BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 9

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Chapter 9 : Endanger Ecosystem 2014
The impact of human activities on the ecosystem

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Diagram shows the mankind activities
Based on your knowledge in biology, explain the harmful effect of the activities to the mankind
and their surroundings. Suggest ways to overcome this problem
Harmful effect to mankind and surrounding:

P1-Industries, factories, and vehicles contribute to air pollution
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P2-Industries emit pollutant such as sulphur dioxide/oxide of nitrogen smoke/fine solid

particles
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P3-Which can cause respiratory problems/asthma/bronchitis/, irritates the eye

P4-oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide dissolve in rain water to form acid rain
P5-Makes the soil acidic and unsuitable for the cultivation of crops
P6-Smoke and haze reduce light intensity cause the rate of photosynthetic decrease
P7-Which subsequently reduce crop yield
P8-Carbon dioxide lead to green house effect, result in an increase in the atmospheric
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P9-Climate change occur

P10-How water is discharged into nearby lakes and river lead thermal pollution
P11-Cause instant death /reduction of aquatic species
Way to overcome :
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P12-Implementation of law to reduce pollution n

P13-use unlead petrol/sewage treatment
P14-(formal and informal ) education stressing ( on the concept of recycle, reuse and renew)
P15-Reduce the burning of fossil
P16-Use alternative energy source /using renewable energy solar energy. hyfroelectric and
wind power)
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(b)
The world population is now growing drastically in order to fulfil the needs of the increasing
population, area of lands have to be developed into housing areas, school, factories and
highways
Give an evaluation on the above statement by considering g the impacts on the environment
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B1-Brings more bad impact than good impact to the environment

B2-Deforestation will lead to flash flood /landslide
B3-Open burning will lead to air pollution /formation of haze
B4-More carbon dioxide (form open burning ) will trap heat
B5-Lead to green house effect /global warming
B6-Lead to changes in world climate
B7-Greenhouse effect /global warming increase the earth temperature
B8-Destroying flora and fauna
B9-Migratin of fauna/birds
B10-Lead to loss of herbs for medical purpose /timber
B11-Distruption / no more water catchment area Any 10
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Diagram show the human activities that may threaten the ecosystem
Explain the impact of these human activities on the ecosystem

F1 Air pollution
P1
Exhaust fume released by the vehicle contain carbon dioxide/ carbon monoxide/ sulphur
dioxide
P2 Smoke release by the factory contain dust / soot / lead

P3 Gases released by the factory contain carbon dioxide/ carbon monoxide/ sulphur dioxide /
nitrogen oxide
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P4 Nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide dissolve in water in the clouds

P5 Forming nitric acid and sulphuric acid
P6 Form acid rain
P7 Destroy photosynthetic tissues in leaves
P8 Reduce rate of photosynthesis
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P9 Increase carbon dioxide concentration
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P10 Heat is trapped by green house gases

P11 Causes green house effect // lead to increase in temperature // global warming
P12 Leads to climatic change// increase sea level// flash flood
F2
Water pollution
P13 Disposal of waste matter from industrial // domestic source into the water
P14 Causes eutrophication // increase BOD level
P15 Aquatic organism die
F3
Land pollution
P16 Disposal of domestic waste on the ground

P17 Increase the number of pest/ rat / cockroach / flies
P18 Increase disease transmission\
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Diagram Shows evidence of development urbanization and industrial practices. TI needed to

develop the rises of human population
Justify the effect of unplanned development into the ecosystem 10

F1-Industries/factories /vehicles contributes to air pollution
P1-Smoke /fine solid particles can cause respiratory problem
P2-Oxides of nitrogen /sulphur dioxide dissolve in rain to produce acid rain
P3-(acid rain ) causing the soil become acidic/unsuitable for cultivation of crops/leaching of
mineral/corrosion of metal
P4-Increase carbon dioxide in atmosphere causes the green house effect. global warming
F2-Industrial /domestic /agricultural activities produce waste to contribute water pollution n
P5-Agro chemical /pesticides/insecticide/used by the farmer flow into the river /lead to the
poisoning of aquatic organism
P6-Agricultural run-off contain excess nitrate/Phosphate lead to eutrophication
P7-(eutrophication ) cause the BOD value will increase thus may harm the aquatic organism
P8-Effluent from electronic from electronic factories contain heavy metals/mercury/cadmium
kill the aquatic organism /disturb food chain
F3-Diacharged of hot water from industries/glass building cause thermal pollution
P9-Increase the water temperature in the river causing dies of aquatic organism / increase the
atmosphere temperature any 3F and any 7 P
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Development that is not planned and managed properly has brought

negative effects to the ecosystem such as land erosion, flash flood, landslides, global warming,
thinning of the ozone layer, climate change and the extinction of certain species
P1: The leave canopy in the forest protects the soil from excess rain water.
P2: When the forest is cleared, the soil is exposed to rain (water) / wind.
P3: this will cause soil erosion
P4:The soil that is exposed to wind will be blown to another area,
P5: while soil that is exposed to rain water will be eroded and deposited at the bottom of the
river / pond /lake.
P6:The soil at the hill slopes can (also) be washed away by heavy rain water
P7: resulting in land slides.
P8: (The deposited soil will) cause the water level to increase rapidly when it rains and
P9: this will in turn cause flash floods.
P10:Wild life species will also be threatened
P11: when their habitat is destroyed.
P12: Global warming will occur
P13:due to an increase in the Earth's temperature,
P14:which is caused by excess emissions of carbon dioxide/ methane/ CFC /nitrogen dioxide
(into the atmosphere).
P15:These gases trap the heat that is reflected by the Earth.
P16:The thinning of the ozone layer occurs
P17: when the ozone layer (that protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation) is destroyed by
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).
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Diagram shows a human activity and forest in a developing country
Discuss the effect of the activity to the environment

