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Mrayl
dB/m
SLG Map
Map
150
us
150
Echo from
8-in
borehole wall
Echo from
7-in casing
Isolation
Scanner
Advanced evaluation of wellbore integrity
Applications
Conventional cement bond log (CBL) and ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques are sometimes used together to diagnose zonal isolation but
encounter difficulties when attempting to evaluate cements with low
acoustic impedance or cements contaminated with mud. Ambiguity can
result because these tools rely on a significant contrast in acoustic
impedance between the cement and displaced fluid to identify solids.
Isolation Scanner cement evaluation service provides more certainty by
combining the pulse-echo technique with a new ultrasonic technique that
induces a flexural wave in the casing with a transmitter and measures the
resulting signals at two receivers. The attenuation calculated between the
two receivers provides an independent response that is paired with the
pulse-echo measurement and compared with a laboratory-measured
database to produce an image of the material immediately behind the
casing. By measuring radially beyond traditional cement evaluation boundaries,
Isolation Scanner service confirms zonal isolation, pinpoints any channels in
the cement, and ensures confident squeeze or no-squeeze decisions.
The signals following the casing arrivals arising from the interface
between the annulus and the borehole or outer casing can be detected
and measured. These third-interface echoes (TIEs) provide the position
f the casing within the borehole, and if the borehole size is known, the
velocity of the annulus material can be determined. This additional
information, available only through the flexural measurements, can
provide useful information for remedial applications and serve to confirm
or determine the correct interpretation for complex evaluations.
Gas
Liquid
Cement
Contaminated cement
Acoustic impedance, 4
Mrayl
Neat
Increasing
contamination
Light
Identifying and distinguishing various well fluids from cement with low acoustic
impedance is difficult for CBL and ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques.
x250
x300
Annulus
Formation
Pulse
echo
Pitch-catch propagation
Borehole
x350
Casing
Solid-liquid-gas mapping
The rate of energy radiation into the annulus depends on the acoustic
properties of the annular fill. The attenuation is estimated by capturing the reflected signals at two of the receivers, which are a known
distance apart, and calculating the decay rate of the received signal.
Attenuation is expressed in decibels per centimeter.
For a fluid filling the annulus, the attenuation is approximately proportional to the acoustic impedance. For cement bonded to the casing, the
attenuation exhibits a more complex behavior as a function of the
velocities at which the compressional and shear waves propagate in
the cement. As shown in the plot of flexural attenuation versus acoustic
impedance for a well-bonded cement, below a critical impedance (Zc)
of approximately 3.9 Mrayl, the attenuation increases linearly with the
impedance of the annular fill, whether the fill is liquid or solid. Beyond
3.9-Mrayl Zc, only the shear waves can propagate in the cement, and
the attenuation drops sharply to small values. A high-impedance cement,
such as Class G, has an attenuation similar to that of a liquid. This
ambiguity in identifying cement is resolved by determining the acoustic
impedance of the cement with the pulse-echo technique. However, the
distinct attenuation of low-impedance cements, such as lightweight or
contaminated cements, is used to differentiate them from fluids.
Solid
Liquid
Water
Gas
0.9
0.8
The mapped states are obtained for each azimuth by locating the
pulse-echo and flexural attenuation measurements, corrected for the
effect of the inside fluid, on the map with the areas encompassed by
each state.
0.7
0.6
Flexural attenuation,
0.5
dB/cm
0.4
1.8
0.3
1.6
1.4
0.2
1.2
Zc
0.1
0
Gas
Liquid
Solid
1
Attenuation,
0.8
dB/cm
0.6
0.4
Nominal uncontaminated
Class G cement
0.2
0
0.2
-2
4
6
Zusit, Mrayl
10
x300
Casing
Collar
Locator
10
30
Depth, m
500.0000
6.0000
5.6000
5.2000
4.8000
4.4000
3.6000
3.2000
2.6000
2.4000
2.0000
1.6000
1.2000
0.6000
0.4000
0.5000
500.0000
0.0780
0.0680
0.0520
0.0440
0.0380
0.0280
0.0200
0.0120
0.0040
0.0120
0.0280
0.0360
0.0440
0.0520
0.0600
0.0880
0.0760
Maximum
Internal
Radius
4.5 in
3.0 3.0 in
External
Radius
Average
(ERAV)
4.5 in
4.5
External
Radius
Average
(ERAV)
3.0 3.0 in
Minimum
Internal
Radius
Amplitude
Internal
of Echo
Radii Minus
Minus Max. Average, 4.5 in
(Rugosity)
in
Minimum
Internal
Radius
4.5
Maximum
Internal
Radius
3.0 3.0 in
500.0000
0.0780
0.0680
0.0520
0.0440
0.0380
0.0280
0.0200
0.0120
0.0040
0.0040
0.0120
0.0200
0.0280
0.0360
0.0440
0.0520
0.0600
0.0680
0.0760
500.0000
0.03000
2.8000
2.9091
3.0182
3.1273
3.2364
3.3454
3.5638
3.6727
3.7818
3.8909
4.0000
0.0000
50.0000
57.0000
64.0000
71.0000
78.0000
85.0000
92.0000
99.0000
106.0000
113.0000
120.0000
127.0000
134.0000
141.0000
155.0000
Thickness
Flexural
Minus
4.5 Average, Impedance, Attenuation,
dB/m
Mrayl
in
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Seal
No seal
SLG Map
Hydraulic
Communication
Map
Min.
