NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Procedure
No.

: GDJ/QC/MT-3

Page

1 of 12

Revision

: 11

Date

: 21/12/2008

REVISION STATUS
Rev.
No.

Date

Original

J.S.Janjuha

Revision
Revision

V.B.Deolalika
r
V.B.Deolalikar

V.B.Deolalikar

25/02/199
4
31/12/199
9
16/01/2001

20/01/2002

Revision

V.B.Deolalikar

V.B.Deolalikar

12/02/2004

Revision to Addenda 2003

V.B.Deolalikar

V.B.Deolalikar

5
6

16/08/2005
01/01/2006

C.R.Prabhune
C.R.prabhune

V.B.Deolalikar
V.B.Deolalikar

06/03/2006

C.R.Prabhune

V.B.Deolalikar

15/04/2006

C.R. Prabhune

V.B.Deolalikar

20/12/2006

Revised to comply Ed. 2004

Revised to comply with
Addenda 2005
Revised to comply with
ASME Sec VIII, Div 3,
Ed.2004, Addenda 2005
Revised to include
additional visible light
equipments
Revised to comply with
Addenda 2006

V.B.Deolalikar

V.B.Deolalikar

10

21/12/2007

Revised to comply with Ed

2007

Milind Darje

Sekar Jesudhason

11

21/12/2008

Revised to comply with Ad

2008

Milind K

Sekar Jesudhason

Description

Prepared
by

Checked &
Approved by
Level III
J. B. Goradia

V.B.Deolalikar

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd.

Process Equipment Division, Vikhroli, Mumbai 400 079

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Procedure
No.

: GDJ/QC/MT-3

Page

2 of 12

Revision

: 11

Date

: 21/12/2008

1.0

SCOPE:

1.1

This procedure covers the Magnetic Particle Examination method

using portable AC/DC electromagnetic yoke or permanent magnet
Yokes by using non fluorescent (visible) ferromagnetic particles and
acceptance standards which shall be followed whenever Magnetic
Particle examination is specified.

1.2

This procedure shall be used to detect cracks and other

discontinuities on or near the surfaces of uncoated ferromagnetic
materials and weld joints of all shapes and sizes. The stage, extent
and location of examination shall be as specified in Quality
Assurance Plan.

1.3

Reference Documents: The procedure is in conformance with the

requirements of ASME Sec. V Article 7 Ed 2007 Add2008 and
Section VIII Div.1, Div 2 & Section 1Ed 2007 Add2008.

.
1.4

2.0

Personnel Qualification: The personnel employed for examination

,interpretation and evaluation shall be qualified and certified as per
Godrej Written Practice No. GDJ/QAC/NDE-1.
PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION:

2.1 This procedure shall be qualified by the demonstration to the

satisfaction of
AUTHORISED INSPECTOR (AI) as per ASME Sec.V para T150 and shall be recorded and documented.
2.2

This written procedure is based on the essential and non essential

variables mentioned in the Table1.

2.3 The change of a requirement in Table 1, identified as an essential

variable shall
require re-qualification of the written procedure by demonstration.
2.4

The change of a requirement in Table 1, identified as non-essential

variable does
not require re-qualification of the written procedures.

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Procedure
No.

: GDJ/QC/MT-3

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Revision

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Date

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2.5 All the changes of essential variable & non-essential variable from
those specified
within
the written procedure shall require revision of, or an
addendum to the written procedure.
3.0

TECHNIQUE OF MAGNETISATION:

3.1

Yoke technique, which can use alternating or direct current

electromagnetic yokes, or permanent magnet yokes.

4.0

EQUIPMENT

4.1

Any portable AC/DC Electromagnetic yoke calibrated in accordance

with procedure GDJ/QA/MT-4 shall be used.

