Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Text types
Techniques for idea generation
In this session we will be looking at writing as a social activity, reviewing the text
types that teachers teach in schools and brainstorming a given topic using different
essay writing techniques such as: Questioning, Making a list, Diagramming, and
Outlining.
Description
1.
2.
Name
4.
3.
Selvyn Ezekiel
10
11
12
b. Fill in the name of one person from the group who matches the description
given. As an additional variation, you can provide your own interesting
description (No. 12) and find someone who matches it.
c. Complete a short reflection of the purpose of the activity in the space provided
below.
Via this activity, obviously, I learn to know my friends better. something
that I did not know before, I got to know it in this activity.
ACTIVITY 3:
Task 1: Read the descriptions/features of some common text
types.
Descriptive:
Examples: A descriptive essay could describe . . .
* a tree in my backyard;
* a visit to the children's ward of a hospital;
* a hot fudge sundae;
* what an athlete did in order to make it to the Olympics .
The descriptive essay provides details about how something looks, feels, tastes,
smells, makes one feel, or sounds. It can also describe what something is, or how
something happened. These essays generally use a lot of sensory details. The essay
could be a list-like description that provides point by point details. Or, it could function as
a story, keeping the reader interested in the plot and theme of the event described.
Examples: A compare/contrast
essay may discuss . . .
* the likenesses and
differences
between two places,
like Kuala
Lumpur and Penang;
The cause/effect essay explains why or how some event happened, and what resulted
from the event. This essay is a study of the relationship between two or more events or
experiences. The essay could discuss both causes and effects, or it could simply
address one or the other. A cause essay usually discusses the reasons why something
happened. An effect essay discusses what happens after a specific event or
circumstance.
The example below shows a cause essay, one that would explain how and why an
event happened.
The next example shows an effect essay, one that would explain all the effects
that happened after a specific event, like a volcanic eruption. If this effect essay
were about a volcanic eruption again, it might go something like:
"The eruption caused many terrible things to
happen; it destroyed homes, forests, and polluted
the atmosphere."
Argumentative:
Examples: An
argumentative essay
may
An argumentative essay is one that attempts to persuade the reader to the writer's
point of view. The writer can either be serious or funny, but always tries to convince the
reader of the validity of his or her opinion. The essay may argue openly, or it may
attempt to subtly persuade the reader by using irony or sarcasm.
Source: http://depts.gallaudet.edu/englishworks/writing/main/index.htm
TASK 2
b. Identify the text type of the following snippets of essays by filling in the blanks in
Tasksheet 2A below . Justify your answer by listing out the features of the text type
Tasksheet 2A
SNIPPETS OF ESAYS
1. A well-known proverb states
Money is the root of all evil. I
whole-heartedly agree with this
proverb and that is why I say
that money and possessions
do not bring happiness. With
money, it is possible to acquire
possessions and often people
who have a lot of money
become arrogant and overconfident. With lots of money
to spare, people sometimes
develop unhealthy habits
TEXT TYPE/FEATURES
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opposite.
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class.
b. Members of Group 1 are to read the notes on Questioning in Tasksheet 2B
below.
TASKSHEET 2B
Technique 1: Questioning
In questioning, you generate ideas and details by asking questions about your subject.
Such questions include why, when, where, who, and how. Ask as many questions as
you can think of.
Questioning: A Student Model
Here are some questions that Sheila (a student) might have asked while developing
her essay.
Questions
Why dont I like to go to a movie?
When is going to the movies a problem?
Answers
Just too many problems involved.
Could be any time ----- when a movie is
popular, the theatre is too crowded; when
commercials.
I can stay at home and watch movies on
c. Using the above technique, you are to ask as many questions as you can think
of about ONE of the following topics:
i) Advantages and disadvantages of surfing the internet.
2a. Similarly, members of Group 2 are to read the notes on Making a list in
Tasksheet 2C below.
Tasksheet 2C
Technique 2: Making a list
In making a list, also known as brainstorming, you collect ideas and details that relate
to your subject. Pile these items up, one after another, without trying to sort out
major details from minor ones or trying to put the details in any special order. Your
goal is just to make a list of everything about your subject that occurs to you.
Making a List: A Student Model
Look at the following list of details that Sheila has come up with.
details emerged, some of which she could use in developing her essay. By the time she
was done with her list, she was ready to plan an outline of her paragraph and then to
write her first draft.
Activity
To get a sense of list-making, list on a sheet of paper a series of realistic goals, major
or minor, that you would like to accomplish between today and one year from today.
Your goals can be personal, academic, and career-related.
b. Make a list of ideas and details that relate to ONE of the following topics:
3a. Members of Group 3 are to read the notes on Clustering in Tasksheet 2D below.
Tasksheet 2D
Technique 3: Clustering
Traffic getting to
theatre
Line at box
office
Moviegoing
Temptation
s
Noisy people
Popcor
n
Chocolate
bars
Teenagers
Yelling
Showing
of
Adults
Telling plot
TIP
In addition to helping generate material, clustering can give you an early sense of
how ideas and details relate to one another. For example, the cluster for Sheilas essay
suggests that different kinds of noisy people could be the focus of one paragraph and that
different kinds of temptations could be the focus of another paragraph.
b. Use this technique to show the relationships among ideas and details pertaining to
ONE of the following topics:
i) Advantages and disadvantages of surfing the internet.
ii) Why people like to read about movies and celebrities?
4a. Members of Group 4 are to read the notes on Scratch Outline in Tasksheet 2E
below.
Tasksheet 2E
Technique 4: Preparing a Scratch Outline
A scratch outline is an excellent sequel to the three prewriting techniques mentioned
earlier. A scratch outline often follows questioning, list-making, or clustering; or it
may gradually emerge in the midst of these strategies. In fact, trying to make a
scratch outline is a good way to see if you need to do more prewriting. If you cannot
come up with a solid outline, then you know you need to do more prewriting to clarify
your main point or its several kinds of support.
In a scratch outline, you think carefully about the point you are making, the
supporting items for that point, and the order in which you will arrange those items.
The scratch outline is a plan or blueprint to help you achieve a unified, supported,
well-organised essay.
When you are planning a traditional essay consisting of an introduction, three
supporting paragraphs, and a conclusion, a scratch outline is especially important. It
may be only a few words, but it will be the framework on which your whole essay will
be built.
Hard to be on a diet
Long lines
jjjj
3 People whove seen movie before talk along with actors and
give away plot twists
3
Under the list, Sheila was now able to prepare her scratch outline:
Going to the movies offers some real problems.
1. Inconvenience of going out
2. Tempting snacks
3. Other moviegoers
Sheila was pleased with what she had done in the prewriting stage. She knew that she
had a promising essay -------- one with a clear point and solid support. She saw that
she could organise the material into a traditional essay consisting of an introduction,
several supporting paragraphs, and a conclusion. She was now ready to write the first
draft of her essay, using her outline as a guide.
TIP Chances are that if you do enough prewriting and thinking on paper, you will
eventually discover the point and support of your essay.
b. Use this technique to plan/organise the ideas you have generated pertaining to
ONE of the following topics:
i) Advantages and disadvantages of surfing the internet.
ii) Why people like to read about movies and celebrities?
WRITERS-