Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mitigation
AccuSine
Agenda
Overview
Harmonic Basics
IEEE 519
Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
AccuSine PCS
Applications & Installation Notes
Specification Recommendations
Summary
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Voltage Regulation:
Hybrid VAR Compensator
Electronic Sag Fighter
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Harmonic Basics
Resultant
Waveform
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3rdHarmonic
7thHarmonic
5thHarmonic
Harmonic
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
:
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Fundamental
Frequency
60Hz
120Hz
180Hz
240Hz
300Hz
360Hz
420Hz
:
1140Hz
Sequence
+
0
0
0
0
+
:
+
Multi-pulse Converters
Hc = np +/- 1
Hc = characteristic
harmonic order present
n = an integer
p = number of pulses
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Hn
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
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Harmonic Basics
Nonlinear loads draw it
Example: 6-Pulse VFD
Inverter
Converter
DC bus
A
B
C
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Harmonic Basics
Why a concern?
Current distortion
Added heating, reduced capacity in :
Transformers
Conductors and cables
Heating effect proportional to harmonic order
squared
Nuisance tripping of electronic circuit
breakers (thermal overload)
Blown fuses
Detrimental to generators
Heating of windings
Detrimental to UPS
UPS cant supply the current
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Ih
Loads
Vh = Ih x Zh
Harmonic Basics
Voltage distortion
Interference with other electronic loads
Faulting to destruction
Creates harmonic currents in linear loads
Generator regulators cant function
Shut downs
Ih
Vh = Ih x Zh
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= Cos
Distortion Factor =
= Cos
1 + THD(I)2
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= .7433
1 + .92
TPF = .95 x .7433 = .7061
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IEEE 519-1992
Defines current distortion as TDD
Total Demand Distortion
Largest amplitude of harmonic current occurs at maximum
load of nonlinear device if electrical system can handle
this it can handle all lower amplitudes
Always referenced to full load current
Effective meaning of current distortion
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IEEE 519-1992
TDD and THD(I) are not the same except at 100% load
As load decreases, TDD decreases while THD(I) increases.
Example:
Total I,
rms
Full load
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936.68
836.70
767.68
592.63
424.53
246.58
111.80
Measured
Fund I, Harm I,
rms
rms
936.00
836.00
767.00
592.00
424.00
246.00
111.00
35.57
34.28
32.21
27.23
21.20
16.97
13.32
THD(I)
3.8%
4.1%
4.2%
4.6%
5.0%
6.9%
12.0%
TDD
3.8%
3.7%
3.4%
2.9%
2.3%
1.8%
1.4%
15
<11
4.0%
7.0%
10.0%
12.0%
15.0%
h>=35
0.3%
0.5%
0.7%
1.0%
1.4%
TDD
5.0%
8.0%
12.0%
15.0%
20.0%
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Harmonic Standards
Most harmonic problems are not at the PCC with utility.