F-The diagram shows human activity which is deforestation
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P1-Deforestation is the main cause for increasing the CO2 amount in the air
P2-this lead to greenhouse effect phenomenon
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(a)
-Forest play an important role as carbon sink of earth which absorb vast amount of carbon
dioxide for photosynthesis
-Greenhouse effect phenomenon promotes global warming
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-As the temperature of world is increasing ,severe climatic change/drought occur in a certain
country/melting of ice at arctic /Antarctic
-Forest also act as water catchment area where rain water is absorbed and released back as
water vapour to the atmosphere
-Deforestation will cause soil erosion, because there are no more root to hold the soil
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-Deforestation damages the water catchment area and leads to flash flood
-Deforestation also cause loss of biodiversity by
-destruction of natural habitat
-That leads to extinction of many animal and species
-there also destruction of recreational sites any
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(b)
Diagram also show the activities of unplanned development in that area

Discuss the effects of these activities towards the environment
F1-Deforesation /uncontrolled logging
E1-incrases the temperature of the earth because there ar less tree to absorb carbon dioxide
/greenhouse effect //causes more areas to be expose to the winds an water /soil erosion//wind
and water will erode the soil into river
F2-The increase in the number of motor vehicles
E2-Causes an inacrese in the concentration of carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide/lead /smoke in
the air/air pollution
D3-mirrooed buildings /glass building reflect heat
E3-Cause thermal pollution
F4-Nuclaer reactor releases hot water
E4-Causes thermal pollution any 3F and 3E
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Diagram show a man walking past the dry lake bed of tasik Pedu in Kedah
Name the environmental problem shown in the diagram and how it occurs
Explain ways overcome the environmental problem that you have stated 10
Drought /global warming
Criteria:
C1-increase in the carbon dioxide in atmosphere
C2-Factor which contribute to increase of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere
C3-Increase in global temperature
C4-Factors which contribute to the increase in global temperature
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E1-Extensive cutting down of trees increases the earth temperature

E2-More carbon dioxide brings about green house effect
E3-incraese carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere
E4-Carbon dioxide trap heat
E5-Building with glasses reflect heat
E6-Increase in surrounding temperature
E7-Increase the frequency of drought
Step to overcome the environmental problem
C5: reducing burning
C6: control deforestation
E1-Replacing energy of fossil fuel en energy generate form wind water
E2-Limit opens burning
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E3-Limit deforestation
E4-Replacing after deforestation
E5-Promotes green world
Skill to synthesize
Q1-Ability to relate carbon dioxide content with the increase in atmospheric tempearture and
means to decrease the carbon dioxide content and temperature in the atmosphere
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W\Explain C1,C3,C5,C6
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Diagram show a large area of forest involved in the building of a dam
Discuss the good and bad economical and environmental effect of this development
Good effect
G1-Generate hydropower electricity
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G2-Aas reservoir / to store water /supply fresh water

G3-Supply water for agricultural / industries
G4-Place/site for recreation /tourism
G5-Reduce the flood problem at the down stream
Bad effect
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B1-Flooded.submerged trees /habitat of the fauna and flora

B2-Less tree /plants to carry out photosynthesis
B3-Amount of CO2 n the atmosphere increase
B4-Incraese teh impact of green house effect / global warming
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B5-Many species of fauna and flora extinct//reduce the biodiversity

B6-Reduce the flow of water at the downstream
B7-Cause the populations of aquatic life st the downstream reduce
B8-Reduce the land used for residential /agricultural
B9-Flooded /destroy/loss of historical building /site
(e)
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The world population is now growing drastically

In order to fulfill the needs of the increasing population ,area of land have to be developed into
housing areas,school,factories and highways
Give an evaluation on the statement with impacts in the environmental
E-Evaluation
1m-Impact on environment
Evluation (E)
E1-Bring more bad impact to the environment

Impact on environment (I)
I1-Deforestion will lead to flash flood .land slide
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I2-Open burning will lead to air pollution /formation of haze

I3-More carbon dioxide ( from open burning ) trap heat
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I4-Lead to green house effect /Global warming
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I5-Lead to changes in world climate

I6-Greenhouse effect /global warming incrass the earth temperature
I7-Destroying flora and fauna
I8-Migration of fauna/birds
I10-No more/Disrupted water catchment area
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(E+any 9I)
Acid rain
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Diagram shows s phenomenon X which caused by air pollution
Based on the diagram name the phenomenon and explain how it occurs 4
F -acid rain
The formation of acid rain

E1-Burning of fossil fuel coal and oil in factories/power generator station /vehicles
E3- sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide/carbon dioxide dissolve in the water vapour
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-to to form sulphuric acid/nitric acid/carbonic acid

E5-Fall to the earth with less than 5.0 ( This called acid rain ) Any 3 E
E2-Produces sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide/carbon dioxide
(b)
Describe the effect of the phenomenon on agriculture and aquatic ecosystem and suggest ways
to prevent this phenomenon
effect: acid rain :
On agriculture
E1-Acid rain will increase the acidity of the earth//soil become acidic leaching of minerals
E2-Not suitable for cultivation /grow of crops
E3-cause some minerals to become insoluble and cannot be absorbed by the plants
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On aquatic ecosystem
E1-Accumulation of insoluble aluminum ion /ions in water sources //will increase the acidity of
water //reduce the water pH
E2-Kill aquatic organism /threatens aquatic life
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The ways that can be taken:

S1-Reduce teh burning of fossil fuel ( which acontains sulphur)
S2-Use alternative power source which is nature friendly instead of using the fossil fuel//use
solar energy/wave energy
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A group of farmers planned to develop an agriculture nearby the lake. Besides to obtaining a
high agriculture yield, they suggested that the area be made into a eco-tourism area. The
following are a part of the details of their planning
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State the phenomena shows in both diagrams

