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wellbore
p f p w p h p tf p pf
Fracture gradient
pw ph ptf p pf
FG
D
Ph-hydrostatic pressure
Ptf-tubing friction
pressure
h
pr
pf
Ppf-perf friction
pressure
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
wellbore
Pw-total
surface
pressure
Phhydrostatic
pressure
Ptf-tubing
friction
pressure
pr
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
wellbore
Why?
Allows higher injection rates (>25 bpm) at
lower surface injection pressures
Disadvantage:
burst rating of casing, integrity
Phhydrostatic
pressure
Ptf-casing
friction
pressure
pr
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
wellbore
Pw-total
surface
pressure
Phhydrostatic
pressure
Ptf-tubing
friction
pressure
Considerations:
Burst of tubing
pr
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
wellbore
Considerations:
collapse of tubing, burst of casing
Pw-total
surface
pressure
Phhydrostatic
pressure
Pcf-casing
friction
pressure
pr
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
wellbore
Hydrostatic pressure
Fundamental equation:
z2
ph rgdz rgh
z1
Pw-total surface
pressure
Ptf-tubing
friction
pressure
pr
p
f
Ppf-perf
friction
pressure
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
Hydrostatic pressure
Calculate density from:
wellbore
8.34 f x
rf
x
1
8.34 p
Pw-total surface
pressure
Ph-hydrostatic
pressure
Ptf-tubing
friction
pressure
pr
p
f
Ppf-perf
friction
pressure
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
wellbore
Hydrostatic pressure
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
friction
Methods to obtain
1. Use provided friction charts from service company. Good for non-newtonian fluids and
specialized systems.
2. From field measurements
3. Calculate friction
pw
q
p w1 p f ph p fric
p w2 p f ph
p w p fric
time
Newtonian vs non-Newtonian
Laminar vs turbulent
Reynolds Number friction factors
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
friction
Example
Well Data
Depth: 6,650 ft
ISIP data on offset wells:
Well 1: pisip = 1,870 psi with proppant-free fresh water in hole
Well 2: pisip = 2,300 psi with proppant-free 36 API oil in hole
41/2 -in. casing set on top of pay zone.
Working pressure limit: 3,900 psi on casing
The breakdown pressure is within the 3,900 psi casing working pressure limit.
Determine:
Hydraulic horsepower required for treatment of 25 bbl/min using un-treated fresh water
with 1 lb/gal sand.
Injection rate and hhp for treatment at maximum rate without exceeding casing working
pressure while pumping untreated fresh water with no sand.
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
friction
Solution
Calculate the surface injection pressure required to inject sand-laden water at a rate of 25 bbl/min.
Determine the bottom-hole treating pressure pf from offset well ISIP data.
Well 1
p f pisip p h
1870 0.433 * 6650
4,750 psi
Well 2
p f pisip p h
2300 0.365 * 6650
4,730 psi
p w p f ph ptf p pf
Where the ppf term becomes zero since the well is an open-hole completion and ptf is known from offset
well data. The pipe friction can be calculated using friction-loss vs injection-rate curves.
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
friction
Solution
For water displaced through 4 1/2 -in. OD casing
the friction pressure is 200 psi/1,000 ft of casing
while pumping water at 25 bbl/ min. However, this
friction pressure must also be adjusted for the
effect of sand concentration. The correction factor
is 1.10 for water containing 1 lb of sand/gal (see
Figure 1). The hydrostatic pressure of fresh water
containing 1 lb/gal sand is 465 psi/ 1,000 ft of hole.
Hence:
200 psi
ptf
* 6650 ft *1.10 1463 psi
1000 ft
ph
465 psi
* 6650 ft 3090 ft
1000 ft
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
Solution
friction
p w p f p h ptf p pf
4740 3090 1463 0
3113 psi
Thus a surface pressure of 3,113 psi is required to inject fresh water containing 1 lb of sand/gal down
the 4 1/2-in. casing at a 25 bbl/min rate.
Determine the hydraulic horsepower required, using the following equation.
hhp 0.0245Qpw 0.025 * 25 * 3113 1906
To calculate the maximum injection rate possible without exceeding a surface pressure of 3,900 psi,
determine first the amount of friction pressure that may be expended,
ptf p w p h p f p pf
3900 3090 4740 0
2250 psi
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
friction
Solution
Convert the total allowable friction to friction loss per 1000 ft of pipe,
2250 psi
353 psi / 1000 ft
6.65 *1000
The maximum pump rate may be determined by using the 4 inch casing curve for water. The
injection rate corresponding to a friction loss of 353 psi/1000 ft is 35 bpm. The hhp necessary to frac at
35 bpm with a surface pressure of 3,900 psi is 3,344.
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
friction
where,
q
= flow rate, bpm
rf
= fracture fluid density, ppg
dp
= perforation diameter, in.
np
= perforation number
kd
= discharge coefficient, measure of the perfs efficiency at passing fluid
kd 0.60 for new perfs
kd 0.85 for eroded perfs
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
friction
BJ Hughes Handbook
Copyright, 2011
Stimulation
friction
(Crump & Conway, Effects of Perforation-Entry Friction on Bottomhole Treating Analysis, JPT,
Aug. 1988)
Copyright, 2011
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 3
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
BHTP = 2000
Zone 2
BHTP = 2350
Zone 3
BHTP = 3000
Limited Entry
Definition
Number of perfs intentionally limited to cause
high downhole pressures which result in
simultaneous stimulation of zones with
different closure pressure.
Discussion
Limited entry is a technique used in fracturing
or acidizing to help control fluid entry into the
formation through a predetermined number of
perforations. The number and size of these
perforations will depend upon the formation
bottom hole treating pressure, type of fluid
being used, size of conductor pipe through
which the treatment is to be performed and
surface limitations. These perforations can be
placed in the well so that a desired amount of
treatment volume can be injected into any
zone.
Q inj
Zone 1
BHTP = 2000
Zone 2
BHTP = 2350
Zone 3
BHTP = 3000
Limited Entry
Example
Limited Entry
Solution:
Hydrostatic pressure:
Pressure gradient for 2% KC1 water with 1 ppg = 47.0 psi/100 ft
ph = (47)(60) = 2820 psi
Friction pressure:
Friction loss for a 1 cp fluid in 4 1/2 inch, 11.6 lb casing at 40 BPM= 52 psi/100 ft
ptf = (52)(60) = 3120 psi
Therefore:
Wellhead pressure:
Hydraulic horsepower:
Number of perforations:
Q * pw
2842hp
40.81
rf
9.016 ppg
x
1
1
1
8.34 p
8.34 * 2.65
Limited Entry
Solution:
n
p
4
2
d 4 k 2 p
p d pf .5 * .90 * 600 14.44
.2369 r f
.2369 * 9.016
q
10.5 or 11 perforatio ns
3.8
This limited entry solution would require 11 perforations 0.5 inch in diameter open and accepting
fluid to treat this well at 40 BPM with a wellhead pressure of 2900 psi using 2842 hydraulic
horsepower.
Consequences:
Too many perfs, velocity , thus proppant could settlescreenout.
Too few perfs, restrict overall injectivity, HHP, cost