CHM167/chapter4/HaslizaYusof

ACID AND BASE

4.1 Definition
1. Arrhenius
Acid is a substance that produce hydrogen ion, H + in an aqueous solution
Base is a substance that produce hydroxide ion, OH - in an aqueous solution
HNO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
Acid
NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Base
2.

Brnsted-Lowry
Theory: the reaction between an acid & base involves proton transfer
Acid is chemical substance that donate H+
Base is a chemical substance that accept H+
HA
+
B

AAcid 1
Base 2
Base 1
H+ donor
H+ acceptor
H+ acceptor

HA
Acid

A- + H+
Base

B
+
Base

H+

BH+
Acid 2
H+ donor

BH+
Acid

when an acid (HA) donates H+ to a base (B), the products are A- & BH+
coz the products are also an acid & base, a reserve reaction can occur in which the acid BH +
donates H+ to the base (A-)
EXAMPLE:
HCl + H2O H3O+ + ClHCl: donates p to H2O Brnsted-Lowry acid
H2O: accepts p from HCl Brnsted-Lowry base
EXERCISE
Determine acid & base
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

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Conjugate acid-base pairs

when a pair of molecules or ions are related by the loss or gain of one H + conjugate acidbase pair
defined as an acid & its conjugate base or a base & its conjugate acid
the conjugate base of a Brnsted acid is the sp that remains when one p has been removed
from the acid
a conjugate acid results from the addition of a p to a Brnsted base
every Brnsted acid has a conjugate base & every Brnsted base has a conjugate acid
HX (aq) + H2O (l) X- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

In the forward reaction HX donates a p to H2O

HX is the Brnsted-Lowry acid
H2O is the Brnsted-Lowry base
In the reverse reaction, the H3O+ ion donates a p to the X- ion, so H3O+ is the acid & Xis the base
The acid HX donates a p, it leaves behind a substance, X- act as a base
H2O acts as a base, it generates H3O+ act as an acid
Acid & base such as HX & X - that differ only in the presence or absence of p
conjugate acid-base pair
Every acid has a conjugate base, formed by removing a p from the acid
Every base has associated with it a conjugate acid, formed by adding a p to the base
remove H+
HX (aq) + H2O (l)
Acid
Base

X- (aq) +
conjugate base

H3O+ (aq)
conjugate acid

add H+
EXAMPLE:

remove H+
HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l)
Acid
Base

NO2- (aq)
+
H3O+ (aq)
Conjugate base Conjugate acid

add H+
remove H+
NH3 (aq)
Base

+ H2O (l)
Acid

NH4+ (aq)
+
Conjugate acid

add H+

OH- (aq)
Conjugate base

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EXERCISE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

NH3 + HF NH4+ + FCN- + H2O HCN + OHCH3COO- + HCN CH3COOH + CNH2PO4- + NH3 HPO42- + NH4+
HClO + CH3NH2 CH3NH3+ + ClOCO32- + H2O HCO32- + OHCH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH-

3. Lewis acid & base

Theory: the donation & acceptance of a pair of e - during a reaction

Lewis acid: substance that can accept a pair of e- to form a covalent bond
Lewis base: substance that can donate a pair of e to form a covalent bond
H
H

N :

F
+

H
F
H
F
Ammonia
Boron triflouride
Ammonia: donating a pair of e Lewis base
Boron triflouride: accepting a pair of e Lewis acid

4.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water

Water unique solvent

special properties is its ability to act either as an acid or as a base
very weak electrolyte & a poor conductor of electricity, but it does undergo ionization to a
small extent
H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
At T = 25 C
[H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L
[OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L
Kw = [H+] [OH-]
Kw ion-product constant for water
o

At 25oC, [H+] = [OH-]

Kw = (1.0 x 10-7) (1.0 x 10-7)

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= 1.0 x 10-14
4.3 The pH Scale

Function of pH scale: to measure the acidic & basic properties of a certain solution that based on the
concentration of H+
Defined: the negative logaritm of the H+ concentration

pH = - log [H+]

In neutral solution the [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L

The pH of neutral solution is 7
If pOH scale

pOH = - log [OH-]

acidic solution: [H+] 1.0 x 10-7, [OH-] 1.0 x 10-7, pH 7
basic solution: [H+] 1.0 x 10-7, [OH-] 1.0 x 10-7, pH 7
neutral solution: [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7, pH = 7
acidic solution: [H+] [OH-] [H+] [OH-]
basic solution: [H+] [OH-] [H+] [OH-]
neutral solution: [H+] = [OH-]

Kw = [H+] [OH-]
= (1.0 x 10-7) (1.0 x 10-7)
= 1.0 x 10-14
Kw = (-log [H+]) (-log [OH-])
= - log (1.0 x 10-14)
= 14

pH + pOH = 14
Calculating pH Value
1.