Discuss the differences of both environmental phenomena shown in diagram A and B based on
the following aspect
-The cause
-the effect
-the ways to overcome10
criteria
1. State the type of phenomena
C: Differences in the causes
E: Differences in the effects
S: Differences in the ways to overcome
F1-( the phenomena is) acid rain
The causes
C1-Combustion /burning of fossil fuels in power station /factories/motor/vehicles
C2-Release sulphur dioxide SO2 and in power stations factories/ motor vehicles
C3-Form sulphuric acid and nitric acid when combine with water vapour
C4-Fall to the earth as acid rain/hail/fog/frost/dew
The effect
Agriculture
E1-Leaching of minerals//the soil become acidic
Aquatic ecosystem :
E2-Incrase acidity in the aquatic ecosystem // kill phytoplankton //destroyed photosynthetic
tissues//accumulate insoluble aluminum ions in lakes and river which kill aquatic organism
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Health :
E3-Acidicsoil release ions of certain heavy metals/ contaminate the supplynof drinking water
//irritate the lungs make breathing difficult/asthma/bronchitis
E4-Corrode metal railing bridges/damage buildings/statues/ automobiles/structures made of
stone /metal historical building
The ways to overcome /solution
S1-Use scrubbers ( to clean up emission from power station and industrial plants)
S2-use catalytic converters ( to clean up emission form vehicle exhausts)
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(a)
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Based on the diagram explain the phenomenon and its effect and its effect to the environment
Facts (F) : Name of phenomenon
Explanation (E): Formation of phenomenon
Effects (Ef)
F-( the phenomenon ) is acid rain
E1-Factories /motor vechicles released large amount of oxides of nitrogen to the atmosphere
E2-and sulphur dioxide
E3-Oxides of nitrogen combines woth wter vopuor (in the atmosphere) to form sulphuric acid
E5-The rian falls as acid rain
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Effect:
Ef1-May corrode buildings
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Ef2-Aquatic lives may die due to acidic water /low pH

Ef3-Mineral in soil will be dissolved
Ef4-Soil become infertile /not suitable for agriculture
Ef5-Plants may die due to infertile soil/acidc soil
Ef6-The ecological balance of ecosystem disrupted
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Diagram 9.2 shows the impact of human activity on environment.
Based on Diagram 9.2, discuss the good and bad effects of the human activity.
Able to discuss the good and bad effects of the human activity.
Sample answer:
Good effect:
G1-Produce goods / materials // any examples
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G2-Use in daily life

G3-Motor vehicles for transport (Any 2)
Bad effects:
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B1-Releases sulphur dioxide / nitrogen dioxide

B2-Dissolve in atmospheric water vapour
P1-Forms sulphuric acid / nitric acid / acid
P2-Down pour as acid rain
P3-Dissolves minerals in soil
P4-Less fertile for plant growth
P5-Releases poisonous chemicals / aluminium // other examples
P6-Water in rivers / lakes lower pH
P7-Upsets ecological balance
P8-Death of planktons / flora / fauna
P9-Destruction of food chain / web
P10-Extinction of species
P11-Acid cause leaves turn purple / death
P12-Destroy marbles / buildings // other examples
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Diagram shows a phenomenon in the ecosystem due to an unplanned development
Based on diagram explain the phenomenon and its effect to the environment
P1-Factories released large amount of oxides of nitrogen and sulphiur dioxide to the
atmosphere
P2-Oxides of nitrogen combines with vapour ( in atmosphere ) to form nitric acid
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P3-Sulphur dioxide combine with water vapour ( in the atmoopsheree ) to form sulphuric acid
P4-The rain falls as acid rain
P5-May corrode building
P6-aquatic lives may die due to the acidic water /low pH
P7-Minerals in soil will be washed into the rivers
P8-Soil becomes infertile/not suitable for agriculture
P9-Plants may die due to infertile soil /acidic soil
(d)
Diagram 9 shows one phenomenon in the ecosystem due to an unplanned development.
Based on the Diagram 9, explain the phenomenon and its effect to the environment.
Factor + Explanation:
F (Name the effect) (The phenomenon) is acid rain
E1 Factors / motor vehicles / factory released large amount of nitrogen oxyde
E2 - and sulfur dioxyde
E3 oxyde of nitrogen combine with water vapour (in atmosphere) to form nitric acid.
E4 sulphur dioxyde combined with water vapour (in atmosphere) to form sulphuric acid.
E5 the rain fall as the acid rain.
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Effect:
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E1: may corrode the building

E2: acidic water cause aquatic animal died.
E3: minerals in soil dissolved/washed into river.
E4: soil becomes infertile / not suitable for plant to growth.
E5: Less yield / plant become die because the infertile soil.
E6: The ecological balance of ecosystem disrupt
(e)
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Diagram 9 shows a newspaper cutting on one of the effect of environmental pollution
Explain the causes of the phenomena shown in diagram and the effects on the environmental
and organisms
Suggest ways to minimize the effect of this phenomenon 10
C1-The cause of acid rain
C2-The effect of acid rain to the environment
C3-Sugesstion on how to overcome the problem
Cause of acid rain:
F1-The combustion of fossil fuel from power stations factories / domestic boilers/vehicles
release large quantities of sulphur dioxide / SO2 and oxide of nitrogen /NO and NO2
F2-Both sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen combine with water vapour in the
atmosphere to form sulphuric acid and nitric acid respectively
F3-They will fall back to the earth as acid rain
F4-Rain is naturally acidic with pH about 5.6 due to the presence of dissolved carbonic acid
F5-The pH of rain is however are less than 5.0 MAX 4 marks
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Effect of acid rain:

