What is Operating System?

An operating system or OS, is a software program that enables the computer

hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. It is the first
program loaded into a computer. Without a computer operating system, a computer
and software programs would be useless.

GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains
graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. See
the GUI definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of GUI
Operating Systems.
System 7.x
Windows 98
Windows CE
Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the
same computer at the same time and different times. See the multi-user
definition for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some
examples of multi-user operating systems.

Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
Multiprocessing - An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing
more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of
multiprocessing operating systems.
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
Multitasking - An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple
software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of
multitasking operating systems.
Unix
Windows 2000
Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software
program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this
category are:
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000

MS-DOS
Short for Microsoft Disk operating system, MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line
operating system derived from 86-DOS that was created for IBM compatible computers. MSDOS was first introduced by Microsoft in August 1981 and was last updated in 1994 when MSDOS 6.22 was released. Today, MS-DOS is no longer used; however, the command shell, more
commonly known as the Windows command line is still used by many users. In the picture
to the right, is an example of what a MS-DOS window more appropriately referred to as the
Windows command line looks like under Microsoft Windows.

What is a command shell?

A program that interprets commands

Allows a user to execute commands by typing them manually at a
terminal, or automatically in programs called shell scripts.

A shell is not an operating system. It is a way to interface with the

operating system and run commands.

DOS and Windows command line Top 10 commands

Below is a listing of the top 10 MS-DOS commands most commonly used and that you will most
likely be using during a normal DOS session.
1. cd-(Change Directory) is a command used to switch directories in MS-DOS.
2. dir-allows you to see the available files in a directory.
3. copy-Allows the user to copy one or more files to an alternate location.
4. del-used to delete files from the computer.
5. edit-allows a user to view, create, or modify computer files.
6. move-Allows you to move files or directories from one folder to another.
7. ren (rename)- Used to rename files and directories from the original name to a
new name.
8. deltree-used to delete files and directories permanently from the computer.
9. cls-allows a user to clear the complete contents of the screen and leave only a
prompt.
10.format-used to erase information off of a computer diskette or fixed drive.