4.2

CALIBRATION

4.2.1 Visible light meter (Lux meter) shall be calibrated atleast once a
year or whenever
the meter has been repaired. If meters have not been in use for
one year or more,
calibration shall be before being used.
4.2.2 Lifting power of Yoke: Prior to use, the magnetizing power of
electromagnetic yokes shall have been checked within the past
year. The magnetizing power of permanent magnetic yokes shall be
checked daily prior to use. The magnetizing power of all the yokes
shall be checked whenever the yoke has been damaged or repaired.
Each direct current or permanent magnetic yoke shall have a lifting
power of at least 40 lb (18 kg) at the maximum pole spacing that
will be used. Each weight shall be weighted with a scale from a
reputable manufacturer and stenciled with the applicable nominal
weight prior to first use. A weight need only be verified again if
damaged in a manner that could have caused potential loss of
material.
4.2.3 Magnetic Field Adequacy and Direction: The applied magnetic field
shall have sufficient strength to produce satisfactory indications, but
shall not be strong that it causes masking of relevant indications by
non-relevant accumulations of magnetic particles. Factors that
influence the required field strength include the size, shape and

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Procedure
No.

: GDJ/QC/MT-3

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Date

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material permeability of the part; the technique of magnetization;

coatings; the method of particle application; and the type of
location of discontinuities to be detected. When it is necessary to
verify the adequacy of magnetic field strength, it shall be verified by
using one or more of the following three methods.
Pie-shaped Magnetic particle field: The indication shown in figure T764.1.1, shall be positioned on the surface to be examined, such
that the copper-plated side is always from the inspected surface. A
suitable field strength is indicated when a clearly defined line (or
lines) of magnetic particles form(s) across the copper face of
indicator when the magnetic particles are applied simultaneously
with the magnetizing force. When a clearly defined line of particles
is not formed, the magnetizing technique shall be changed as
needed
5.0

SURFACE PREPARATION:

5.1

The surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least

one inch (25 mm)
shall be dry and free of all dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux and
spatter, oil and
other extraneous matter that could interfere with the examination.
5.2 Cleaning may be accomplished using detergents, organic solvents,
descaling solutions, paint remover, vapour degreasing, sand or grit
blasting or ultrasonic cleaning methods.
5.3

5.4

The surface to be examined may be in the as-welded as-rolled, ascast or as-forged condition. Surface preparation by grinding,
machining or other suitable means is necessary to resolve doubtful
indications.
NONMAGNETIC SURFACE CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT

5.4.1 Nonmagnetic surface contrast may be applied by applied by the

examiner to uncoated surface, only in amounts sufficient to
enhance particle contrast .When nonmagnetic surface contrast
enhancement is used, it shall be demonstrated that the indications
can be detected through the enhancement (Refer Para T 150(a) of
ASME Section V for guidance for the demonstration required).

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Procedure
No.

: GDJ/QC/MT-3

Page

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Revision

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Thickness measurement of this nonmagnetic surface contrast

enhancement is not required.
6.0

TYPES OF FERROMAGNETIC PARTICLES:

6.1

Either dry or wet, non-fluorescent particles which gives highest

contrast with the part surface shall be used for the examination as
specified in the table given below.
The dry and wet particles and suspension vehicles should be in
accordance with SE -709.

6.1.1

6.2

To meet the requirement of ASME Sec VIII, Div 3 only wet magnetic
particle method shall be used.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sl. No.
Manufacturer
Brand
Colour
Wet/Dry
Name
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Magnaflux
Type 8A
Red
Dry
2.
Magnaflux
Type No.1
Grey
Dry
3.
Magnaflux
Type 3A
Black
Dry
4.
Magnaflux
271Black
Black
Wet
5.
Magnaflux
291 Red
Red Brown
Wet
6.
Magnaflux
9C Red
Red Brown
Wet
7.
Ferrochem
146C0 Red
Red Brown
Wet
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------TEMPERATURE OF PARTICLES & PART SURFACE

6.2.1 The temperature of the part surface and dry or wet particle
suspension shall not
exceed 125.6 F (52 .C) or as recommended by the manufacturer.
Alternatively,
particles may be used outside the particle manufacturers
recommendations
provided the procedure is qualified in accordance with Article
1,T150 at the

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Procedure
No.