Agriculture:
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F1-The soil becomes very acidic and unsuitable for the cultivation of crops
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F2-Acid rain cause the leaching of mineral such as potassium / calcium /magnesium which
affect the growth of crops
Aquatic ecosystem:
F3-Acid rain cause insoluble aluminum ions to accumulate in the lakes and river. An
increase in the accumulation of these ion can kill aquatic organism (such as fish/ and
invertebrates)
Health:
F3-Acid rain releases the ions of certain heavy metals such as cadmium/ lead/ mercury which
may contaminate / harm the supply of drinking water
F5-Increased acidity in the aquatic ecosystem also kills phytoplankton (which changes the
food chain)
F6- Photosynthetic tissue is destroyed. Plant leaves turn yellow and fall off. The root are
damaged and cannot absorb minerals
Building
F7-Metal railing and bridge corrode
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F-Limestone/stonework/marble monument are corroded due to chemical weathering

Suggestion to overcome the problem:
F1-Cleaning up emission form power station and industrial plants with scrubber. This process
involves the spraying of water trap pollutants
F2-Aleaning up emission form vehicles exhausts through the use of catalytic converters .The
pollutants react with one another in the catalytic converter. The pollutant reacts with one
another in the catalytic converter to produce less harmful products
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Water pollution
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(a)
Diagram shows huamn activities which are carried out near a river
Explain one type of pollution that occurs at site Q
F1-water pollution
E1-Effluent /phosphate /any suitable pollutant are released from the factory release into
the river
F2-Thermal pollution
E2-Hot water form teh factory is released into the river which reduce dissolves oxygen
in the river
(b)
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The farmer at site P spray a large amount of pesticide in their agriculture activity
Diagram show a food chain at site R
Explain why the tissue in the food contain a higher level of pesticide molecule compared to the
algae
P1-Algae absorbs the contaminated water /chemicals
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P2-The tadpoles feeds on the algae

P3-The chemical in the algae will accumulate in the tadpole body tissue
P4-The fish feeds on the tadpole
P5-Will cause the chemical (accumulated) in the body tissue of the tadpole
P6-The fish will have a higher concentration of chemical in their body tissues
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(d) Explain the impact of human activities at site Q on humans

Impact 1 : lack of clean water supply
P1-Water effluent form factories contain numerous containmination /pollution .chemicals
P2-Leads to disease example diarrhea /cholera/any suitable example which threaten health
Impact 2 : reduction of fresh water fish/food /aquatic organism /natural resources
P1-Lack of food/protein for human /any suitable impact and explanation
P2-Destruction of food chain //aquatic organism die
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Eutrophication
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Diagram show the changes that occurs in a lake due to the human activities
Based in the diagram ,explain how the activities cause the changes in a lake
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F-The condition of river is the result of eutrophication

P1-Farmers use fertilizer that usually contains nitrates/phosphate
P2-Fertilizer/animal waste/silage which contain nitrate /phosphate may washed out in water
when they are supplied with extra nitrate/(phosphate)
P4-( they may grow sa much ) that they completely cover the water
P5-Block out the light intensity for plants growing beneath them
P6-Photosyntehsis rate reduced
P8-Plant on the top of water and beneath water eventually die
P9-Their remains are good source of food becteria//bacteria decomposed the dead plant rapidly
//bacteria breed rapidly
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P10-The large population of bacteria repires, using up oxygen , si there is very little oxygen left
for other living organism
P11-BOD increase
P12-Those fosh /aquatic animal which need oxygen move to other areas or die any 10 P
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(b)
Explain the differences in BOD value between site P and Site R? 4

P1-the BOD value in site P is lower than site R
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P2-Becayuse R is at the down stream

P3-More pollutants accumulated in R
P4-The river water flow from agriculture area /P to palm oil factory
P5-The higher/increase in organic substances in the river will increase the population f bacteria
decomposition //more aquatic organism die //less oxygen dissolved in the river water (at R)
/resulting the BOD to increase
impact 3: Destruction of food chain
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P1-Accumulation of chemical in human

P2-Through food chains/taking fresh water food
P3-Caner /mutation /disease
When sewage is released into the pond gradually, the number and the size of aquatic animals
increase but when more sewage into the pond all the aquatic animals die
(c)
Explain how this affect the pond ecosystem and the balanced of nature
sewage released gradually
E1-Sewage has nitrate and phosphate salts which encourages algae growth
E2-Algae is the main produce of food for aquatic organism will increase Sewage content
increase
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E3-Aquatic animal will get enough food encouraging their growth and reproduction
E4-The size and numbers o aquatic organism will thus increase
Sewage content increase
E5-Sewage increase will cause algae to grow and reproduce rapidly
E6-Algae will cover the pond surface this prevent sunlight from reaching aquatic plants at the
bottom of pond
E7-The submerged aquatic pl ants will die as they cannot photosynthesis
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E8-The decomposition by bacteria will take place using oxygen

E9-The dissolve oxygen level will drop
E10-Aquatic animal will die to lack of oxygen in water
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Diagram show a pond nearby a factory area
Based on diagram, describe the effect of this activity to the pond, Explain the effect of this
condition on the aquatic organism in pond 10
Condition of the pond is the result of eutrophication
P1-Caused by nitrate form the factories leach into the pond P2-(caused by ) leaching of
nitrate/phosphate form palm oil estate
P3-Excess nutrient encourages the rapid growth of algae/algae bloom
P4-Algae grow water than their consumes , so many die 9 without being consumed form
organic matter)
P5-Algae covered the surface of pond
P6-restrict the penetration of light into water cause the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic plants
reduced /aquatic plant die
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F2-Water pollution caused by sewage /domestic waste/human faces/garbage from rubbish

dumps form residential area
P6-Pond contains a lot of organic matter
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P7-The decaying organic matter