Typically harmonic problem occur:
Within a facility
With generator & UPS operation
Where nonlinear loads are concentrated
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Agenda
I. Harmonic Basics
II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
III. AccuSine PCS
IV. Applications
V. Specification Recommendations
VI. Summary
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System solution
Active harmonic filter
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Advantage
Disadvantage
Typical %
TDD
Typical Price
Multiplier*
Dependent
upon SCR***
Increase short
circuit capacity
Reduces THD(V)
Increases TDD
Not likely to occur**
C-Less Technology
Lower TDD
Simplified design
Less cost
Compliance is limited
Application limited
Size limited
30 - 50% TDD
0.90 - 0.95
Impedance (3% LR
or 3% DC choke)
Compliance difficult
30 - 40% TDD
1.05 - 1.15
18 - 22% TDD
1.20 - 1.45
Broadband filter
8 - 15% TDD
1.25 - 1.50
12-pulse rectifiers
Reduces TDD
Reliable
Large footprint/heavy
Good for >100 HP
8 - 15 % TDD
1.65 - 1.85
18-pulse rectifiers
Reduces TDD
Reliable
Large footprint/heavy
Good for >100 HP
5 - 8% TDD
1.65 - 1.85
Large footprint/heavy
Very high cost per unit
High heat losses
< 5% TDD
2.0 - 2.5
Advantage
Disadvantage
Typical %
TDD
Typical Price
Multiplier*
Dependent
upon SCR***
Increase short
circuit capacity
Reduces THD(V)
Increases TDD
Not likely to occur**
C-Less Technology
Lower TDD
Simplified design
Less cost
Compliance is limited
Application limited
Size limited
30 - 50% TDD
0.90 - 0.95
Impedance (3% LR
or 3% DC choke)
Compliance difficult
30 - 40% TDD
1.05 - 1.15
18 - 22% TDD
1.20 - 1.45
Broadband filter
8 - 15% TDD
AccuSine
12-pulse rectifiers
Reduces TDD
Reliable
Large footprint/heavy
Good for >100 HP
8 - 15 % TDD
1.65 - 1.85
18-pulse rectifiers
Reduces TDD
Reliable
Large footprint/heavy
Good for >100 HP
5 - 8% TDD
1.65 - 1.85
Large footprint/heavy
Very high cost per unit
High heat losses
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< 5% TDD
2.0 - 2.5
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Cons:
Limited reduction of TDD at equipment terminals after 1st Z
Reduction dependent on source Z
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Vs
Ls
Lp
C
Load
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Broadband Filters
L
~
Source
Load
Lp
C
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Multi-Pulse Drives
Description: Drives/UPS with two (12 pulse) or three (18 pulse) input bridges
fed by a transformer with two or three phase shifted output windings.
Pros:
Reduces TDD to 10% (12 pulse) & 5% (18 pulse) at loads
Reliable
Cons:
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12-Pulse converter
18-Pulse converter
Multipulse
Transformer
DC Link
Reactor
DC+
Line
Reactor
2
9
DC Bus
Rectifier Assembly
Load
Wye
AC Line
DC-
Delta
Transformer
Tertiary
Delta
100
100
100
6 pulse
12 pulse
18 pulse
0.0s
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0.02s
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Input Filter
Required to
limit THDv to
<5%
A
C
S
o
u
r
c
e
VFD
IGBT
Filter
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Converter
DC Bus
IGBT
Inverter
AC
Motor
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AFE Converters
Significant harmonics above 50th order
American Bureau
of Shipping (ABS)
requires
examination to
100th order when
AFE applied
Higher frequencies
yield higher heating
of current path &
potential resonance
with capacitors
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AFE Converters
Cons
200
KVA
rated
AFE
VFD
PWM
VFD
DC
Drive
PF
caps
100
KVA
rated
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Agenda
I. Harmonic Basics
II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
III. AccuSine PCS
IV. Applications
V. Specification Recommendations
VI. Summary
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Saves space
Lower heat losses
Not critical to operation
Parallel connected
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Heat losses
AccuSine PCS+ Std VFD less than 18-P VFD
Exception at single units of 50-75 HP, advantage 18-P VFD
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Is
CT
Ia
Source
AHF
Il
AHF
Load
Parallel connected
Is + Ia = Il
Ia includes 2nd to 25/50th
harmonic current
Is <5% TDD
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AccuSine PCS
Power Diagram
IGBT Module
Pre-charge
Contactor
S1
S3
S5
DC Bus
Capacitors
Fuse
AC
Lines
Fuse
Line
Inductor
Fuse
Inductor
Filter
Board
S2
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S4
S6
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System Solution
