Suicide - a deliberate self-harm deaths. It is one of the most
extreme forms of deviant behavior. Suicide is a complex form of behavior, which is influenced by psychological, social, biological, geospatial, ideological, philosophical and other factors. Suicide does not believe all human actions, which result in death. Swing man on his own life qualify as a suicide, provided that he is aware of his actions and manages them. In all other cases, the implementation of the human activities that cause harm to his mental and physical health, under the influence of psychopathological disorders, in a state of psychosis should be classified as avtoagressivnoe conduct accident.
2. Types of suicides
1.
Unconscious suicide - may be caused by unconscious needs,
which form the basis of unconscious sphere of the human psyche;
2.
Psychopathological neurotic and affective suicide - is carried
out by mentally ill people (maniacal suicide, suicide melancholy suicide under the influence of obsessions, automatic or impulsive suicide);
3. Risky gamble and security - risk behavior apathetic, careless
and thoughtless individuals relative to its psychological
essence; 4.
Suicide mentally healthy person - is implemented as an option
it's death to achieve the goal with adequate consciousness and affective and neurotic excitation, which reaches pathological
levels (demonstration of his distress, suicide with a pronounced
ambivalent attitude toward death and the hope of a chance or destiny in the last step, the presence of the intention to kill himself).
In the structure of suicidal behavior allocate internal (psychic) and
external (effective) form. Domestic forms of suicidal behaviors include suicidal thoughts, ideas, emotional distress, plans, intentions. Suicidal thoughts - thoughts of the subject of the lack of values and the meaning of life, the rationale for his death, thinking of ways of means of suicide. Suicidal thoughts associated with the real imaginary suicide. Suicidal ideas - mental operations, which formed suicidal intent, select a method, determined the means, the time of the suicide. Suicidal intent formed from ideas and volitional decisions that directly calls for action. Suicidal intent - motivational phenomenon that links psychological and effective components of the act. All these phenomena arise, unfold in the inner sphere of the individual, and therefore are difficult to identify without the use of special techniques. External form of suicide - suicide attempts and completed suicides. Suicide attempts - purposeful handling of suicide, which is due to certain reasons are not ends in death.
3. Stages of suicidal activity
Experts regard suicide as a specific activity of a process consisting
of several stages, the passage of which is subject to the internal
logic of the state. 1. The unfolding scenario suicidal precede the general undifferentiated antivitalnye experience. The basis of these experiences - reduction of the subjective value of life itself. This is fixed in such, for example, statements of subscribers: "I do not live and exist ..." "Life is meaningless ..." etc. 2. Stage passive suicidal thoughts characterized by the presence of reasoning, perceptions and fantasies already own death. It is significant that in the process of verbalization data representations not focus on specific substantive aspects of their implementation. These views differ abstract and generalized styling statement, "Now, if I died, then ..." "It would be nice to sleep and did not wake up ..." 3. Stage of suicidal intent is characterized by an increase in suicidal activity: earlier rather generalized and vague thoughts acquire specific content. In this case, the user can discuss the various forms of suicide, "trying on" them for yourself. The plan already exists in the mind, but in real life the subscriber has not taken any preparatory actions for its implementation. 4. Stage of suicidal intent is characterized by the creation of a specific detailed plan for committing suicide. In this case, people are trying to develop for themselves a clear idea of how, where and at what time will happen suicidal act.
5.
Common features of suicide
In spite of the variety of forms and methods of implementation of
suicidal behavior, you can select something that unites all suicides. E. Schneidman describes their similarities. 1. The overall objective of suicide is to find solutions. Suicide is not a random act. It will never take pointless or aimless. It
serves as a way out of difficulties, crisis or intolerable situation.
He is characterized by infallible logic and expediency. It is taken as the only available answer to a difficult problem: how to choose what to do? Thus, every suicide is intended to find a solution facing the man and causing intense suffering problems. To understand the causes of suicide, you need to find out what problems it was supposed to solve. 2. The overall objective of suicide is cessation of consciousness. Suicide, paradoxically, is a simultaneous movement to something and from something. The main practical problem of suicide - it is something that is a movement, a complete cessation of the flow of his consciousness, unbearable pain as a solution to the painful and urgent problems in life. Desperate man comes up with the idea of the possibility of termination of consciousness as a response, or out of the situation in the presence of his mental agitation, increased levels of anxiety and high lethal potential of constituting the three necessary parts of suicides. After that, there is a spark initiating and active suicidal scenario begins to take place. 3. The common stimulus when suicide is unbearable mental pain. If the cessation of the consciousness - is something that moves suicidal person, the mental anguish - it is something from which he seeks to escape. Thus, suicide is best understood as a combination of movement towards an end to the stream of consciousness and escaping from mental pain and unbearable suffering. In clinical suicidology have a rule: Reduce, sometimes very slightly, the degree of suffering, and people will choose life. 4. The common stressor when suicide is frustrated psychological needs. Suicide should be understood not as a senseless and unjustified act, but as a response to frustrated psychological needs of man. First of all, committed suicide because of the unfulfilled or unmet needs. Satisfy the needs of frustrated - and suicide will not arise. 5. The general inner attitude to suicide is ambivalence. For suicide typical condition where a person at the same time trying to cut my throat and asking for help. Thus both aspirations are
sincere, unfeigned. Ambivalence is most common in relation to
suicide. The man at the same time feel the need to commit to it and wants (and even plans) rescue and intervention of others. The psychologist should use such ambivalence to save to turn.
6. Conclusion
Relationship between freedom and moral suicide conditioning type
that fits individuals. In a traditional Christian moral freedom is limited and condemned suicide. In other moral freedom is taken to the extreme sometimes be confused with suicide. Another idea that emerges is that suicide is indeed a moral issue. Whether it is accepted or not will always be subject suicide ethics. Be it conventional or moral feeling natural can not be pulled out problem. Even if it has a feeling for or against suicide it will target its moral problem . If accepted meaning existentialist suicide when she gets a moral value; if convicted for condemning suicide is immoral but also in moral judgments after a decision was taken. Finally I conclude by saying that freedom Suicide report is a purely individual meaning only one who commits it. Moving beyond the moral one who commits suicide ultimately execute their freedom. The problem unfortunately remains morality of his act being judged by others.
-G.Minois, "Histoire du suicide-La societe Western forms of the dead
volontaire" Arthema Librairie Fayard, 1995 pt. Romanian version "History of Western society in the face of suicide-voluntary death", Ed. Humanitas, Bucharest, 2002
- Paul Ludwig Landsberg, "The problem of moral suicide", Ed.
Humanitas in the collection of "great books universal thinking small", Bucuresti, 1992.
- Emil Cioran, "Precis of decomposition", Gallimard, 1949, pt.
Romanian version "Treaty of decomposition", Ed. Humanitas, Bucharest, 1992
- E. Cioran, "On the Heights of Despair", Ed. Humanitas, Bucharest,