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K.N.S Acharya
Agenda:
Aircraft systems
1. Avionic Systems
Navigation System,
Flight deck and cockpit systems
Communication System
What is Avionics?
Avionics is actually a combination of Aviation & Electronics.
Represents the field of technology that encompasses the electronic equipment
and systems that are used on aircraft and aircraft components.
Avionics equipment is usually thought of as different from electrical or
electromechanical aircraft equipment but the lines between electrical systems
and avionics systems are not always distinct, especially in the more modern
aircraft.
Supports the goal of helping flight crews get safely from point to point.
Avionics helps pilots with their responsibilities in the cockpit to
Aviate (Tracking and Controlling Aircraft Pitch, roll and yaw)
Navigate (track position, way point estimates, deviation from desired course,
avoiding collision with obstacles, in all weather conditions)
Communicate (communicate flight progress with others who need to know
other crew members, ATC, other aircraft, Flight Service Stations and
airlines).
Methods of Navigation
The following are the main methods of air navigation. There are:
1. Pilotage , 2. Dead Reckoning , 3. Radio. 4. Celestial Navigation
5. Satellite Navigation
Dead Reckoning
2. Dead Reckoning is the primary navigation method used in
the early days of flying. It is the method on which Lindberg
relied on his first trans-Atlantic flight. A pilot used this method
when flying over large bodies of water, forest, deserts. It
demands more skill and experience than pilotage does. It is
based on time, distance, and direction only.
The pilot must know the distance from one point to the next, the
magnetic heading to be flown. Pilot works on the pre-flight plan
chart , pilot plan a route in advance. Pilot calculate the time to
know exactly to reach the destination while flying at constant
speed. In the air, the pilot uses compass to keep the plane
heading in the right direction. Dead reckoning is not always a
successful method of navigation because of changing wind
direction. It is the fundamental of VFR flight.
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Top View in ND
Flight deck
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EFIS
An Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) is a flight
deck instrument display system in which the display technology
used is electronic rather than electromechanical. EFIS normally
consists of a primary flight display (PFD), multi-function display
(MFD) and Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System
(EICAS) display. Although cathode ray tube (CRT) displays
were used at first, liquid crystal displays (LCD) are now more
common.
Olden Days
Electromechanical
Displays Glass
Tube display
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PFD/ND Format
PFD - Basic T
MACH
Airspeed
Tape
Attitude Indicator
Horz. Situation Ind.
Vert.
Altitude
Speed
Tape
Tape
ND - VOR
EFIS Format
Basic T
Mach/Airspeed Ind.
Radio Dist. Mag. Ind.
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Attitude Indicator
Horz. Situation Ind.
NAV Display
Altimeter
Vertical Speed Ind.
Pitot instruments
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Pilotage
Satellite
Radio Navigation
Navigation
Dead Reckoning
Inertial
Navigation
System (INS)
Celestial Navigation
ADF
VOR
ILS
MLS
DME
TACAN
Hyperbolic
Navigation
LORAN
OMEGA
Precision
Landing Aids
Self contained
GPS
GLONAS
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DME
Distance measuring Equipment provides
distance between Aircraft and DME ground
station. Ideally we want a ground distance
between Aircraft and DME station, but DME
normally provides the slant distance
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Question
Question: Why do you require 3 Navigational Aids DME,
ADF and VORs? Can we do with one?
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Navigation Aids
Air navigation needs
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
National borders
Magnetic compass
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Understanding
Aeronautical MapsVideo
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Airspace Structure
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Airspace
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Class E & G
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CNSA Systems
Navigation
Helps in en route navigation
Communication
Infrastructure providing
connectivity between AirGround and Ground-Ground
systems
Surveillance
Helps gathering weather
reports, collision detection
etc.
ATM
Managing Air Traffic
Integrated CNS Architecture
to improve ATM
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Maintenance
Airport Operations
Airline Administrative Communications (AAC)
Airline Passenger Communications (APC)Management (ATM)
Fundamentals Of Modulation
To Transmit Information Over Long Distances High Frequency
Carriers Are Required
Higher the Frequency, Smaller the Wavelength & Smaller the Antenna
Dimensions
For Example, Wavelength at 100MHz is 3 Meters
To Send Information (Voice &/or Data) we have to alter some
Characteristic of the Carrier Waveform as a Function of Information.
This is called Modulation.