: GDJ/QC/MT-3

Page

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Revision

: 11

Date

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proposed temperature.
6.3

WET BATH CONCENTRATION:

The concentration of particles in wet bath shall be measured by
using centrifuge tube (Settling Test), 100 ml sample of wet bath
suspension shall be poured into the Centrifuge tube after thorough
stirring. Settling time of minimum 30 minutes shall be given before
taking the reading of the settled particles concentration. The
concentration of particles shall be between 1.2 to 2.4 ml per 100 ml.
bath concentration. Water conditioner magnaflux make shall be
used whenever recommended by the manufacturer.
The
concentration shall be checked before each use.

6.4

APPLICATION OF PARTICLES

6.4.1 The dry particles may be applied by dusting or blowing on the part
surface. The wet bath may be applied on the part surface by pouring or
spraying.
7.0

METHOD OF EXAMINATION:

7.1. Before the magnetic particle examination is conducted check of the

examination surface
shall be conducted to locate any discontinuity surface openings which
may not attract and
hold magnetic particle because of their widths.
7.2

Examination shall be performed on 'AC' mode only unless otherwise

specified.
Incase of ASME Sec VIII, Div 3 Alternating ( AC ) current is prohibited

7.3

The examination shall be done by the continuous method that is the

magnetising current remains "ON" while the examination media is
being applied and while excess of media being removed when dry
particles are used. The excess dry particles shall removed by light
air stream or bulb or syringe or other source of low pressure dry air.
In case of wet particles the wet bath shall be stopped at the instant
the current is 'ON'.

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Procedure
No.

: GDJ/QC/MT-3

Page

7 of 12

Revision

: 11

Date

: 21/12/2008

7.4 All areas to be examined shall be magnetized in two perpendicular

directions.
7.5 Field adequacy may be checked by placing the Field Indicator on the
surface to be
examined. The maximum pole spacing permitted during
examination shall be
200mm maximum and the pole spacing less than 2 inches shall be
avoided.
8.0

EXAMINATION COVERAGE:

8.1 All examinations shall be conducted with 50% overlap to assure 100%
coverage at the required sensitivity.
9.0

INTERPRETATION :

9.1

With nonfluorescent (visible) particles, the examination is performed

using visible light.
Minimum light intensity of 100-foot candles
(1000Lux) is required to ensure adequate sensitivity during the
examination and evaluation of indications. To ensure above
visible light intensity on the surface of the part under
examination,
60-watt/220V electric bulb shall be used at a maximum distance of
8 inches(200 mm) from the part surface or 40 watt/24V electric bulb
shall be used at a maximum distance of 5 inches (125 mm) from
the part surface or 100 watt/24V electric bulb shall be used at a
maximum distance of 10 inches (250 mm) from the part surface.
The light source, technique and light level verification is required to
be demonstrated one time, documented, and maintained on file.
10.0 EVALUATION OF INDICATIONS:
10.1 Mechanical discontinuities at the surface will be indicated by the
retention of
the examination medium. All indications are not necessarily defects,
however, since certain metallurgical
discontinuities and magnetic
permeability variations may produce similar indications
which
are not relevant to the detection of unacceptable
discontinuities.
10.2 Any indication which is believed to be nonrelevant shall be
reexamined to verify
whether or not actual defects are present. Surface

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Procedure
No.

: GDJ/QC/MT-3

Page

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Revision

: 11

Date

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conditioning may precede the

reexamination. Nonrelevant
indications which would mask indications of defects are
unacceptable.
Any questionable or doubtful indications shall be reexamined to
determine whether or not they are relevant.
10.3 Relevant indications are those which result from unacceptable
mechanical
discontinuities and which have any dimension greater
than 1/16 (1.5 mm).
Rounded indications are those indications which are circular or
elliptical with the
length less than or equal to three times the width. Linear
indications are those
indications in which the length is more than three times the width.
10.4 An indication of the discontinuity may be larger than the discontinuity
that causes it, however, the size of the indication and not the size of the
discontinuity is the basis of acceptance or rejection. Only indications
which have any dimension greater than 1/16 inch (1.5mm) shall be
considered relevant.
11.0 ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS:
11.1 The interpretation and acceptance of indications shall be as per the
applicable code of construction, specification and drawing.
11.2 Following acceptance standards shall apply unless otherwise specified:
All linear indication is one having a length greater than three times the
width
a)All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:
1) Relevant linear indications;
2) Relevant rounded indications with dimensions greater than 3/16
inch (5.0 mm).
3) Four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated
by1/16 inch
(1.5mm) or less edge to edge.
Crack like indication detected , irrespective of surface condition are
unacceptable.
4) An indication of an imperfection may be larger than the
imperfection that causes it. However, the size of the indication is
the basis for acceptance evaluation.
11.3 REPAIRS