P7-The decaying organic matter is broken down by decomposing microorganism /aerobic
bacteria
P8-Incrasing in the BOD result in a depletion of oxygen // reduction in the amount of dissolve
oxygen in the pond
F3-Imvalance to the aquatic food web
P9-( the low level of oxygen dissolve) kills aquatic organism like fresh water shrimps/mayfly
nymphs
P1o-If grow and release toxic gases / hydrogen sulphide/kill fish/tubifex worms /sludge worm
appear
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No
(e)
Marking scheme
Type of plants
: Strawberry and rose plant.
Location
: Near a natural lake.
Marks
Type of fertilizers used: Compost, lead nitrate salt, potassium nitrate, magnesium ,nitrate
and phosphate
Based on the detail above, explain the effect on the lake if their planning is not
managed properly.
F1 - the leaching of chemical fertilizer/phosphate/nitrate from agriculture area to the lake
E1 - Increase the fertility of the lake
E2 - Encourages eutrophication (encourage algal growth)
F2 - The growth alga prevent the light from reaching the base of the lake
E3 This reduces and prevents photosynthesis by aquatic plant.
E4 Reduce the oxygen release
E5 Aquatic plants and animals die due to lack oxygen.
F3 decomposition of dead plants, animals and organic matter by saprophytic bacteria accurse
E6 This will decrease the dissolved oxygen content
F5 BOD increase the water polluted
E7 This cause the aquatic animals die.
(d)
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Diagram 8.2 shows a section of a river that flows through rural and urban areas
People live in residential area complained that the river water has turned green and many
Fishes die.
19
Explain the phenomenon

F1 : Eutrophication occur
1
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P1 : Farmers use fertilizers that usually contains nitrates/phosphate
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P2: Fertilizer/animal waste/silage which contain nitrate/phosphate

may washed out in water when it rains/leaching/run into the river.
P3: Increase the nutrient content in the river
P4 : Algae in the river grow faster (when they are supplied with extra
nitrate/(phosphate)/ Algal bloom
P5: (they may grow so much) that they completely cover the water.
P6: block the sunlight to reach the plants in the water.
P7: Rate of photosynthesis decrease/ not occur
P8 : The aquatic plants die
P9 : Bacteria decomposed dead plant
P10: Population of bacteria increase
P11: oxygen in the water used up by the bacteria
P12: Dissolve oxygen also reduced/ BOD increase
1
1
P13: Caused aquatic plants and fish die

Thermal pollution
No
Marking scheme
Marks
(a)
Explain the effect of the phenomenon on the organism in the river

F1-The phenomenon is thermal pollution
E1-Thermal pollution occurs when there is an increase in the temperature of water source or
excessive heat in the environment
E2-High temperature /heat reduces the level of dissolved oxygen in water
1
1
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E3-Aerobic aquatic organism will die

E4-Highg temperature can cause some aquatic organism die
E5-Increase in temparature encourage some algae to grow rapidly
E6-Lead to high BOD value F + any 3E
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The greenhouse effect

No
(b)
Marking scheme
Marks
The following statements are human activities in an ecosystem

The use of chlorofluorocarbon in air conditioners and refrigerator
Combustion of fossil fuel in the factories
Based on the statement, discuss how the activities endanger the ecosystem
F1-(CFC) cause depletion of ozone layer
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E1-Penetration of excess /more UV rays

E2-Skin cancer/melanoma/sunburns/cataract//any suitable example
E3-Reduce body immune system
E4-Leaf cells and chlorophyll are easily damaged //lower rate of photosynthesis
E5-Kill microorganism/phytoplankton
E6-Distruption /destruction of food chain /web
E7-Climatic changes//any suitable example
E8-Surrounding temperature increases
F2-(combustion of fossil fuel) causes acid rain //air pollution
E7-Factories release a large amount of nitrogen oxide/nitrogen dioxide/sulphur dioxide/carbon
monoxides/dust in the atmosphere
E8-Acid rain soil become acidic (so less suitable for the cultivation of food chain /food web
E10-Photosynthetic tissue are destroyed//root damaged and cannot absorb mineral /water lower
rate of photosynthesis
E11-Metal railing /bridges corrodes / any suitable example
1
1
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E12-Health problem: asthma/bronchitis/and any suitable respiratory problem

E13-Skin and eye irritation /conjunctivitis
10
(c)
(d)
Figure shows an environment phenomenon
21
Describe how the phenomenon in figure occurs

P1-The phenomenon is the greenhouse effect
P2-Carbono dioxide ,chlorofluocarbon ( CFCs) methane , nitrous oxide and water vopour make
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up the green house gases

P3-Greenhouse gases produces by burning of fossil
P4-Also produced belching from cattle and anaerobic respiration in paddy field
P5-Effect of deforestation
P6-Sunlight enter the earths atmosphere
P7-Most of the radiation is absorb by the earth
P8-Some radiation is absorbed by th earth
P9-Accumulated/imcreased concentration of green house gases trapped the radiated heat
P10-Warm the atmosphere
1
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Suggest ways to minimize the effect of this phenomenon

P1-Reduce burning of fossil fuel
P2-Use alternative energy sources
P2-Slow down deforestation for farming ot rice growing
P4-Replant trees which have been cut down
No
(a)
Marking scheme
Marks
Based on diagram a phenomenon which occurs in the earths atmosphere
Name this phenomenon and explain the effect of the phenomenon on the environment if the
concentration levels of carbon dioxide, CO2 are increasing
P1-This is called the greenhouse effect
1
1
1
1
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P2-The increase in carbon dioxide concentration traps heat

