THE AUTONOMOUS TOWNS OF NORICUM AND DIF. AUTONOMEN STADTE IN NORICUM UND PANNONIEN Pannonta IEwona was in Tvany, NoT IN PaNNOoNIA Marjeta Saiel Kos Gr xual cosine naTIONS. AND THE NATURE OF THE EXIDENCE ‘The starting point for the present contribution ix the article of J. S\St on the administrative status of Emona,! in which he collected all the relevant ev: eer ogni he ewan inportane of the oatrategic postion of the Nauportil mons tes, Fi was sulted between Noricurn and Pannania and con the border with Hal. ta lage stent aries ‘wards the latter. commanding the most eonteni sage betwecn the Balkan and Apent Uhovgh the Halollytian Gates at Postojna. AM teal passed Uieough the region of Emons and this war re Hleeted in its political economic, and eultural develop Herodian is the eariestKterary saurce in which Emona is express verbis attested as an Italian eit (Bil sone scolars Ihave woot this fac a being slso for the early Prineipate while several sch (the data in Pliny the Elder. who placed (Qe fe 311. in terms of an a: went andl argued thatthe city be longed ta the, province al Paninanta in the first two ce tures AD." Sts himsolf analysed the subject i two cater studies. lv the artile about the recruitment of the practorans, he that Emma must have bee Tonge to aly at lest as etry as the reign of Haein, most probably even eatlier In his contribution il he al sry Fey AF agra he smona basin had been part of Cisalpina tinder Caesar ia that lyioumn - later Phononin ~ hed never exter fe s0 far to the west as to include the Naaportas tmona region: na few articles Talo dealt with probs Jems concerning the date and the nature of the foundation of colonia fulia Emona and the eastern hor PMNs CHT dere of Cialgine the Naug - aul in Cacea' ime, arguing that Had newer belonged to I Iyrcum” Nonetheless, according to the. prevailing pinion, Ema is considered Pannouian ty! ad recently ~ and oceasinally ~ has the evidence pres ‘cepted a valid.” ‘Sut, collected and comm concerning the siminst at qermgrae? In ondor to bcd oats the one it eget, it indepen to von hs artic et Taha! meely recapttate the main. points briely rabortes the hypottons hat rom the very basinatag offs existence a Roman city Entona olonge Neale rather than ta Pannonia, This doer not eels the posit that tomporary = eg. tes of dam rr euch arte incur of Penmontan loons stl dependent onthe governor of rium Pannonta eho fa tee Iogons a hs posal, wh (apart rom at Romo) there we no army fationed in ihe releyuntcloctiment in cogalog Dein witha pansage iy Vlsis Pate ding wit tho Atoytour Geographer of Revenna, Since mat questioned tha fen she be ning of the 3” century AD onwards Emana be Fong Kale shal not discus tre documents ater so" 16 {tA t, Maximint 31 the same episod from tho march af Merinfrun Trax to aly 2 seribed by Hrodian, and hall concemeate om tome of the ic fiteen The first isa paso Ian Vell Patera 210. refering othe great PannontanDelmataran Teelon of AD be; in which the NauportusTrgete ately Te secu ing insertion Hg 303 a early Allis; tering bs some portant Sonatrucoa ie Soon. 1.5 the fc at fn pt of Mins (agai Hong tly Te ge uve Zea Hes 1908 128. eae Eamon tate oso sonThe Anomoms To of Panui Dic astanomcn tein Fannin Emona, planned under Augustis (probably shortly be- fore his death) and earried out by Tiberius. The thi is the imperial title of colonia Emona, Julia. Nos. 5 comment upon the specific features of the i of ueusate in Ermona, No, 6 isthe tombs Tunis Montanus, who died as pro legato in Emona (IU 173). No. 7 is the mentioned passage from Pliny too. & isa tombetone from Ulpia Novionsgus, in whlch Emona is forthe first time epigraphically attested as a colony (CIL NIIL 8735). No.9 distsses a passage from Tacitus (Ann, 1.20). referring to the mutiny oft rnonian legions in AD 1, while nos. 10, 12, and 18 dis fuss the data in Ptolemy's Geography (1-16: 2.M. 826, ed. Nobo). In nos. I. M4 andl 15, the recruit ment of practorians, the organization of tolkeollecting, and practentura Italiae et Alpium., all in relation to Emona, are discussed. ‘As we have seen, the evidence comes from literary and epigraphie sourers. while itis also of a geo-trate je nature: Unexpected. 