Modulation can be Analog (Voice or Digital)
Carrier Frequencies are Allocated Internationally & Nationally for
Various Services Ex: Cellular Comm., TV, FM Radio, Air/Ground
Communications
Air/Ground Comm. Frequency Band is 118 MHz to 137 MHz.
Surveillance Systems
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7 modes of EGPWS
EGPWS: Video
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Flight Profile
Preflight :
Pilot fills flight plan
Gets weather info
Performs checks
Taxis Aircraft from
terminal gate to
designated runway
Flight Profile
Take Off :
Pilot receives
permission from
Local Control
(Tower) to take off
Powers Up aircraft
Begins take off
roll
Flight Profile
Departure :
Departure Control takes over (TRACON)
Pilot is issued with altitude and route
clearance
Flight Profile
Enroute :
Pilot receives instructions on what altitude
maintain what frequencies to switch etc.
Flight Profile
Descent :
Pilot contacts Descent control.
Receives instruction to descent and change heading towards
destination airport
Flight Profile
Approach :
Pilot receives Approach
clearance.
Files flight procedure to get
designated runway
Control changes from
TRACON to Local Tower for
landing clearance
Flight Profile
Landing :
Pilot receives clearance for
landing on the designated
runway
On touching the ground
the control is transferred to
ground controller
Ground controller directs
the pilot across taxiways to
reach the terminal gate
Abbreviated
Updates to standards
Outlook
Forecast information
Emergency Assistance
Aircraft loses its way
Emergency Landing
2.
3.
4.
Center ( ARTCC)
Center or Air Route Traffic Control Center
directs
Aircraft during en route
Three controller positions
Radar controller
Controller in-charge
Ensures separation between Aircrafts
Lateral 5 miles
Vertical 1000ft ( below 29000 ft
2000ft ( Above 29000 ft)
Associate controller
Receives Flight Plan 5 - 20 min
before Aircraft arrives the
sector airspace
Radar Handoff
Assists Radar controller
during heavy traffic
Working Together
Working Together
Once the aircraft is around 150 miles
from destination Airport it starts
descent phase.
It moves from cruising altitude to a
lower altitude
Around 50 miles from airport it is
handed over to TRACON controller
where the aircraft enters Approach
phase
Approach controller blends different
streams of aircraft into a single line for
landing in run ways
Flight is then handed over to Local Tower controller who give clearance for
landing in the designated runway.
After landing the control is given to the ground controller who directs the pilot
across taxi ways to the terminal gate
London Heathrow
Take off
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1. Translation
2. Rotation
Control of Vehicles
There are many types of vehicles used to transport people and objects from
place to place on Earth. How are these vehicles guided to a destination?
For Car :- Turning the steering wheel changes a car's direction.
Control of Vehicles
For Boat :- The rudder is used to control the direction of a boat.
Control of Vehicles
For Bicycle :- A bicycle is controlled by turning the handle bars and shifting
the rider's weight.
Vertical Stabilizer
Horizontal
Stabilizer
Rudder
Elevator
Airbrake /
Spoilers
Aileron
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On aircraft of the A300 and A310 type, the pilot commands are
transmitted to the servo-controls by an arrangement of mechanical
components (rods, cables, pulleys, etc.). In addition, specific computers
and actuators driving the mechanical linkages restore the pilot feels on
the controls and transmit the autopilot commands
The term fly-by-wire has been adopted to describe the use of electrical rather
than mechanical signaling of the pilots commands to the flying control
actuators. One can imagine a basic form of fly-by-wire in which an airplane
retained conventional pilots control columns and wheels, hydraulic actuators
(but electrically controlled), and artificial feel as experienced in the 1970s with
the Concorde program. The fly-by-wire system would simply provide electrical
signals to the control actuators that were directly proportional to the angular
displacement of the pilots controls, without any form of enhancement.
Flight Controls
Pitch Trim
Pointer
Pitch Trim Digital
Readout
Stabilizer
Position Display
Pitch Trim
Scale
Left Elevator
Position
Right Elevator
Position
Rudder Position
Right Ground
Spoiler Position
Right Aileron
Position
Left Aileron
Position
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In Summary
Advantages of fly-by-wire
Airframe safety
By mediating the control commands, the system can ensure that the
pilot cannot put the aircraft into a state that stresses the airframe or stalls the
aircraft.