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Procedure
No.

: GDJ/QC/MT-3

Page

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Revision

: 11

Date

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11.3.1
Repairs shall be carried out by grinding or gouging to sound metal
and re-examination
shall be carried out to ensure complete removal of defect. Repair shall be
carried out using approved procedure.
11.3.2 Repaired portions shall be re-examined as required by the
Code/Specification.
11.4 DOCUMENTATION:
RECORDING OF INDICATIONS
11.4.1
Non rejectable indications : Nonrejectable indications shall be
recorded as specified by the referencing Code Section.
11.4.2 Rejectable indications : Rejectable Indications shall be recorded as a minimum, the
type of indications (linear or rounded), location and extent (length or diameter or
aligned) shall be recorded.
11.5

REPORTING :

11.5.1A Magnetic Particle Examination report shall be prepared.(Refer format

No. H7)
11.5.2Examination Records:
a) procedure identification and revision
b) magnetic particle equipment and type of current
c) magnetic particles (visible or fluorescent wet or dry)
d) examination personnel identity and if required by referencing Code
section,
qualification level
e) map or record of indications per T-792
f) material and thickness
g) lighting equipment
h) date of examination
12.0 DEMAGNETISATION:
12.1 Demagnetization is generally not required unless otherwise
specified. When required, it shall be done with a suitable procedure.
13.0

POST EXAMINATION CLEANING :

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Procedure
No.

: GDJ/QC/MT-3

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13.1 Post examination cleaning to remove the ferromagnetic particles

either dry or wet, shall be performed as soon as practical using a
process that does not adversely affect the part.
13.2 Unless otherwise specified one of the following post - examination
cleaning
techniques shall be employed if post examination cleaning is
required.
i) The use of compressed air to blow of unwanted dry magnetic
particles.
ii)
Drying of the wet particles and subsequent removal by
brushing or with compressed air.
iii)
Removal of wet particles by flushing with solvent.
iv) Cleaning by cloth / cotton.

REQUIREMENTS OF A MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

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Non
essential
Variables

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.
(Table 1)

Sr.
No.

Requirement

Essentia
l
Variable
s

Magnetising technique

Procedur
e
Referenc
e Clause
No.
Cl.1.1

Magnetising current type or

amperage outside range
specified by this article or as
previously qualified.
Surface preparation
Magnetic particles
(fluorescent/visible, colour,
particle size, wet/dry)
Method of particle application

Cl. 7.2

X
X

Cl. 5.0
Cl. 6.0

Cl.6.4

Method of excess particle

removal
Minimum light intensity
Existing coatings, greater than
thickness demonstrated
Nonmagnetic surface contrast
enhancement, when utilised
Performance demonstration
when required
Examination part surface
temperature outside of the
temperature range
recommended by the
manufacturer of the particles
or as previously qualified
Shape or size of the
examination object
Equipment of the same type
Temperature within those
specified by manufacturer or
as previously qualified
Demagnetising technique

Cl.7.3

X
X
X

Cl.9.1
Not
applicable
Cl. 5.4.1

Cl 2.1

Cl.6.2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

12
13
14
15

Cl.1.2

X
X

Cl.4.1
Cl.6.2

Cl..12.0

NDE Procedure

Process Equipment
Division
16
17

Magnetic Particle Examination by

Yoke Technique.

Post examination cleaning

technique
Personnel qualification
requirements

Procedure
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Cl..13.0

Cl. 1.4