3 boundary sone between Aquileia and’ Emona, made of Aurising/Nabrefina Timestone, was discovered in the summer of 2001 in the bed of the Ljubljanica River below Bevke, some 13 km to the south-east of Ljubljana. Itis most probably dated to the Augustan period and is certainly pre-Cla it mow proves beyond doubt thatthe two eon nities ivelved belonged to the same administrative i.e. that Emona had never heen part of Tk ivieumn/Pannonia (Fig. 1.” However itis nonetheless worth whl all the available additional evi ly supports the fact th indeed administratively belonged to Regio X evidence shoul! be considered in akition to that collected by J. ist. and to the Bevke boundiey ston Cho-sTHNTEGH MEL MENTS From geographical and political points of view. the NauportuisEmona ata shouldbe esidered as «uni since the importance of the respective settlements was complementary nological terms. Nauportus was mportant prehistoric settlement which developed into a Roman vieus governeil by two magistr’ vic, ve ve tirepe is ipsoqiue Nauporto, quod municipi The epigraphic evidence (corroborat- aerial) indicates that it must tein the ae Caran, erty Ate zustan periows.! Nauports was overshadowed by the Foundation fen fain Eman sy tie aftr the 35-33 BC. probably alt siderably declined by the end of dynasty. The marized a fallow similar to a munieipium (Tae. tun. 120.1 fisque proximis 1. Nauportas wae an impor tm (clo: Y of tnt nt prehistoric empori- Iv eonnecied with Nquileig froin the: first hall Ww 2" eomtury anwar) at the be ‘of the nportant river route passing through Higrieun. its significance being reflected n'the myth about the Suse hn 190. On ae ge 8159, 2 return route of the Argonauts. This river system con fisted of the Ljubljanica (Nauportis/Emona). Sava ‘Smus) and Danube (Danuhivs) Rivers. Emons was mit-and station in the diretion of id both were conveniently situated along the ancient Amber Route: transportation had al ssaye plied an important role inthe eeonoay ofboth settlements.!* 2. The NauportusEmona basin was the starting point to congue Hllyricam. later Pannonia, and poss bly also parts of Dalmatia, e.g. some areas inhabited by the lapodes, 3. The NauportusEmona basin was a key area for ny military actions that were intended to secure or through the Halollyrian Gates at Roman period. the frst fications. part of the Glaustra Alpium fe Farum system For the protection of Italy, was construct. cal precisely inthis region." 1 Son ho 1M 10 Fig 1 Twente unary oe, Toate ourLirerany pyipece (Puiny Tue Ener, Proveay) Pliny ‘The only two trary sours in which Emons is rentioned by name belore Herodian's History. a Pliny’ Basal historian and Prlemys Geogreply. ‘Thole data are used as strong arguments againe the thesis that mona would have belonged to lyin the fint two eenturie AD. Pliny’ teatnony isthe most controversial of ll, since hei considered « rellele source deterig full attention: he exp Emona in Panntnin, However his date could sned in purl geographical terms, and eonseqacnt aa ack mg oe er nee don: Administrative boundaries donot always coincide sth geogrepieal ones, thus a geographical desrp: tion of an afen does wot necosatly alow for any cos tlunions concerning is adminsaive arrangement Pliny i the fir (o mention Emana ef Haman colony (N.he 319, The passage is short and beg iy sting tht the egiows of Pannonta are ick thatthe Alpine ean gradually becomes ee geil oping tothe rig and lel ast rverees ie from north to south, and thatthe part of I Iyicun oriented towards the Adriatic i aed Dana tthe part towards the north, Fannona the later bounded hy the Danube. The colonies of Emona sud Sint are hated int nde glandijorn Pannoniae, gua miguel Open det ie mar eae ‘eplentrione ad meridiem versa moll in destra ae laeva dtevestate const, Quoe pare ad mare Hadiicum Spreta appllanr Delma et Dyrienm supra dicta: Aid septotriones Pannonia vert: iturin Dana. In ot colonine Emona, Sits nes clr et nav Bile» Is placed in' broad contest ofthe deat on of both Adriatic coms and thls Winterland. The paragraph contives by fixing the mentioned nave fe vers, swell eth peoples and bes ving ake thom, down to Sirmium and Taurumam, Inthe prosed ing. shorter, paragraph (140), the Norcan toxins are Used, long’ with ‘Lake