Weight reduction
By reducing the mechanical linkages, a significant amount
(and hence fuel) is saved.
of weight
Hydraulic actuator
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Autopilot
Basic Function of autopilot is to control the flight of the aircraft
and maintain it on a predetermined path in space without any
action being required by the pilot, once the pilot has selected the
appropriate control mode of the autopilot.
The autopilot can thus relieve the pilot from the fatigue and
tedium of having to maintain continuous control of aircrafts flight
path on a long duration flight.
A well designed autopilot, properly integrated with FCS can
achieve a faster response and maintain a more precise flight path
than the pilot. .
Autopilot Loop
Flight Path
Deviation
Commanded
Flight Path
Autopilot
-
Flight
Control Loop
Flight Path
Kinematics
Sensors
Autopilot Loop
To correct a vertical deviation from the desired flight path, pitch attitude is
controlled to increase or decrease the angular inclination of the flight path
to the horizontal. The resulting vertical velocity component thus causes
the aircraft to climb or dive so as to correct the vertical displacement from
the desired flight path.
To correct a lateral displacement from the desired flight path requires the
aircraft to bank in order to turn and produce a controlled change in
heading so as to correct the error.
The pitch attitude control loop and the heading control loop, with its inner
loop commanding the aircraft bank angle, are fundamental inner loops in
various autopilot modes.
The outer autopilot loop is thus an essentially a slower, longer period
control loop compared with the inner flight control loops which are faster,
shorter period loops.
Autopilot modes
Height Control
Heading Control
ILS/MLS Coupled autopilot
Autopilot
Power
Power
Generation
Generation
AC
AC
Generation
Generation
DC
DC
Generation
Generation
Power
Power
Distribution
Distribution
External
External
Power
Power
Standby
Standby
Power
Power
Distribution
Distribution
Primary
Primary
Power
Power
Distribution
Distribution
Secondary
Secondary
Power
Power
Distribution
Distribution
Power Used
Aircraft electrical components operate on many different
voltages both AC and DC
However, most of the systems use:
115 VAC @ 400 Hz
28 VDC
Power Sources
There are sever different power sources on large
aircraft to be able to handle excessive loads, for
redundancy, and for emergency situations.
These power sources include:
Engine driven AC generators
Auxiliary Power Units
External power
Ram Air Turbines
APU Power
Most often the APUs power is used while the aircraft is on the ground during
maintenance or for engine starting
However, most aircraft can use the APU while in flight as a backup power
source
External Power
External power may only be used with the aircraft on the
ground
This system utilizes a Ground Power Unit (GPU) to provide AC
power through an external plug on the nose of the aircraft
GPUs may be either portable or stationary units
Secondary Power
Distribution Panels
Main Generator
Static Inverter
Standby
Power
Distribution
Panel
APU Generator
Battery
APU Battery
Generator
Control Units
Secondary Power
Distribution Panels
Description
115Vac,
400Hz
Sources
400Hz
115Vac,
Variable
Frequency
28Vdc
350-800Hz
v
t
Reason to Use
or DC-DC)
270Vdc
DC Generator
Lower distribution
Ram Air Turbine
losses
Converter (AC-DC)
Generation +
AC
Generators
DC
Generators
RAT
Turbo
Generators
EPU
Battery
Conversion
Variable Speed
Constant
Frequency
DC-DC
AC-DC
DC-AC
Starter
Generator
Converter
Distribution
Power
Distribution
Units
Embedded Bus
Smart
Contactors
Remote
Contactors
Circuit Breakers
Solid State
Power Controls
(SSPC)
Control
Bus Power
Control (BPCU)
Generator
Control Unit
(GCU)
Electrical Load
Control (ELCU)
Utilization
Motors
Motor Controls
Actuation
Aircraft Batteries
The aircrafts nickel cadmium battery is final source of backup
power
The battery provides 28 VDC
It is also possible to change the 28 VDC into 115 VAC 400Hz
with the use of a static inverter
When using the battery, power usage is limited by the short life
of the battery
Generate Power
Control Electrical Power
Protect the Electrical System
Distribute Electrical Power Throughout the Aircraft
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References
1.
2.
3.
4.
http://www.navfltsm.addr.com/basic-nav-general.htm
http://www.luizmonteiro.com/Index.aspx
http://www.thaitechnics.com/nav/nav_intro.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Flight_Instrument_System
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Thank you
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