P3-Causes a rise in the earths temperature
P4-The melting of polar ice raises the sea level Any 3P
F3-Habitat destruction
E5-Extinxction of flora and fauna
E6-Loss of biodiversity
F4-Incrase of carbon dioxide in atmosphere
E7-Greenhouse effect
E8-Global warming
E9-Climatic change
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Figure 7 shows the events leading to the greenhouse effect
With reference to figure 7, describe the steps involved in the formation of the greenhouse
effect5 by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane
(c)
solar radiation warms the earths surface
heat energy is reradiated back into the atmosphere
some heat energy escapes into space
heat energy is reradiated back to the earth
1
1
1
1
In many parts of the world, forests are being cut down and burned.
Explain why this may be contributing to the greenhouse effect.
No
(d)
in slash-and-burn agriculture, the burning trees increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
- trees photosynthesis using carbon dioxide thus deforestation leads to less carbon dioxide
being removed from atmosphere
- less carbon dioxide is able to be locked up in trees.
- As trees die and tree stumps left to rot, microbial activity during decomposition also releases
carbon dioxide
- Carbon dioxide is greenhouse gas. It absorbs energy radiated by earth, some of these energy
reradiated back thus increasing the surface temperature
Marking scheme
Describe the other causes besides deforestation and the overall effects of the enhanced
greenhouse effect.10
Marks
the greenhouse effect is further worsened by the combustion of fossil fuel in motor
vehicles in power stations to generate electricity and in industries
these activities produce large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
the setting up of large cattle ranches to cater for the growing human population leads to
massive emissions of methane gas from the belching of these animals and the
decomposition of their wastes.
As the world population strives for higher standards of living, there is an increased use
of CFCs in products like air-conditioning and during the production of packaging
materials
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The rapid decomposition of humus, combustion of fossil fuels use of nitrogen or nitrate
fertilizer contributes to the production of nitrogen oxides which is another greenhouse
gas
The increase in the concentration of these greenhouse gases would then lead to
increasing surface temperatures on earth as they trap and reflect heat back to the earth
This may lead to an increase in photosynthesis which is about the only positive effect
of an enhanced greenhouse effect
More alarmingly however the greenhouse effect may change the local and global
climate causing a shift in vegetation and vectors
This may also lead to extinction of certain species of organisms which are unable to
adapt to the changing environment
1
1
1
(e)
Glaciers may start to melt thus increasing the sea levels. This leads to flooding in low
lying areas around the globe
As an environmental activist, explain the green house effect and discuss some human activities
that can lead to the greenhouse effect. Give suggestion to the public on measure to be taken to
reduce the greenhouse effect 10
Phenomenon of green house effect:
F1-the greenhouse effect is an effect in the at atmosphere as a result of presence of certain
gases known as green house gases
E2-Carbon dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) methane, nitrous oxide and low level ozone
and water vapour make up the green house gases
E3-As the earth is warmed, heat in the form of infrared radiation is radiated back into the
space. However. Much of this heat does not escape, instead remains trapped by the green
house gases
E4-At the same time, greenhouse also radiated heat ( in form of infrared radiation ) back to
the earth
E5-This similar to the glass planes of a green house which traps heat and warm the green
house, hence the term greenhouse effect
MAX 4marks
10
1
1
1
1
1
Factors contributing t o the greenhouse effect s

F1-Burning of fossil fuel coal-fired power stations/vehicle exhausts/open burning / industrial
effluents like to an increase in the amount of atmospheric co2
F2-logging /deforestation causes abundance amount of co2 in the atmosphere is not for
photosynthesis
F3-As the concentration of green house gases rises the green house effect become more
pronounced
F4-Biuliding with planes reflects more heat, thus worsen the green house effects
1
1
F5-As more heat is trapped, the earths average temperature rises leading to global warming
MAX 4
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Suggestion on measure to be taken to minimize the problem

E1-Reduce the burning of fossil fuels to conserve energy
E2-Develop alternative sources of energy such as wind/solar/biogas/and geothermal energy
E3-Reduce deforestation for farming purposes
E4-Replanting after deforestation
1
1
1
1
E5-Polocies that control the emission of green house gases form industrial site must be
reinforced and strictly implemented
E6-Promotes green world
Max 2 marks
(g)
Explain how the phenomenon happens and its effect on the environment
C: causes of the phenomenon
E: Effect of the phenomenon
F1-this s phenomenon is called green house effect
C1-combustion of fossil fuel from vehicles/factories/forest burning/coal fire power station
C2-excessive deforestation
C3-Increase carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere caused by industries
(h)
C4-Pollutant/CFC/methane
E1-Carbon dioxide traps heat /infra red light /long wave radiation
E2-Increase in global/ world atmospheric temperature/ cause a rise in earth temperature/global
warming
E3-melting of polar ice/rise in the sea levels
Suggests measure needed to be taken to overcome the phenomenon
P1-use alternative source of energy to reduce the usage of fossil fuel energy generated from
wind /water solar
P2-Restrict open burning/forest burning /use incinerator
P3-Reduce deforestation for farming/other development projects
P4-Selective harvesting /logging/cut matured tree only
P4-Replanting more trees which have been cut down
P6-The use of technology/unleaded petrol/catalytic converter
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The thinning of ozone layer

No
Marking scheme
Marks
(a)
(i) State the phenomena shows in both diagrams

Discuss the differences of both environmental phenomena shown in diagram A and B based on
the following aspect
-The cause
-the effect
-the ways to overcome10
criteria
1. State the type of phenomena
2. C: Differences in the causes
3. E: Differences in the effects
4. S: Differences in the ways to overcome
Diagram B
F2-( the phenomena is) thinning depletion of ozone layer
The causes
P1-Coolant in air conditioners and refrigerators/ propellants in aerosol cans/insulating foam
P2Release chlorofluorocarbon / CFC molecule
P3Ultraviolet radiation ( strikes a chlorofluorocarbon /CFC molecule and ) causes a chlorine
atom to break away//break the bond to release the chlorine atom
P4Chorine atom ( collides and destroys the ozone molecule ( to form chlorine monoxide and
oxygen molecule)
P5Leaf cell and chlorophyll are damaged by ultraviolet rays// lower the rate of
photosynthesis//reduce crop yield
P6Ultraviolet rays kill microorganism .phyplankton//destroy//disrupt the marine food chain
P7Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation lead to skin cancer / melanoma/cataract
/weakened the immune system
P8-Green house effect/ global warming //damage the eggs of certain amphibians //wind patterns
change //climatic changes
P9-The ways to overcome /solution
P10-Reduce/stop/ban the use of Chlorofluorocarbon /CFC
P11-The world comply with the Montreal protocol to reduce the use of CFCs ( to cut the use of
CFCs in half of CFC in half by the year 1997)
Any 10
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No
Marking scheme
Marks
(b)
Diagram 8.2 shows another environmental phenomenon which has become a current topic
discussion
Name this phenomenon and discuss the effect of the phenomenon on human and ecosystem
The phenomenon is known as thinning/depletion of the ozone layer
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P1-More ultraviolet ray reaches the earth surface