Pio, dewerta) oo Sara, and Serban itis dear thatthe passage in which Emona is men eds taken from a geographical deecription of Pa This is ako comin a recent struct analysis of that part of Pliny’s 3" book im which the eastern Adriatic is described." Y. Marin divided the wchle text into consceutvesetions, according to the Siffre native of the sources they were auppovedly taken fom. She cate tothe conclsion tht Pliny abd 4 grogrephical doveription af the regions. She de. sels pepe erin grees ans 1990, 1 135 20, Pins ane, al 8 3The Autonom: Tenn of Panis Die at would have originated from a geographical source." In my opinion, both could be conssdered as originating from a geographical description, especially becuse in the Julio-Claudian period the province seems to have officially still been called Ulyricum,' while unofficial ly, the names Pannonia and Dalmatia may have been used for the future provinces as early ax at the end phase of the Pannonian-Delmatacan rebellion."® Un- less Pliny did not have nt knowledge of on temporary administrative changes, with his Pannonia ie gould wt intend the proving but eather the region of Pannonia. In any case, in s0 far as the position of Emon is cone ; in geographical terms, a SEC B'Ry concludes Pliny’ data doce not sa thing concerning Emona’s administrative status, there- fore t cannot and docs not contradict the hypothesis that the town would have actually belonged to Haly. concerned, itis agreed that it was described n of J such was also opini Piolemy Prolemy mentioned Emons in two passages in hig Geography. First at the end of chapter 14 in his 2 book (ed, Nobbe). in which be defined the geographi cal position of Upper Pannonia and listed the Upper Pannonian tribes and towns (TOXe4s). including their phical coordinates. In paragraph 7, he stated ‘mona is located “hetween Italy and Pannonia, below Noricum”, or: “hetween (that part of) ltaly (which is situated) below Noricum, and Pannonia’ (Meragt 88 ‘Tradtes ind 7 Nopuxdv Mavvovias ‘rGdtv "Hyova) the meaning of the sentence is not greatly modified in either translation. That the geo graphical definition of this area was currently problem atic is reflected in Ptolemy's criticism of Marinus of ‘Tyte; citations from his geographical work of Hadrian: ie date are preserved only in Ptolemy. Marinus earned Polemy’s reproach for Several errors, including not having correctly defined the boundaries of Pannonia While he allegedly claimed that Italy in the north bor: dered not only on Ractia and Norieum, but also on Pannonia, he made, contradictingly. Pannonia border in the south merely with Dalmatia and not with. Italy (1.16). It may be hypothesized that Mari differ. ent sources for different countries, containing either litialadministrative or geographical data, or both. has been shown, politeatdministrative and geo- graphical data did not coincide, hence the contradicto- ry statements, In another passage (8.7.6. ed. Nobbe). Ptolemy placed Emona in Upper Pannonia as one of the three towns serving as geographical measurement points from Alexandria, along with Poetovio and Scarhantia, ‘The passage is purely geographical in context, In a manner analogous to the deseription of Emona, Julium Cam ned by Pi 2.134; Mea&d 82 [ris] ‘Tradias Kai Noprxod Tovatov Kapvuxsv), while in © Moun 199.125 See S11 Kin 1997s, 112: ey 1998123 os econ discovered eal military hp Fannonian uiteare mentioned ws bgt lyre su Laci Sal Satjano ftp. Drsvve 1908, 31-62 BN 197, 439-46, Ser 1980 (et fom Oper select “ another passage the town is placed in Norieum (8.7.5). again in the same geogeaphieal context of measure: ‘ment points, parallel to Emona being situated in Upper Panncnia. Since itis clear that falium Carnicum, which may have temporarily been under the influence of the Norican kingdom in the late Tron Age,?! always belonged to Italy and before that for a considerable time to Gisalpine Gaul? itis at least plausible to as sume the same for Emona. Both towns bore the sai title Julia and their inhabitants were inseribed in the same voting tribe of Claudia. H. Gnysst. who analyzed all the passages in Ptolemy in which towns are defined as being situated between (e700) two regions. has deen led to the conclusion