AccuSine PCS Sizing Example
A 125 HP variable torque 6-pulse VFD with 3% LR
Required AHF filtering capability = 47.5 amperes
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AccuSine Performance
At VFD Terminals
AccuSine injection
Source current
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Order
Fund
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
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TDD
AS off
AS on
% I fund % I fund
100.000%100.000%
0.038% 0.478%
31.660% 0.674%
11.480% 0.679%
0.435% 0.297%
7.068% 0.710%
4.267% 0.521%
0.367% 0.052%
3.438% 0.464%
2.904% 0.639%
0.284% 0.263%
2.042% 0.409%
2.177% 0.489%
0.293% 0.170%
1.238% 0.397%
1.740% 0.243%
0.261% 0.325%
0.800% 0.279%
1.420% 0.815%
0.282% 0.240%
0.588% 0.120%
1.281% 0.337%
0.259% 0.347%
0.427% 0.769%
1.348% 0.590%
35.28% 2.67%
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Applications
Most common VFD sites
Centrifugal pumps and fans
Pumping Stations
Potable
Wastewater
Wastewater Plants
Water Purification (potable)
Disinfectant Systems
UV systems (ultraviolet)
Electronic ballasts 3
Ozone generators (SCR power supplies)
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Universal Application
208 480 VAC
No user action required to set
Highly customized transformers for higher voltages (to 15 kV)
50 or 60 Hz
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Specification Discussion
Write a specification in Section 16 for an active harmonic filter
Specify any points of concern for insertion of AHF
Size of AHF
Located per electrical bus
Specify total responsibility for all harmonics in facility
Specify TDD levels desired at each location
5% TDD guarantees 5% THDv (caused by the loads) with any source
Specify compliance tests for each location
Universal solution
Good for all nonlinear loads
Apply AccuSine per electrical bus (best economics)
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AccuSine Tools
Internet Tools
Active Filter Guide Spec (www.reactivar.com)
Stand alone spec section (Section 16)
Includes harmonic and PF correction requirements
Selection Program (www.squaredleantools.com)
Easy selection based upon loads not source (same
selection for utility or generator)
Simple tool to use
We guarantee results if used properly during
design/layout stage
Brochure
Application Notes
Water/wastewater and other applications
Installation Bulletin
Best/total information for consultant
MCC Selector
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Product Package
Standard (UL only)
Enclosed NEMA 1
50 amp 48H x 21W x 19D, 250 lbs
100 amp 65H x 21W x 19D, 350 lbs
Wall mounted
300 amp 75H x 32W x 20D, 775 lbs
Free standing
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Product Package
International enclosures
NEMA 12, IP30, IP54
50 amp 75(1905mm) x 31.5(800mm)
x 23.62(600mm)
Weight 661Ib(300Kg)
100 amp 75(1905mm) x
31.5(800mm) x 23.62(600mm)
Weight 771Ib(350 Kg)
300 amp 91(2300mm) x
39.37(1000mm) x 31.5(800mm)
Weight 1212Ib(550 Kg)
Free standing with door interlocked
disconnect
CE Certified, C-Tick, ABS, UL, CUL
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Product Re-packaging
Maximum ambient into air inlet 400C
Must meet air flow at inlet of AccuSine
50 amp 300 CFM
100 amp 500 CFM
300 amp - 1250 CFM
Heat released
50 amp 1800 watts
100 amp 3000 watts
300 amp 9000 watts
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Product Re-packaging
MCC Packaging
50 & 100 amp models only
Requires one vertical 20 x 20 section
Includes circuit breaker
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Source
XFMR
Is = source current
Is
Il
AccuSine Logic
Is + Ias = Il
AccuSine injects the harmonics the loads want
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Ih2 + Ir2
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Examples
Ih
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
95.0
Ir
99.5
98.0
95.4
91.7
86.6
80.0
71.4
60.0
43.6
31.2
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AccuSine PCS
Installation Considerations
(When in harmonic mode does not apply for reactive mode-only)
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Main Right
Main-tie-main
Tie
CBml
CTml
CTtl
CBal
AccuSine L
CBmr
CTtr
CTmr
CBar
AccuSine R
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Summary
Universal solution
Good for all nonlinear loads (3-phase)
Apply AccuSine per electrical bus (best economics)
System Solution
Can attain 5% TDD per load or bus inside the plant
Guarantees 5% THDv
Requires 3% impedance at loads
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Thank You
Questions?
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