The H+ concentration of solution is 1.0 x 10-10 mol/L. What is the pH of the solution?

Answer:

2. The pH of a solution is 6.0. What is the H+ concentration?

Answer:

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3.

What is the pH of a solution if the [OH-] = 4.0 x 10-11 M?

Answer:

4. Calculate the concentration and pH of a 0.2 M Ba(OH) 2

Answer:

4.4 Strengths of Acid and Bases

strong acids are strong electrolytes which ionize completely in water. Strong acid such as
hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid HNO 3), perchloric acid (HClO4) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The
degree of ionization is 100% because it ionizes completely in water.
HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
[HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)]
HNO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
HClO4 (aq) H+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq)
H2SO4 (aq) 2H+ (aq) + SO42-(aq)

acid that ionize only to a limited extent in water are called weak acids. At equilibrium, aqueous
solutions of weak acids contain a mixture of nonionized acid molecules, H 3O+ ions, and the conjugate
base. Example: hydrofluoric acid (HF), acetic acid (CH 3COOH) and ammonium ion (NH4+)

Strong bases are all strong electrolytes that ionize completely in water. Hydroxides of alkali metal and
certain alkaline earth metals are strong bases such as NaOH, KOH and Ba(OH) 2
NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
KOH (aq) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Ba(OH)2 (aq) Ba+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

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weak bases are weak electrolytes which ionize to a very limited extent in water.

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

4.5 Neutralization Reaction

Neutralization the reaction of an acid & a base

In a neutralization reaction, hydrogen ions combine with hydroxide ions to form neutral water
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
acid
base
salt
water
H+ + [OH-] H2O

Reaction in which an acid & a base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt & water
neutralization reaction
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O

Acid-Base Titration

The amount of acid (or base) in a solution is determined by carrying out a neutralization reaction
An appropriate acid-base indicator is used to show when neutralization is completed
The solution of known concentration standard solution
The point at which neutralization is achieved is the end point of the titration
The process just described is a titration the addition of a known amount of solution to determine
the volume (or concentration) of another solution
The unknown solution can be a base instead of an acid, the process is the same
Table: Indicators are usually used in acid-base titration
Indicator
Litmus
Phenolphthalein

Color in Acid
Red
Colorless

Color at End Point

Purple
Pink

Color in Base
Blue
Red

Reactions between an acid & a base in a aqueous solution to produce a salt & water neutralization
reaction
In a neutralization reaction, H+ combine with OH- to form neutral water
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
Acid Base
Salt Water
aA + bB cC + dD
MAVA = a
MBVB
b

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TUTORIAL 4
1. A 0.100 M hydrochloric acid is neutralized by 20.0 mL of 0.250 M sodium hydroxide
a) Write a balanced equation for the above reaction
b) How much the volume of hydrochloric acid is required for the neutralization?
c) What is the pH of the sodium hydroxide?
2. Calculate the molarity of phosphoric acid, H 3PO4, if 40.0 cm3 of it required 25.0 cm3 of 0.545 M
potassium hydroxide, KOH for its neutralization. Balance the equation below for the neutralization
reaction described above
H3PO4 + KOH K3PO4 + H2O
3. A 0.32 M KOH is titrated with 24.0 cm3 of 0.22 M H2SO4
a) Write the balanced equation for the reaction.
b) Determine the volume of KOH needed to neutralize the H2SO4 solution.
c) What is the pH of the KOH?
4. Compare the pH value of the solution X ([OH-] = 4.2 x 10-1 M) and the solution Y ([H+] =
5.8 x 10-1 M). Which solution has the lower pH?
5. A solution has a hydroxide ion concentration of 1.0 x 10 -3 M. Is the solution acidic, neutral or basic?
Why?
6. In an experiment, 2.0 M Ba(OH)2 is titrated with 25.0 mL of 0.2 M HCl
a) Write the balanced equation for the above reaction
b) Determine the volume of 1.0 M needed to neutralize the HCl
7. Calculate the pH of the following solutions
a) 0.015 M HCl
b) 0.002 M H2SO4
8. The average pH of normal arterial blood is 7.4. At normal body temperature (37 oC), Kw = 2.4x 10-14.
Calculate [H+], [OH-] and pOH for blood at this temperature
9. A 25.0 mL of Mg(OH) 2 is neutralized by 22.5 mL of 0.10 M HCl. What is the molarity of magnesium
hydroxide, Mg(OH)2?