that metaxi had always, been used in geographical terms by Ptolemy, never in political23 fo recapitulate: neither Pliny’s nor Ptolemy's data refer to the politicaladministrative settlement of the border region between Italy. Noricum, and Pat thus they cannot be used to define the administrative mona These data ean dered as evidence for Emona’s geographical position in a triple horder area, which in the course off history be longed to different political formations. Tt may have been dependent upon the Norican kingdom in the ly century BG and earlier, some time around sar’s reign it was most probably @ part of Cisalpine Gaul, and when Ciealpina ceased (0 be a provine, onged to Htaly. In geographical and ethnie terms, it was closely related t0 the Pannonian regions setled by the Taurisci thus it is not surprising that Greek and Roman geographers linked the town with Pannonia Also, it cannot he entirely excluded that for a short time it may have been dependent on the governor of Myricum and his army when the province was estab- lished. probably late in the Augustan reign. Whenever an intervention of the Roman army was necessary, an officer or a military unit would have been detached © of the Pannonian legions, as was the ease in the boundary dispute between the Rundictes and € Laveanius Bassus at the outskirts of the ager of ‘Tergeste during the reign of Claudius (Ins. t. X 4, 122 ers geostrategie reasons — and ex clusively these ~ dictated that the region of Emona should adininistratively be united with Italy. but they were decisive. As long as the Roman state could com trol this area trans Alpes. it remained within Italy CONVENTIONAL ROMAN VIEWS: ON THE ITALIAN BOUNDARIES Any ancient geographer, who described the bound Italy, would have considered the seas and the i asthe natural boundaries of the country. The im posing chain of the Alps was always regarded a natural bulwark of laly (e.g. Livy 21.35.8-9), which is also well reflected in Polybius, Strabo. Pliny. and several peter by ‘502.395. scaledother historians and geographe nless a writer specifically wished to rele the polical division of the area, none of them would say that Emona belonged to Italy, since it was located trans Alpes. According to Strabo, Oera Mt. was the lowest part of the Alps (1.6.9 C207) 'H Be ‘Oka 7 tamewstatov jLiipos TOV ‘Admedy 4a ...), the most convenient ‘over to the cities on the Adriatic coast, and at the same time the direct e to Htaly ~ as understood in ‘ographical terms.2 Regions situated on the other Srde of the Ocra pass (om the Halian perspective) were transalpine regions, such as the country of the Galli ransalpini (Livy 39.54.3}, who were most proba- bly the Taurisei.2° The NauportusEmona basin, as well as the regions to the east of Emona, were settled by the Taurisci. Although the area was Romanized eaily Emona could a priori not be considered to have be longed to Italy. cither geographically or ethnically. at while a. geographical situation never changes. politcal and adinttratve arrangetnents on the 6 trary, are constantly subject to modifications. When under Caesar, and even earlier, Italy began to expand towards the north and the east, Cisalpine Gaul ext ed ~ with the territory of lulium Carnicum ~ as far north as the Norican kingdom, while to the cast it cluded, as it secms, the NauportusEmona basin.” When Cisalpina became a part of Italy under the tk umvirs, in 42 BC, the situation did not change. By di- rectly dominating this area, the Roman state ensured a much greater safety for Italy, because any possible hos tile invasion or attack could more exeily be preventod Emona was founded as a colony most probably un- der Octavian” He continued Caesar's policy of the colonization and municipalization of former Cisal and Histria, later the X Regio (lulium Carnicum, For rum Tulii, Concordia, Tergeste, Pola, Parentium, some of them Cacsarian foundations, although the ehronolo rnot entirely clear)."” tts foundation may well be Ennsidered in the broad context of Octavian’s clo tion after Actium and later, in which the whole of Haly ‘was involved! Fyen if we assume that Emona was cok onized no earlier than under Augustus, it would have still been founded half a century before the first Pan nonian colony Savaria, colonia Claudia. Such a large chronological gap rather points to two different admin- istrative units, where urbanization developed accord- ing to different prine Epicrariic EVIDENCE Both in the ease of Emona and lulium Carnicum, epigraphic monuments and other archaeological mater ial are important evidence. on the basis of which it is possible to hotter define the administrative organizs tion of these cities. Such evidence helps to establish 24 See the mast meet susmary by Gass 196, 33555. sligrture: se sno Fries 1996, 29-86 operas 82, 2 Venti a? 19106. 