ENERGY AUDIT FOR

BUILDDINGS

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

Energy Audits
Is about the What, Where, and
When energy is used
And
suggesting how this consumption
can be reduced

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

Energy Audits
Energy Audit will provide:
! financial,
! operational and
! Environmental

benefits
05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

Energy Audits
! Financial Benefits ! Reduced fuel and electricity bills.
! Reduced operation and maintenance costs .
! Reduced capital expenditure.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

Energy Audits
! Operational Benefits ! Improved comfort levels
! Improved efficiency
! Better informed workers on global issues.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

Energy Audits
! Environmental benefits
! Reduced consumption of finite resources.
! Reduced Pollution levels.
! Improved public image.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

Assessing current building

performance
Two methods of Energy Audit:
! The Regression Method, and
! The NPI Method.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

Assessing current building

performance
! The Regression Method
A standard method to assess the energy use
in buildings, done by plotting the energy
consumption each Month against the
Degree days for that month.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

Assessing current building

performance
! The Regression Method
This will show the trend in Energy
consumption, is fitted by a linear relation,
from this it is possible to predict future
consumption.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

Regression Degree
Day Figure

Energy Consumed
(GJ)

January

376

185.67

February

359

166.51

March

322

157.56

April

243

124.33

May

162

98.22

June

83

72.6

July

44

56.65

August

48

54.89

September

90

71.66

October

178

103.49

November

275

140.78

December

343

171.62

Month

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

10

150

(kWh)

Energy Consumed

Regression Method

100

50

0
0

05/04/2011

100

200
Degree Day

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

300

400

11

NPI Method
The Normalised Performance Indicator
(NPI)
comparing the building s energy
consumption with similar type buildings.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

12

Calculating the NPI

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

05/04/2011

Convert Energy Units to KWh

Find the Energy Used for Space Heating
Account for Weather
Account for Exposure
Add Non-Heating Energy Use
Account for Hours of Use Factor
Find Floor Area (Pool Area) (m2)
Calculate the Normalised Performance
Indicator (NPI).

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

13

Calculating the NPI

! Step 1
Collate all energy use, Convert Energy
Units to KWh
1 therm = 29.31 kWh Natural Gas
1 litre = 10.6 kWh Oil
1 tonne = 7600 kWh Coal

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

14

Calculating the NPI

! Step 2
Find the Energy Used for Space Heating
eg a sport centre with a swimming pool
65% of the energy is used in heating on
average.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

15

Calculating the NPI

! Step 3
Account for Weather
Weather factor = 2462 / annual degree days

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

16

Calculating the NPI

! Step 4
Account for Exposure
Factor = 1 for urban building
= 1.1 for Sheltered buildings
= 0.9 for Exposed buildings

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

17

Calculating the NPI

! Step 5
Add Non Space heating energy

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

18

Calculating the NPI

! Step 6
Multiply for hours of use
Use factor = standard hours / actual hours
in use

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

19

Calculating the NPI

! Step 7
Calculate Floor area in square meters

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

20

Calculating the NPI

! Step 8
Calculate NPI = corrected energy used /
floor area

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

21

Calculating the NPI

! Step 9
Compare NPI with tabulated values for
similar buildings and hence
find out in which range of performance
does your building lie ?

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

22

Comparisons of
performance indicators
! Good - generally have good controls and energy
management procedures, but further energy savings
are often still possible.
! Fair - reasonable controls and energy management
procedures, but significant energy savings should
achievable.
! Poor - unnecessarily high consumption and urgent
action should be taken to remedy the situation.
Substantial energy savings should result from the
introduction of energy efficiency measures.
05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

23

Performance Yardsticks
For Buildings
Good

Fair

Poor

Pub

<339

339 470

>470

Sports centre with swimming

Pool.

<570

570 840

>840

Theatre

<600

600 - 900

>900

Energy Efficiency Rating

kWh/m2 per year

Type of Facility

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

24

Savings
1. By altering the physical
construction of a building to
reduce its heat loss
eg double glazing, cavity
insulation and loft insulation.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

25

Savings
2. Replacing/upgrading the
equipment and controls
to make it more efficient.
Time switches, occupancy
switches, and Thermostat
controls.
05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

26

Savings
3. Shop around
for the cheapest tariff.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

27

Savings
4. Continuous monitoring
of Energy consumption.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

28

Savings
5. Using combined heat and power
(CHP) plant to provide electricity
and space heating/hot water.

05/04/2011

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

29

Case study

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

30

Natural Gas
(Therm)

Electricity (kWh)

January

1578

5325

February

1400

5220

March

1309

5400

April

1000

5225

May

750

5300

June

503

5425

July

355

5330

August

350

4990

September

500

5250

October

800

5300

November

1150

5400

December

1460

4880

11,155

63,045

Month

TOTALS

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

31

Gas Data
Month

Gas (Therm)

Gas (GJ)

Cost

% Cost

January

1578

166.5

760.44

14.1

February

1400

147.72

675

12.6

March

1309

138.12

631.32

11.7

April

1000

105.52

483

May

750

79.14

363

6.7

June

503

53.07

244.44

4.5

July

355

37.46

173.4

3.2

August

350

36.93

171

3.1

September

500

52.76

243

4.5

October

800

84.41

387

7.2

November

1150

121.34

555

10.3

December

1460

154.05

703.8

13.1

11,155

1177.03

5390.4

100

Totals

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

32

Electricity Data
Month

Elec. (kWh)