VDL of Far Re
150
x200
Echo from
8-in
borehole wall
x250
x300
x350
In additional to pulse-echo information on the rugosity, radius, cross section, and thickness of the 7-in [17.8-cm] casing, Isolation Scanner service processed the
acoustic impedance and flexural attenuation data to produce an SLG map. Although the cement is heavy Class G, the flexural attenuation map clearly displays
low-density material from X,320 to X,270 m, revealing that the cement is contaminated in that interval. Regardless of the density difference, the material is correctly
indicated as solid on the SLG map.
Hole enlargement
Depth, m
X,673
X,674
X,675
X,676
Casing
arrival
X,677
X,678
Echo from
formation
wall
Hole enlargement
X,679
X,680
X,681
X,682
X,683
X,684
Isolation Scanner imaging of the formation wall through casing and cement reveals
hole enlargement (caving) in the reflection echo from the cement/formation interface at
two opposite azimuths in the intervals X,673X,675 m and X,679X,682 m. The left-side
image, displaying the raw data at all azimuths, shows that the formation-wall echo is
present at nearly all azimuths. Echo moveout appears sinusoidal because of casing
eccentering. Each cycle represents a tool azimuthal scan.
x300
Measurement Specifications
x350
Output Solid-liquid-gas
Range: 0 to 10 Mrayl
Acoustic impedance
Resolution: 0.2 Mrayl
Accuracy: 0 to 3.3 Mrayl = 0.5 Mrayl,
>3.3 Mrayl = 15%
Flexural attenuation
Range: 0 to 2 dB/cm
Resolution: 0.05 dB/cm
Accuracy: 0.01 dB/cm
Min. quantifiable channel width 30 mm [1.2 in]
Casing and annulus up to 7.62 cm [3 in]
Depth of investigation
Mud type or weight limitation Conditions simulated before logging
Combinability
Bottom only, combinable with most wireline tools
Telemetry: fast transfer bus (FTB) or enhanced FTB
(EFTB)
Special applications
H2S service
Investigation
of annulus width depends on the presence of third-interface echoes. Analysis and processing
beyond cement evaluation can yield additional answers through additional outputs, including the Variable
Density log (VDL) of the annulus waveform and polar movies in AVI format.
Differentiation
of materials by acoustic impedance alone requires a minimum gap of 0.5 MRayl between
the fluid behind the casing and a solid.
For
Max.
mud weight depends on the mud formulation, sub used, and casing size and weight, which are
simulated before logging.
Mechanical Specifications
Max. temperature
177 degC [350 degF]
Pressure range
1 to 138 MPa [145 to 20,000 psi]
Casing sizemin. 4 12 in (min. pass-through restriction: 4 in)
Casing sizemax. 9 58 in
Outside diameter
IBCS-A: 8.57 cm [3.375 in]
IBCS-B: 11.36 cm [4.472 in]
IBCS-C: 16.91 cm [6.657 in]
Length without sub
6.01 m [19.73 ft]
Weight without sub
151 kg [333 lbm]
Sub length, weight
IBCS-A: 61.22 cm [24.10 in], 7.59 kg [16.75 lbm]
IBCS-B: 60.32 cm [23.75 in], 9.36 kg [20.64 lbm]
IBCS-C: 60.32 cm [23.75 in], 10.73 kg [23.66 lbm]
10,000 N [2,250 lbf]
Sub max. tension
Sub max. compression
50,000 N [12,250 lbf]
Limits
for casing size depend on the sub used. Data can be acquired in casing larger than 9 58 in with
low-attenuation mud (e.g., water, brine).
3.2000
2.6000
2.4000
2.0000
1.6000
1.2000
0.6000
0.4000
0.5000
0.0280
0.0200
0.0120
0.0040
0.0120
0.0280
0.0360
0.0440
0.0520
0.0600
0.0880
0.0760
External
Radius
Average
(ERAV)
Isolation Scanner
4.5 in 3.0 3.0 in 4.5
0.0200
0.0120
0.0040
0.0040
0.0120
0.0200
0.0280
0.0360
0.0440
0.0520
0.0600
0.0680
0.0760
3.3454
3.5638
3.6727
3.7818
3.8909
4.0000
92.0000
99.0000
106.0000
113.0000
120.0000
127.0000
134.0000
141.0000
155.0000
Minimum Maximum
Internal
Internal
mplitude Internal
Radius
Radius Thickness
Flexural
of Echo Radii Minus
Minus
inus Max. Average, 4.5 in 3.0 3.0 in 4.5 Average, Impedance, Attenuation,
dB/m
Rugosity)
Mrayl
in
SLG Map
in
Depth, m
7-in
casing
180
x200
8-in
borehole
x250
Min.
Amplitude
Max.
Hydraulic
x300
Communication VDL of Far Receiver at Two Opposing Azimuths,
Map
us
150
150
x350
Echo from
8-in
borehole wall
Echo from
7-in casing
www.slb.com/scanner
*Mark of Schlumberger
Copyright 2011 Schlumberger. All rights reserved. 11-PR-0028
(Rugosity)