2 Suton 1960, 1-40 (= 1903, 3-39), SSE Kos 1, See ner I 2 Enric the fonaation of Emons wos ded unde of Sansa tothe reign of Tiberi, San 1908, 243 196130 hore Emo ll sidered Teri Recent sale ‘Maj Soe Kos: Enomoto what were their institutions, their a re (partly deciphered from the preserved tombstones and altars). their cultural and economic development. in. short: were they Italian rather than provineial cities? I shall limit myself to the epigraphic evidence from Emona, partly to the material that had not yet been analyzed in this context by SiS, and partly to those inseriptions already commented on by him but which may need ade ditional observations. It ean be said in general that the inscribed stone monuments show several similarities Italian epigraphy, while they differ from the Norican (e.g. Ce had Viruatt: Faeis Sala) ox Pos nonian (ez. Savaria, Searbantia, Poctovie, Nevio unum, Andantonia, Sisca). with northes Macistri viel In the late Republican period. both Nauportus and lulium Carnicum were organized as Roman viei and governed by two magistriviei, who were freedmen, and = in the case of Nauportus bers of important Aquileian families. Both settlements were elosely con neeted with Aquileia and were most probably admin tratively dependent on the regional metropolis. Ro manization began very early and the connections with Aquileia strengthened in time.%? The role of Naupor tus was taken over by Emona in the Augustan periods when the colony became the most important regional centre, VETERANS AND OTHER COLONISTS Close relations with Aquileia are further reflected in various parallel institutions, customs, and certain char acteristic patterns in the structure of inhabitants, Both, in Emona and Aquileia, as no doubt also in some other towns, several veterans of legiones VHT XV wero settled in the Augustan age." some of possibly havin northern Hal regions. late rand under the Triumvirs2! The bulk of inhabitants, however. consi ed of branches of Aquileian families and families from other towns of northern Italy, such as the Aelii, Aemilii, Appulei. Barbii, C: ‘anti, Castriei, Claturniis Clodii, Dindii, Mareii, Petronii, Veli and others Sevier sp Ave ALES ‘The existence of pre-Augustan seviri (nude dict), as io between seviri, seviri Augustales, and Emona is in many aspects reminiscent of see eg Ss Kis 1995: Masts 1994 67 fs Zee i Ser for For i Gry 198 195 Fs for Tengetes vase 192.130 hor Po: Phen 1983, 77-102, 1 Ker 18: we ost recently. Ps 1988, 200-214 12 SN ie IOUEE Meane 104, 7H fe Naa 198, 152-201 ad tg, 25-8, HSE Ke 1995, 28 Kran 197, 89-90,Th Aor Tenn Pani /Di atone Sein Poin that ats in Aula and we tr if eX Regio.® Two inscriptions are especially characteristic inns respect the late Republican tombstone of an Aquila tov. Coesernins Diphius, freedmnan of Closers stupa, who died it Emon (Kos TB97, no, 3), ond may have been in charge of organi 3 uniipa ie ir te town, including cals, Urey a valighus life wih various fetid wus ale Qo of WE rate kaos of unipa organo, Tloweven the sphere of sctiities of the Republican pr riod geviti as not yet heen sufficiently dened. The second is a dedication, probably from the 1 century IAD. Diana by two fretmen of one Tellus Ones fas (Fig 3), who was seve and Augusta in Emons, equetr th gulls and Augustalis in Pa Ret Kos 1097 no. These Formed by one man in tree differen owns wil ‘lescs that then Lowns ware ia Sot Way oy anole closely connected. Very likely all of them belonged to the eg Lecactes oF MovEy Insert ie lee oo bated by the deceased on ttt heir the sues o com munities to which they belonged. to provide for ow inl