 m
t 2.00 s
B 2.12 10 1 T
Vpeak 0.900 V
VRMS
19
c
a
Vpeak
(0.900)
2
2
0.636 V
VRMS
VRMS p 14.0 V
I RMS p 3.00 A
I RMS s
VRMS s 42.0 V
I RMS s 1.00 A
VRMS p I RMS p
VRMS s
(14.0)(3.00)
(42.0)
VRMS p 14.0 V
N s 30
VRMS p
VRMS s
Np
Np
Ns
VRMS p N s
VRMS s
(14.0)(30)
(42.0)
VRMS s 42.0 V
N p 10 turns
VRMS p 14.0 V
I RMS p 3.00 A
Ps 42.0 W
20
21
22
a
b
c
C
C
C
A
B
T 2.0 10 3 s
1
1
5.0 10 2 Hz
3
T (2.0 10 )
Vpeak 25 V
VRMS
Vpeak
VRMS
(25)
2
2
17.7 V
Vpeak 25 V
24
I peak 15 A
I RMS
VRMS 17.7 V
I RMS
I peak
2
10.6 A
(15)
2
I peak 15 A
Vpeak 25 V
Ppeak 375 W
25
26
VRMS (17.7)
I RMS (10.6)
I RMS 10.6 A
VRMS 17.7 V
R 1.67
R 15
V 30 V
V 2 (30)2
R
(15)
P 60 W
P
Set C is equivalent to 60 W.
Vpeak 12.6 V
VRMS
VRMS
Vpeak
2
8.91 V
(12.6)
2
Vpeak 25.2 V
VRMS
Vpeak
(25.2)
2
2
17.8 V
VRMS
VRMS 16.0 V
Vpeak 1
f2
f2
f1
f1 Vpeak 2
Vpeak 1
(50.0)(22.6)
(12.6)
f 2 89.8 Hz
d
Vpeak 12.6 V
Vpeak 2
Vpeak 1
Vpeak 2
B2
B1
B2 Vpeak 1
B1
(60.0 10 3 )(12.6)
(80.0 103 )
Vpeak 2 9.45 V
P 480.0 W
P VI
V 240.0 V
P
(480.0)
2.00 A
V (240.0)
V IR (2.00)(2.00) 4.00 V
Vtr (240.0) (4.00) 236.0 V
b
I 20.0 A
R 2.00
V IR (20.0)(2.00) 40.0 V
Vtrans out Vmachine Vcable (24.0) (40.0) 64.0 V
N s Vs
(64.0)
0.267
N p Vp (240.0)
I 20.0 A
V 40.0 V
29
Appliances with built-in transformers or motors that require AC will not function correctly and
could burn out. At full load there would be a power loss of about 555 W, or about 66 V
difference in potential which would only leave about 173 V potential at the farmhouse.
Plow 500 W
P (500)
0.417 A
V (1200)
Vcable IR (0.417)(8.00) 3.33 V
I
V
p Vgen (1200
Vcable
) (3.33) 1197 V
1
1
Vs Vp (1197) 239 V
5
5
Phalf 1000 W
P (1000)
0.917 A
V (1200)
Vcable IR (0.917)(8.00) 7.33 V
I
V
p Vgen (1200
Vcable
) (7.33) 1193 V
1
1
Vs Vp (1193) 239 V
5
5
Pfull 2000 W
P (2000)
1.67 A
V (1200)
Vcable IR (1.67)(8.00) 13.3 V
I
p Vgen (1200
V
Vcable
) (13.3) 1187 V
1
1
Vs Vp (1187) 237 V
5
5
This set-up would suit his purposes well.