Cost

% Cost

January

5325

429.17

8.4

February

5220

420.77

8.3

March

5400

435.77

8.6

April

5225

42.17

8.3

May

5300

427.17

8.4

June

5425

437.17

8.6

July

5330

429.57

8.5

August

4990

402.37

7.9

September

5250

423.17

8.3

October

5300

427.17

8.4

November

5400

435.17

8.6

December

4880

393.57

7.7

Totals

63,045

5081.6

100

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

33

Energy C onsum ption

16%

N atural G as
Electricity

84%

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

34

Energy C ost

49%

51%

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

N atural G as
Electricity

35

Energy C onsum ption

200
150
G as (G J)
Electricity (G J)

100
50
0
J an Feb Mar Apr May J un

J ul Aug Sep O ct N ov Dec

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

36

Energy C ost
1000
800
600

G as ()
Electricity ()

400
200
0
J an Feb Mar Apr May J un

J ul Aug Sep O ct N ov Dec

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

37

Regression Degree
Day Figure

Energy Consumed
(GJ)

January

376

185.67

February

359

166.51

March

322

157.56

April

243

124.33

May

162

98.22

June

83

72.6

July

44

56.65

August

48

54.89

September

90

71.66

October

178

103.49

November

275

140.78

December

343

171.62

1403.99

1228.83

Month

Regression data

Totals

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

38

The equation is given by : E = 0.365(DD) + 38

Energy Consumed
(GJ)

Regression Equation Graph

150

100
50

0
0

100

200

300

400

Regression Degree Day Figure

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

39

1.

Convert your energy use into kWh units

Add your quarterly or monthly use over one year for each fuel and enter below
Natural gas
Electricity
Total energy use for the year

{ Therms x 29.31
kWh x 1

= 11155 x 29.31
=326953
= 63045
=389998

kWh
kWh
kWh

kWh

kWh
kWh
kWh

C
D
E

2.Find your space heating energy use

If you can identify any of the fuels above used only for space heating, enter the total energy use in kWh
Add these to give total

If you cannot identify these then choose one of the following factors applied to the total energy used.
For light industrial factory building
Annual space heating energy
Annual non-space heating energy

Space heating factor = 0.80

A x 0.80 = 389998x0.80 = 311998
B or C =
311998
A-D = 389998- 311998= 77999

3. Adjust the space heating energy to account for weather

Find the Degree Days for the energy data year = 2523
The weather correction factor = 2462/2523 = 0.976
Adjust the space heating energy to standard conditions

kWh

F
G
H

= D x G =311998x0.976=304455

4. Adjust the space heating energy to account for exposure

Obtain the exposure factor from this chapter to suit the location of the building = 1

Adjusted space heating energy = H x J =

304455 x 1

304455

5. Find normalised annual energy use = E + K = 77999 + 304455 = 382454

J
kWh

kWh

6. Correct for hours of use of building

Obtain standard hours of use = 2000

Calculate the annual hours of use for your building -= 9x5x48

Hours of use factor

Annual energy use for standard hours

M / N =2000/2160

=
=

2160
0.926

P x L = 0.926x 382454 = 354152

7. Find floor area = 25 x 25 = 625 m2

8. Find the Normalised Performance Indicator (NPI) = Q / R = 354152/ 625 = 566
9. Compare with yardstick - [ 180 to 240 kWh/m2 ] Excessive Energy consumption

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

N
P
kWh

m2

kWh/m2
POOR

40

Calculation of Heat Losses

width

height

depth

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

41

Element

U-value
W/m2K

Area
m2

Temp.
Difference (oC)

Heat loss
W

Door

18

12.5

450

Windows

5.3

42

12.5

2782

Walls

2.3

360

12.5

10350

Roof

2.6

900

12.5

29250

Floor

0.26

900

12.5

2925

Fabric heat loss = TOTAL ( Doors, Windows, Walls, Roof & Floor) 45757
Ventilation Heat Loss

= 0.335 N V T 15600
N=1.2
0

Heat gains from occupants

Heat gains from lights 0
Heat gains from machines 0
Net heat transfer for the building 61357

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

42

Energy Efficiency
Measures

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

43

Reduction of Fabric Losses

Wall Insulation

Area
cost of liner board
Cost

= 2952

= 360 m2
= 8.20/m
= 360 * 8.2

Roriginal = 1/Uoriginal
= 1/2.3 = 0.4348
Rinsulation = x /k = 0.025/0.04
= 0.625
Rnew = Roriginal + Rinsulation
Unew
AUwall original = 828 W/K
AUwall new
= 0.9436 * 360
AUwall
= AU * 12.5
Saving
= 6.104 * 65.32

= 0.4348 + 0.625 = 1.0598

= 1/1.0598
= 0.9436

Pay back period = C/F

= 2950/398.71

= 339.7 W/K
= 6.104 kW
= 3908.71/annum

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

= 7.4 years
44

Roof Insulation
Area
Cost of Rockwool

= 900 m2
= 6.40 / m2

Rnew

= Rold + Ri = (1/2.6) + ( 0.1/0.04) = 2.5 + 0.3486 = 2.8846

Unew

= 1 / 2.8846 = 0.3467

AUroof original
AUroof new
AU
Qf
Saving

= 900 x 2.6
= 900 x 0.3467
= 2340 - 312
= AU * 12.5

= 25.35 * 65.32

Pay back period = C/F

= 2340 W/K
= 312 W/K
= 2028 W/K
= 25.35 kW

= 1655.84/annum
= 5760/1655.84

Tarik Al-Shemmeri
05/04/2011

= 3.48 years

45