P2-Ultra-violet ray will deteriorate/weaken thee humans body immune system
P3-An increase in the number of people suffering from skin cancer/melanoma/cataract
P4-High ultraviolet rays destroy phytoplankton
P5-break the food chain of marine life/the aquatic ecosystem
P6-The number of stomata/chlorophyll of leaves will be reduced
P7-Rate of photosynthesis decreases
P8-Changes in climatic pattern
No
(c)
F with any 5P
Marking scheme
Marks
Explain the concept sustained development and need for it to protect our environment
F-(sustainable development refers to the measure undertaken to ensure that human activity
optimally utilize Earth natural resources such that they can be replenish naturally//suitable
explanation
P1-Sustainable development is necessary as the rate at which man is using the finite natural
resources will compromise future generations demands //suitable explanation
Necessary to exploit natural resources and at at the same time measure taken so that these
resource can be replenish and be available for the future generation
P2-Ultimately, the natural resources, if continued to be depleted, will no longer be able to

sustain human society//suitable explanation
P3-Which make up the surrounding we live in and survive upo n
1
1
P5-Includes proper usage of renewable resources

P6-Inorder to maintain a stable ecosystem
F + ant 3P
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The importance of proper management of development activities and the ecosystem

No
Marking scheme
Marks
(a)
Explain the important of preservation and conservation of tropical rainforest in Malaysia for the
purpose of sustainable management of ecosystem
1. Sustainable management of tropical rainforest
2. Explain the importance o conservation and preservation
1
F1-replanting trees in areas that have been logged//reforestation
E1-To keep the ecosystem in their natural state (which provides aesthetic value for
1
humans)//preserve natural resource for outdoor/recreational; activities//eco-tourism //reduce
stress//promotes healthy life style
E2-To maintain soil fertility
1
1
E4-To avoid species extinction //to prevent extinction of flora and fauna/organism /species
1
E5-As an economic resource//source of raw material for construction industry/piling. 1
Furniture/boats/houses /production of charcoal/tannin /food / other suitable example //provide
foods to human // resources for study /education /research
E3-T prevent food / soil erosion/landslide/(muddy) float/(flash) flood
F2-Selecive logging E5-To maintain a balanced ecosystem / to allow maximum interaction 1

among teh living organism /biotic and abiotic factors
E6-To maintain major sources of human biotic and abiotic factors
1
1
E7-Ti sustain n food web /food chain in the ecosystem
E8-To prevent disruption of natural cycle of water /carbon balance oxygen between CO2 in the 1
atmosphere.//provide O 2 reduce CO2
E9-to decrease the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere// to reduce the green house effect 1
global warming
E10-to maintain the biodiversity of the forest // maintaining /increasing biodiversity 1
/complexity/veriety of organism /species /flora and fauna
E11-To avoid lost of wildlife/ potential resources E12-To avoid loss of water areas //provide 1
natural water catchment area
E13-Maintaining (normal) weather (pattern) by minimize climatic changes drought / harsh
climate / maintain temperature
E14-As a site for breeding feeding of flora and fauna serving as valuable nursery area for
organism
1
1
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Marking scheme
Marks
(b)
Based on th above information ,Explain how recycle practice able to preserve the balance of
environment 10
The tree
F1-Less tree will be chopped/felled
P1-More CO2 absorbed by the trees for photosynthesis
1
1
P2-Avoid the increasing o CO2 in the atmosphere

P3-Reudce the impact of green house effect/. Global warming
P4-Less habitat of fauna and flora will be destroyed
1
1
1
P5-Reduce /avoid the extinction of fauna and flora

P6-To maintain /preserve the biodiversity
the oil .fuel //save energy
1
1
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1
1
F2-Reudce the burning of oil /fuel

P7-More fuel energy can be preserved for future
P-Less green gases /acidic gases released
P9-Reduce/avoid the impact of green house effect /acid rain
The landfill will be opened F3-Less land fill will be opened
P10-Landfill cause leaching /.ground water pollution
1
1
P11-Less disease /health problem caused by the improper managed landfill

The Water
F4-Less used water/effluent/ untreated seawage released into river
P12-Reduce .avoid the impact of water pollution /avoid the extinction of aquatic organisms
any 10
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Diagram show an ecosystem
Explain why the ecosystem in diagram 8.2 has to be preserved and conserved 10
1
1
1
F-Ot provides human with necessities of life

