Mahindra cole Centrale

EE101: Basic Electrical Engineering (Fall 2015)

Experiment 10

Transformer
Transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy from one
circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of
mutual induction between two windings. It transforms power from one circuit
to another without changing its frequency but may be in different voltage level.

Alternating current through a winding produces an alternating flux that

surrounds the winding.
If any other winding is brought nearer to the previous one, some portion
of this flux will link with the second.
As this flux is continually changing in its amplitude and direction, there
is a change in flux linkage in the second winding or coil.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, an EMF is
induced in the second winding.
If the circuit of the later winding is closed, current flows through it.

This is the most basic concept of the theory of transformer.

The winding which takes electrical power from the source, is known as primary
winding of transformer. The winding which gives the desired output voltage
due to mutual induction is the secondary winding of transformer.

The rate of change of flux linkage depends upon the amount of linked
flux with the second winding.

In open air, very tiny portion of the flux of the first winding will link with
second; so the current that flows through the closed circuit of the second
winding, will be very small.
So, it is desired to be linked to almost all flux of primary winding to the
secondary winding.
This is effectively and efficiently done by placing one low reluctance path
common to both of the winding.
This low reluctance path is obtained by using the magnetic core of the
transformer. Through the core, maximum number of flux produced by
the primary is passed through and linked with the secondary winding.

This is the most basic theory of transformer.

The three main parts of a transformer are:
1. Primary Winding
: Produces magnetic flux when it is connected to
electrical source.
2. Magnetic Core
: The magnetic flux produced by the primary
winding, passes through this low reluctance
path and gets linked with secondary winding
to create a closed magnetic circuit.
3. Secondary Winding : The flux, produced by primary winding, passes
through the core, will link with the secondary
winding. This winding also wounds on the same
core and gives the desired output of the transformer.

Emf Equation of Transformer

o As the flux is alternating in nature, there is a rate of change of flux.
o With any changing flux, there is an induced emf in it.
o As the current source to the primary is sinusoidal, the flux induced by it
is also sinusoidal.
o Hence, the function of flux may be considered as a sine function.
o Derivative of that function will give a function for rate of change of flux
linkage with respect to time.
o This later function will be a cosine function since d(sin)/dt = cos.
Multiplying the rms value of this cosine wave, with number of turns of the
winding, rms value of induced emf of that winding is obtained.

T is number of turns in a winding,

m is the maximum flux in the core in Wb.
As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,

Where is the instantaneous alternating flux and represented as

As the maximum value of cos2ft is 1, the maximum value of induced emf e is,
To obtain the rms value of induced counter emf, divide this maximum value of
e by 2.

If E1 & E2 are primary and secondary emfs and T1 & T2 are primary and
secondary turns then, voltage ratio or turns ratio of transformer is

Rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time is directly

proportional to the induced EMF in a conductor or coil FARADY
+Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
Equivalent impedance of transformer is required to calculate total internal
impedance of a transformer, viewing from primary side or secondary side.
This calculation requires equivalent circuit of transformer. To arrive at:
Applied voltage to the primary is V1.
Voltage across the primary winding is E1.
Total current supplied to primary is I1.
So the voltage V1 applied to the primary is partly dropped
by ( I1R1 + j.I1X1) before it appears across primary winding.
The voltage appeared across winding is countered by
primary induced emf E1.
So voltage equation of this portion of the transformer can be
written as:

The equivalent circuit for that equation can be drawn as below,

The total primary current I1 has two components.

One is no-load component Io and the other is load component I2.
As this primary current has two components or branches, there
is a parallel path with primary winding of transformer.
This parallel path of current is known as excitation branch of
equivalent circuit of transformer.
The resistive and reactive branches of the excitation circuit can
be represented as:

Adding secondary winding together:

The load component I2 flows through the primary winding of transformer
and induced voltage across the winding is E1 as shown in the figure.
This induced voltage E1 transforms to secondary and it is E2 and load
component of primary current I2 is transformed to secondary as
secondary current I2.
The voltage E2 across secondary winding is partly dropped by
(I2R2 + j.I2X2) before it appears across load. The load voltage is V2.
The complete equivalent circuit of transformer is shown below.

Note:
R1, R2, X1, X2 are reasonably constant over the region of normal operation
of the transformer

X0, R0 depend on frequency and magnitude of the applied voltage

because the flux in the core depends on these quantities

Core losses in turn depend on both frequency and magnitude of the Flux.

R0 is fictitious resistance. It takes into account the core losses.

The relationship between the magnetic flux in the transformer core and
the Magneto Motive Force which establishes it is non-linear. It is due to
the B-H characteristic of the core material.

This non-linearity gives rise to harmonics in the magnetizing current.

The third harmonic is predominant and its magnitude can be as much
as40 percent of the fundamental.

X0 is fictitious reactance. It represents the relationship between the

fundamental of the magnetizing current and the flux established.

Test Procedure
The two conventional tests performed on transformers to determine their
equivalent circuit parameters are:
The open circuit test and The short circuit test.

These tests essentially involve measurement of impedances at one port of

the transformer with the other port a) open and b) shorted.

Both the tests should be performed at the rated voltage, current and
frequency.

By further simplifying the above equivalent circuit:

R1Eq = R1 + (N1/N2)2 . R2 and

X1Eq = X1 + (N1/N2)2 . X2.
The open circuit test :
Set up the circuit of Fig 11.4.
(The 5 resistance is for the purpose of displaying the waveform of the no-load current.
A multimeter set in 1 Amp AC range is used as Ammeter).

Observe the Display and note down :

the waveforms of the supply voltage and no-load current.
Non-sinusoidal nature of the no-load current due to the presence of odd
harmonics
Note down the shift between the applied voltageand the no-load current
from their corresponding zero crossing. Treat this as a reasonable
approximation of the phase difference between the applied voltage and
the fundamental component of the no-load current.
Determine the values of R0 and X0 from the open circuit impedance Zoc
The short circuit test measured above.

The short circuit test

Set up the circuit of Fig 11.5.

Note down the magnitude of the supply voltage, the current through the
circuit and the phase angle between the two. From these values

Calculate the magnitude and phase angle of the short circuit

impedance Zsc.

Determine the winding resistance REq and the leakage reactance X1Eq of
the transformer