othor burt arropeimeens oF coustracioes or the organiaton of fev a various anniversaries of the deceased ane typical of northern allan epi iy. Outside aly they are largely unateted. The east aot doccaaen ieee tioned exme from the teriory af first i the tombetone of one le Cacornius ant his wife Ola Prima Iron Spe : tear Ljubifena (Fig. 4, erecied totem by their aon tho bore the same name a hie father (CTT 3893 = ‘AUP 209) Prmitivs vas quinquerr and ceca af the coltgim farum of Eamonn sho testamentary Irqucatied tothe four deuriae ahi asoation, to arther with his wifes 200 dena to bring roses to their rave atthe festival of Carn (perhaps an important at Eversry of the family or an important date for theca ign) ho cond eon ph shed fragment eon Zoe near Ljubljana in nich 4 similar legay of 250 dene mentioned alo be questo tye member ofthe elem Farum a mona, toy flower for his grave from ihe interest each year?” nancial bequests are The ABSENCE OF BENEFICIARI CONSULATIS Beneficiartconslure (or procuratoi, sich os in Calin clewhere in provinces governed hy pro rator) were detached from the army stationed in the Province to perform special: mainly, administrative tanks for protincil governors at specific stations or Yariout provineal tons, where ther service ay many ways % Sy Ka 3 Fue 1991-609 5 Baa V-torinoming 16 igraphically attested from the m Se century AD onwards, Charaete no beneficiarii eonsularis are attested in the bouring Pannonian and Noriean tell dacumentad om altar to fuppite Optima Ma ‘other official gos and zoudessess, and where Seen the sabjet ow ree ks OFF 195 and NHAC NE Fig. Sain ahr Dieu emery Nils esi ei antag Be 19a PL (oon ft NasaFig 4 Tomb or |. cone Pian se lis Pia a) 2, Phat Lc ate of Shean Maem Slow the formed active service.” Their absence con- firs the sppouion that Exons wat an alan, ralher han provincial, town. Some benefiiard con Slr re atl attested in Tali tes, bt these are ales who tut have been reeroited in aly and their rlrement returned te Ucir home lowes fey ae manly Known from tomb their careers, in various Roatan’ pro Italy.” 2% Sonus ea. 190, 12-348 © Besant DiS fer, Chatman 95 1, Ds Beara Er 195, 6 Majin abt Ko Ena ein nin Pris Ay AMANTINE Hostace 1x Ewona An imerting ee which may be ed as tetmany toute poston af Enna nay ue foun tae hen the pons often fac Fesecciih ig en iabegtned 065 bag Be e old me Uva no 4 ape {Slcenas?). called endo) and ofthe second centurias who had iit alone hope Eon, sere fo Some Wastes neece The Boater amino discovered in the village of Putinc! {a eastern Syrmia (CIL II 3224: (S?Ieemaes Licearfi) / f. Amantinus, felis arn (deli end Unde oe itt conn ane pr Henna Ri ie fe or the Pacmnonian Amantini dri 12-0 BC. but probably not earlier. since it would harly be pose ty expect preAugustan (or ealy Atuustan} inscription in the region of Sirmium. The boy, along with other unmentioned hostages from the same and other tribes ~ delivery af hostages waka com- ‘mon practice in Komen dealings with (potential) hos file peoples, from Polybius and other Atha bnmarde = yas undoubtedly of noble or twere many hostages. thus Appian reported on dred of them. taken by Octavian from Segest Sisciat Myr. 23.67). and also seven hundred delivered by the Delmatae in the course of the same ‘wa ii. 28), thus the entariasecunda mentioned Inthe inscription may theoretically refer to'a Roman division of hostages and ot t0 the division of the gen They sen, in general have Been kept on the falian so!” both for reasons of safety and to get acquainted with the Roman way of hie. However the inseription cannot be regarded as proof that Favona Tlonged to Hay. lh er of he ea tr se oul hardly expect to have « single conelusive proo that woul shimotely confirm Emona'e administrative pening crating even ica ave been eonluded even earlier thatthe town met prolly belonged to aly ever since is foundation sx Roman colons. while for mitary easons it eould oo aly enor = under th gre Feloate Goctary liptooe) The Bole kewl ove can now be contldered malrial evidence wich roves beyond doubt that Emon always belonged to ia Despite my es sgeoion inthis: Ki 198,11 Arpad by acetate pr Me TBST 21S, 2g. 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