P-Is a resource for food /timber to build shelter/ as a fuel/fibers for clothing
F-Many plant species are original sources of pharmaceutical drugs/medicines
P-New commodities, for example, new crop plants or medicinal material could be in the forest
F-Allow for biological control to maintain stable population
P-Regulate climatic conditions biogeochemical cycles, prevent flooding
Natural ecosystem and species in the wild are beautiful
P-there is much pleasure to be derived form unspoilt natural environment
F-Ecotourism
P-Could provide income for some countries
1
1
1
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10
A paddy field area is developed into an industrial area as shown in Diagram
Discuss the good and the bad social, economic and environmental effects of this development.
Good Effect (G)
Explanation (P)
G1: Provides job opportunity
P1: Improve economic status
G2: Provides infrastructure basic needs
P2: Build up schools/ clinics to upgrade quality/ better

opportunity in education
G3: Provides better living condition/

convenient place for settlement
P3: Have good sanitation system/ hygienic water

supply/ better electric supply
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G4: Convenient transport system
P4: Faster transportation/ save time to move from one

place to another
Bad Effect (B)
Explanation (P)
B1: Area/ paddy field exposed to land

reclamation
P5: During heavy rain, soil particles are washed away

to the river/ water source leads to muddy flood/
leaching
B2: Habitat for flora/ fauna/ paddy field

are destroyed
P6: Extinction of flora/ fauna in the area// less

agricultural productivity in the area
B3: Air/ water/ thermal/ sound pollution
P7: Due to the release of pollutants into the

environments// causes diseases/ bronchitis/ asthmatic/
stress// leads to decrease in health quality
B4: Increase population in the area
P8: Leads to social problems
No
(d)
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Marking scheme
Marks
Most of the human activities cause a lot of problems to the ecosystem.

Discuss the importance of planned activities to avoid destruction of the ecosystem 10
Logging
A uncontrolled logging can cause destruction of the habitat
1
1
1
1
E also can caused the'extinction of flora and fauna

- destroy the water catchments-area so, it disturb the fresh water supply
- can caused the muddy flood, flash flood, soil erosion and global warming
P - So the logging activities should be planned to avoid t hose effect
- Planned logging can be done by replanting logging at the certain area which contain only old
timber tree.
Motor vehicles
A - can caused air pollution because the smoke contain Plumbum, carbon monoxide, carbon d
ioxide,
E carbon monoxide can caused death if inhaled in large amount, because it reduced the
ability of oxygen transportation by red blood cells
- Plumbum can cause cancer
- Carbon dioxide and heat from the smoke,it will increase the world temperature so it can cause
global warming
P - So using of motor vehicle can be reduce by using car pool, use the public transportation and
filter the smoke released
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Open burning
A - can cause hazard
E - it will decrease the distance of vision can increases the health problem related w ith lung
and respiratory tract
P - So it can be reduce by avoid the open burning or burn the garbage in the specific place( in
close area)/incinerator
1
1
1
Farming and A agriculture

1
1
1
A Farmer used chemical fertilizer it can cause the eutrophication

E - can cause extinction of flora and f fauna
P - Use organic fertilizer or increase the fertility of the soil
OR
A_use pesticide to kill the pest, it can caused air pollution and water pollution
1
1
1
E-can cause extinction of flora and fauna

P-use biological control to control the population of pest
No
(e)
Marking scheme
10
Marks
(e) Discuss the importance in maintaining a balanced ecosystem in a river

1
1
1
1
F-A balanced ecosystem ina river must be maintain

P1-When water pollution occurs//chemical content is very high
P2-Sunlight penetration is reduced/amount of dissolved oxygen very low
P3-Plants /producer do not carry out photosynthesis
P4-First consumer species/herbivores/carnivores do not receive enough energy//destruction of
energy flow
P5-Very high decomposition .eutrophication
1
1
1
1
P6-Aquatic organisms die /extinct//destruction of food chain

P7-Rover becomes shallower/causing flooding over flow of water Any5
32
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The impact of human activities on the ecosystem

Diagram shows the mankind activities

Harmful effect to mankind and surrounding:

P2-Industries emit pollutant such as sulphur dioxide/oxide of nitrogen smoke/fine solid

P3-Which can cause respiratory problems/asthma/bronchitis/, irritates the eye

P9-Climate change occur

P12-Implementation of law to reduce pollution n

Module biology Trial Paper collection

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B1-Brings more bad impact than good impact to the environment

Explain the impact of these human activities on the ecosystem

P2 Smoke release by the factory contain dust / soot / lead

P4 Nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide dissolve in water in the clouds

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P9 Increase carbon dioxide concentration

P10 Heat is trapped by green house gases

P16 Disposal of domestic waste on the ground

Diagram Shows evidence of development urbanization and industrial practices. TI needed to

Justify the effect of unplanned development into the ecosystem 10

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Development that is not planned and managed properly has brought

Diagram shows a human activity and forest in a developing country

Discuss the effect of the activity to the environment

Module biology Trial Paper collection

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-Greenhouse effect phenomenon promotes global warming

Diagram also show the activities of unplanned development in that area

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E1-Extensive cutting down of trees increases the earth temperature

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Diagram show a large area of forest involved in the building of a dam

G2-Aas reservoir / to store water /supply fresh water

B1-Flooded.submerged trees /habitat of the fauna and flora

B5-Many species of fauna and flora extinct//reduce the biodiversity

The world population is now growing drastically

E1-Bring more bad impact to the environment

I2-Open burning will lead to air pollution /formation of haze

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I4-Lead to green house effect /Global warming

I5-Lead to changes in world climate

Diagram shows s phenomenon X which caused by air pollution

The formation of acid rain

-to to form sulphuric acid/nitric acid/carbonic acid

E2-Produces sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide/carbon dioxide

E2-Kill aquatic organism /threatens aquatic life

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The ways that can be taken:

State the phenomena shows in both diagrams

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Ef2-Aquatic lives may die due to acidic water /low pH

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Diagram 9.2 shows the impact of human activity on environment.

G2-Use in daily life

B1-Releases sulphur dioxide / nitrogen dioxide

Module biology Trial Paper collection

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Diagram shows a phenomenon in the ecosystem due to an unplanned development

P2-Oxides of nitrogen combines with vapour ( in atmosphere ) to form nitric acid

Diagram 9 shows one phenomenon in the ecosystem due to an unplanned development.

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E1: may corrode the building